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Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

The adductor longus

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2
Q

What forms the inferior border of the femoral triangle?

A

There is none

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3
Q

What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius

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4
Q

What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle?

A

The inguinal ligament

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5
Q

What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

The iliapsoas(lateral) and the pectineus(medial)

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6
Q

What artery is direct supplier of the femoral head?

A

the medial circumflex artery

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7
Q

What narrow intramuscular passage allows for the passage of the femoral vessels into the popliteal fossa

A

The hunter’s canal (the adductur canal, subsartorius canal)

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8
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body and acts across two joints (not done with the question)

A

sartorius……

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9
Q

What is the bony pelvis composed of?

A
  • Os coxae
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
  • Pubic symphysis
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10
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

A
  • Pelvic inlet
  • Pelvic outlet
  • Anterior pelvic wall
  • Lateral pelvic walls
  • Posterior pelvic wall
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11
Q

The pelvic inlet is the _____ opening

A

Superior

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12
Q

The pelvic outlet is enclosed by the _____

A

Pelvic diaphragm

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13
Q

What bodies make up the anterior pelvic wall?

A

The pubic rami and the pubic symphysis

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14
Q

The lateral pelvic walls are the ___ & _____

A

Hip bones, the medial wall of theacetabulum and obturator internus muscles

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15
Q

What makes up the posterior pelvic wall?

A

The sacrum, coccyx, SI joint and associated ligaments

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16
Q

There’s _____ demarcation in the pelvic inlet and marks change from _____ to ____

A

No true demarcation.

From abdominal cavity to pelvic cavity

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17
Q

The pelvic inlet runs from ____ to ___

A

L5/S1 to the pubic symphysis

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18
Q

The pelvic outlet runs from _____ to _____

A

Pubic symphysis to coccyx

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19
Q

The greater (false) pelvis runs from ____ to ____

A

The from the iliac crest to the pelvic inlet

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20
Q

The lesser (true) pelvis runs from ____ to ____

A

The from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic outlet

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21
Q

The pelvic cavity runs from the ___ to the ____

A

The pelvic inlet to the pelvic outlet

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22
Q

The midplane- horizontal plane in the pelvic cavity runs from

A

The left to right ischial spine

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23
Q

Characteristics of the male pelvis

A
  • Thick and heavy
  • Heart shaped
  • Small and narrow
  • Narrow, smaller subpubic angle. ( smaller than 70 degrees)
  • Round and large
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24
Q

Characteristics of the female pelvis

A
  • Thin and light
  • Oval and large
  • Wide subpubic angle (larger than 80 degrees)
  • Small
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25
Q

The pelvic floor is formed by the ____

A

funnel shaped pelvic diaphragm

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26
Q

The pelvic floor consists of the ___ and the ____

A

Levator ani (3 muscles), and the coccygeus

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27
Q

The diaphragm of the pelvic floor stretches from ____ to ___, also ____

A

The pubis anteriorly to the coccyx posteriorly, also laterally to the walls of the pelvis on both sides

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28
Q

The piriformis runs from the ____ to the ____

A

Anterior surface of the sacrum passing through the greater sciatic notch

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29
Q

The coccygeus runs from the ____ to the ____

A

The ischial spine to coccyx (ischial coccygeus)

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30
Q

What is the tendinous arch?

A

Where the ileococcygeous attaches and with the obturator internus fascia

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31
Q

What is the most important muscle in the pelvic floor?

A

The levator ani

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32
Q

What are the 3 muscles that compose the levator ani?

A

Pubococcygeus, pubrectalis, and iliococcygeus

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33
Q

The puborectalis runs from the ___ to the ___

A

from the pubic bone to the coccyx

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34
Q

What is the ischiocavernous?

A

The thickening of pelvic diaphragm muscles

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35
Q

The perineal membrane covers part of the ____

A

pelvic diaphragm

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36
Q

The superficial transverse perineal muscles divide the ____

A

urogenital and uroanal traingles

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37
Q

The perineal body is between
in females: _____
in male: _____

A
  • In females: between the vagina and the anal opening.

- In males: between the penis base & the anal opening

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38
Q

The puborectalis forms the ____

A

puborectal sling

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39
Q

The puborectalis allows ___

A

defacation

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40
Q

_____ relaxes puborectalis, increasing the anorectal angle to allow defacation

A

Sitting

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41
Q

The puborectalis muscle is contracted at rest, which keeps the _____ closed

A

anal sphincter

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42
Q

excessive relaxation of pelvic floor muscles lead to…

A

herniation of vaginal wall, bladder (cystocele) or herniation of the rectum (rectocele)

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43
Q

feces can collect in the ___ and not exit the rectum

A

Rectole

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44
Q

____ is the only natural defecation posture

A

Squatting

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45
Q

The sacral plexus anterior is ____ to the piriformis through the greater sciatic notch

A

deep

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46
Q

_____ is the main supply to the pelvic region

A

Internal iliac artery

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47
Q

The internal iliac artery branches in to ___

A

The anterior and the posterior branch

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48
Q

What is consisted in the anterior branch of the internal iliac artery?

A
  • Obturator artery
  • Pudendal artery
  • Inferior gluteal artery
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49
Q

What is consisted in the posterior branch of the internal iliac artery?

A
  • Superior gluteal artery
  • Iliolumbar artery
  • Lateral sacral artery
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50
Q

____ is the main supplier of blood to the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

A

The inferior gluteal artery

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51
Q

The inferior gluteal artery exits through the _____ to supply the ____

A

The greater sciatic foramen to supply the gluteal region.

Exits inferior to piriformis muscle(hence, its name)

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52
Q

The _____ is longest and heaviest bone in body

A

femur

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53
Q

The bones in the leg are the

A

Tibia and the fibula

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54
Q

The leg runs from the ___ to the ___

A

Knee to the ankle

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55
Q

The quadrate tubercle is the _____ attachment site

A

Quadratus femoris

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56
Q

_____ ligament holds the head of the femur in place

A

Ligamentum teres

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57
Q

The elderly usually fracture the ___

A

Neck of the femur or the along intertrochanteric line(easier rehabilitation post-operatively)

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58
Q

A fracture in the neck of the femur can develop ____.

A

a vascular necrosis of femur head

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59
Q

To prevent vascular necrosis of the femur head, the patient can _____

A

Get partial hip replacement or a hemi-athroplasty

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60
Q

What is hemi-athroplasty?

A

A metallic piece that replaces the head & neck of femur

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61
Q

What is the forea capitis?

A

The area in the femur head without cartilage where the ligamentum teres inserts

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62
Q

What is the posterior name to the intertrochanteric line?

A

intertrochanteric crest

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63
Q

The pectineal (spiral) line becomes

A

Linea aspera

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64
Q

The linea aspera is curved anteriorly with a flat posterior shape, due to ___

A

deep fascia that create thigh compartments

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65
Q

The _____ more laterally rotates the femur

A

Gluteus minimus attachment site

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66
Q

The _____ more medially rotates the femur

A

Gluteus medialis attachment site

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67
Q

The ACL attaches medially to the ____

A

lateral epicondyle

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68
Q

The PCL attaces laterally to the

A

medial epicondyle

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69
Q

The ___ is the attachment site for the adductor magnus

A

Adductor tubercle

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70
Q

In x-rays the lateral compartment of the patella may appear thinner than the medial compartment due to ___

A
  • Patellar tracking problems

- More hyaline cartilage o the medial side

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71
Q

The soleal line attaches the ___ muscle

A

soleus muscle

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72
Q

The ___ is the attachment of patellar ligament (AKA patella tendon)

A

Tibial tuberosity

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73
Q

___ is a common site of irritation

A

Tibial tuberosity

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74
Q

What causes osgood-schlater’s disease?

A
  • From constant pull of quads and patellar tendon

- Outgrowth of bone/enlarged tibial tuberosity from jumping sports (apophysitis of tibial tubercle)

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75
Q

Where is the femoral triangle located?

A

At the anterior thigh just inferior to the inguinal ligament

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76
Q

What are other names for the adductor canal?

A

Hunter’s canal

Subsartorial canal

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77
Q

What passes through the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery & vein

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78
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A
  • lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
  • femoral nerve
  • femoral artery and vein with femoral sheath
  • profunda femoris artey which gives rise to the lateral ad medial femoral circumflex arteries
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79
Q

What is a femoral sheath?

A

A thick connective tissue encircling the femoral artery and vein.

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80
Q

What allows blood to move superiorly against gravity?

A
  • Arterial pulses: compresses veins

- venous valves

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81
Q

The ____ is the main supplier of blood to the thigh

A

Profunda femoris

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82
Q

Medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries are the main suppliers to the ____

A

head and neck of the femur

83
Q

_____ can be possibly damage with a femur neck fracture

A

Medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries

84
Q

Where does the saphenous vein pass through?

A

The saphenous vein within the femoral sheath

85
Q

What is within the femoral sheath?

A

Saphenous nerve
Femoral vein and artery
Nerve to vastus medialis

86
Q

The lacunar ligament runs from the ____ to the _____

A

Inguinal ligament to the lateral pubic tubercle

87
Q

Each digit drains in the _____

A

Dorsal venous arch

88
Q

____ travels anteromedially up leg and drains into the femoral vein

A

The great saphenous vein

89
Q

The small saphenous vein (part of superficial drainage system) drains into the _____

A

Popliteal region (deeper vein system)

90
Q

In the venous system of the lower extremity, blood flows from ____ veins to ____ veins

A

Superficial veins to deep veins

91
Q

Characteristics of the venous valves

A
  • Cup like endothelium that fill from above
  • Prevent reflux of blood distally
  • Valve mechanism allows blood to overcome force of gravity
92
Q

The small saphenous vein becomes the ____, then the _____

A

Popliteal vein, then the femoral vein

93
Q

Where does the lateral marginal vein pass?

A

Passes behind the lateral malleolus, then becomes the small saphenous vein

94
Q

This vein pases interior to the medial malleolus then becomes the great saphenous vein

A

Medial marginal vein

95
Q

The adductor canal allows ____

A

femoral artery and vein to pass from anterior thigh compartment into posterior knee area

96
Q

The narrow fascia tunnel in the anterior thigh allows passage from the ____ to the _____

A

From the femoral vessels to the popliteal fossa

97
Q

Where does the adductor canal start?

A

At the point where the sartorius muscle passes over the adductor longus muscle

98
Q

Where does the adductor canal end?

A

Ends at the adductor hiatus in the tendon of the adductor magnus muscle

99
Q

What is the adductor hiatus?

A

The place where the adductor magnus splits

100
Q

As the femoral artery and vein exit through the adductor hiatus then change names to the ____

A

Popliteal artery and vein

101
Q

The _____ accompanies the femoral artery and vein into the adductor canal

A

The saphenous nerve

102
Q

The thigh is divided into 3 comparments by extension of the deep fascia lata: _____

A

Intermuscular septa

103
Q

The anterior compartment of the thigh contains ___ & is innervated by ____

A

Contains eg extensors and the femoral nerve innervates them

104
Q

The medial compartment of the thigh contains ___ & is innervated by ____

A

Contains thigh adductors and is innervated by the obturator nerve

105
Q

The posterior compartment of the thigh contains ___ & is innervated by ____

A

Contains the leg flexors and thigh extensors. Innervated by the sciatic nerve

106
Q

The posterior component of the thigh does what?

A

Flexes the knee and extends the thigh

107
Q

The anterior component of the thigh does what?

A

Muscles extend leg/knee

108
Q

The medial component of the thigh does what?

A

Adducts the thigh/hip

109
Q

Subcostal nerve (T12) supplies the ____

A

Lateral aspect of the thigh anterior to the greater trochanter

110
Q

The Iliohypogastric (little bit of T12 & mostly L1) divides into _____ and ____ branches

A

Lateral and anterior branches

111
Q

The lateral branch of the Iliohypogastric supplies the skin over the _____

A

Superolateral part of the buttock

112
Q

The anterior branch of the Iliohypogastric supplies the skin superior to the _____

A

Pubis

113
Q

The ilioinguinal (L1) nerve travels through the ___ to innervate the ____

A

Superficial inguinal ring to innervate the inferior pelvis

114
Q

The ilioinguinal also travels into the ____

A

Proximal medial aspect of the thigh

115
Q

The genitofemoral branches extend into the ____

A

Pelvis

116
Q

The branches genitofemoral innervates the _____

A

Skin of thigh inferior to the inguinal ligament on the medial aspect

117
Q

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is the most _______

A

Lateral nerve in the femoral triangle

118
Q

The lateral femoral cutaneous innervates the _____

A

lateral and anterior parts of the skin of the thigh

119
Q

The lateral femoral cutaneous passes under the _____

A

lateral aspect of the inguinal ligament

120
Q

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve extends ______ and ____ from the greater trochanter to an area just proximal to the ____

A

extends laterally and distally from the greater trochanter to an area just proximal to the knee

121
Q

The femoral nerve innervates the ____

A

Skin of the anterior and medial thigh. And muscle in anterior compartment, NOT medial compartment

122
Q

The anterior femoral cutaneous nerve arises from the ____

A

femoral nerve in the femoral triangle

123
Q

The anterior femoral cutaneous nerve runs along the path of the _____ and innervates the ___

A

Sartorius muscle, and innervates the skin of the anterior, medial aspect of the thigh

124
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris, sartorius, and iliopsoas

125
Q

What are the 4 heads of the Quadraceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis (obliqus)

126
Q

The vastus intermedius wraps itself around the shaft of the ___

A

femur

127
Q

_____ is the only diarthrodial muscle in the quadriceps

A

Rectus femoris

128
Q

____ is the only muscle in the bunch that moves the hip, because it passes anterior to the hip & attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine

A

Rectus femoris

129
Q

The ____ muscle is deep to the quads, and attaches to the suprapatellar bursa.

A

Articularis genus

130
Q

____ muscle contracts and pulls, so the bursa is not pinched under the patellar tendon with leg extension

A

Articularis genus

131
Q

The oblique fibers were thought to provide medial pull on the patellar, because people tend to dislocate their patellar ____, not ____

A

laterally, not medially

132
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Pectineus
  • Gracilis
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor magnus
  • Adductor brevis
133
Q

The adductor brevis is ___ to the pectineus and adductor longus

A

deep

134
Q

The ___ artery passes through the adductor hiatus

A

Femoral artery

135
Q

The deep artery of the thigh is the _____ & gives off the ___

A

Profunda femoral artery.

Circumflex femoral arteries

136
Q

The lateral circumflex femoral artery moves ____ and ____ from the profunda artery under the ___

A

Laterally and anteriorly.

Under the rectus femoris

137
Q

______ artery passes between the pectineus and the sartorius

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

138
Q

____ artery goes through the adductor hiatus

A

Popliteal artery

139
Q

The terminal end of the profunda femoris artery goes through the ____

A

The last muscle perforation

140
Q

_____ artery supplies the posterior hip and passes between the quadratus femoris and superior border of the adductor magnus

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

141
Q

The lateral femoral circumflex artery supplies the ___

A

anterior hip

142
Q

What is the superior boundary of the gluteal region?

A

The crest of the ilium

143
Q

What is the medial boundary of the gluteal region?

A

Sacrum and coccyx

144
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the gluteal region?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament and ischial tuberosity

145
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the gluteal region?

A

Greater trochanter

146
Q

The ASIS is for the attachment of the ____ and the ____ muscle

A

Inguinal ligament & sartorius muscle

147
Q

The most posterior ligament of the ligaments that form the greater or less sciatic notch is the ____

A

The sacrotuberous ligament

148
Q

The superior cluneal nerves comes from the

A

dorsal rami of first 3 lumbar nerves

149
Q

The middle cluneal nerves comes from the

A

dorsal rami of first 3 sacral nerves

150
Q

The inferior cluneal nerves comes from the

A

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

151
Q

Branches of the subcostal (T12), ____, and ___ may also reach the area

A

iliohypogastric, and lateral

femoral cutaneous nerve

152
Q

The muscles of the gluteal region are involved primarily with abduction and lateral rotation of the ____

A

the thigh.

153
Q

Innervation of the muscles in the gluteal region are by the ____

A

superior and inferior gluteal nerves and smaller branches of the lumbosacral plexus

154
Q

Gluteus maximus is primarily considered an ____, because of its location

A

Extensor

155
Q

___ and ____ are primarily considered abductors

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

156
Q

The sacrotuberous ligament of the gluteal region extends from the ___

A

posterior inferior iliac spine, sacrum, and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity

157
Q

The sacrospinous ligament of the gluteal region extends from the ___. Its anterior to the ____

A

sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine. It is anterior to the
sacrotuberous ligament.

158
Q

The two ligaments of the gluteal region transforms the ___ and ___ into foraminas

A

greater and lesser sciatic

notches

159
Q

What is a trendelenburg test?

A

a test for gait abnormalities

160
Q

If a person conducts the trendelenburg test and fails, it is because their ___ and ___ muscles on the side with the foot on the ground is weak

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

161
Q

The superior gluteal nerve and vessels passes through the ____

A

greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis

162
Q

Superior gluteal vessels provide superficial branches to the _____, pass between the ____ and ____ to reach the ____

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius and minimus
Tensor fascia lata (TFL)

163
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve and vessels exit the ____ and enter the ____

A

greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis and enter the
deep surface of the gluteus maximus

164
Q

The sciatic nerve and vessels passes through the ____

A

greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis

165
Q

The sciatic nerve and vessels descends posterior to the ___, _____, ____ to enter the ____

A

descends posterior to the obturator internus, gemelli, and quadratus femoris to enter the thigh.

166
Q

The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve runs ____

A

medial to the sciatic nerve

167
Q

The posterior femoral cutaneous supplies ____

A

cutaneous information to the posterior thigh

168
Q

The sciatic nerve usually travels under the ____ muscle.

In rare occasions, the common perineal component of the sciatic nerve passes through it or over it

A

piriformis

169
Q

The medial sciatic nerve is the ___ compartment

A

Tibial

170
Q

The lateral sciatic nerve is the ___ compartment

A

Common perineal

171
Q

The superficial branch of the superior gluteal artery and vein supplies the ____

A

under surface of the gluteus maximus

172
Q

The deep branch of the superior gluteal artery and vein supplies the ____

A

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

173
Q

The inferior gluteal artery and vein supplies the ____& joins the ____

A
  • under surface of the gluteus maximus

- medial femoral circumflex artery

174
Q

The posterior femoral cutaneous (S1-S3) supplies branches to the skin on the posterior aspect of the _____ over _____

A

Posterior aspect of the thigh and over the popliteal fossa

175
Q

Superior lateral boundary of the popliteal fossa

A

Biceps femoris

176
Q

Superior medial boundary of the popliteal fossa is ___

A

semitendinosus and semimembranosus

177
Q

Inferior lateral boundary of the popliteal fossa is ___

A

lateral head of the gastrocnemius

178
Q

Inferior medial boundary of the popliteal fossa is ___

A

medial head of the gastrocnemius

179
Q

What makes up the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

Fascia lata with branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous

nerve and the lesser saphenous vein

180
Q

What makes up the floor of the popliteal fossa?

A

–Popliteal surface of the femur
–Capsule of the knee joint
–Oblique popliteal ligament

181
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

–Tibial nerve
–Common peroneal nerve
–Popliteal vessels
–Origins of the sural nerve

182
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond shaped area or hollow on posterior surface of the thigh

183
Q

What is the sural nerve?

A

Sural nerve is the cutaneous nerve to the posterior leg and

lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot.

184
Q

The popliteal artery is a continuation of the ____

A

femoral artery

185
Q

_____ passes through the popliteal fossa and divides at the inferior borders

A

Popliteal artery

186
Q

The anterior tibial artery supplies the ____

A

anterior compartment of the leg

187
Q

The posterior tibial artery supplies the ____ and gives rise to the ____

A

posterior compartment and gives rise to the peroneal

artery which supplies the posterior and lateral compartments of the leg

188
Q

All the blood supply to the knee is from the ___

A

back

189
Q

What are genicular anastomoses?

A

Branches of the popliteal artery that surround the knee

190
Q

The genicular anastomoses arteries supply the

A

knee capsule, patella and

surrounding bone

191
Q

The 4 types of genicular anastomoses arteries are…

A

Superior medial and lateral genicular arteries and

inferior medial and lateral genicular arteries

192
Q

____ nerve ends at the superior angle of the

popliteal fossa

A

Sciatic nerve

193
Q

The sciatic nerve divides into which 2 nerves in the popliteal fossa

A
  • Tibial nerve

- Common peroneal nerve

194
Q

The tibial nerve is the most _____ component of the popliteal fossa

A

superficial

195
Q

The tibial nerve gives off several genicular branches for innervation of ____

A

the knee joint

196
Q

The tibial nerve descends to the posterior compartment of the leg to innervate ___

A

the posterior musculature

197
Q

The tibial nerve gives off the medial sural cutaneous nerve to help form the ____

A

sural nerve

198
Q

The common Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve leaves the popliteal fossa passing superficially to the ____

A

lateral head of the gastroc.

199
Q

The common Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve passes over the posterior aspect of the __

A

head of the fibula.

200
Q

After passing the head of the fibula the common Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve divides into a superficial peroneal nerve supplies innervation to the ______ and a deep peroneal nerve that supplies ____

A

lateral compartment of the leg

the anterior compartment of the leg

201
Q

The common peroneal nerve gives off several genicular branches for innervation of ______

A

the knee joint

202
Q

The obturator internus passes between the ____ and ____ towards its attachment on the greater trochanter

A

Superior and inferior gemilli muscles

203
Q

Which peripheral nerve is most likely involved in a patient exhibiting a trendelenburg sign during gait?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

204
Q

Which nerve is palpable halfway between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter of the femur

A

Sciatic nerve

Anatomy (9 decks)

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