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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types

A

Epithelium, Connective, muscle, and nerve

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2
Q

Types of epithelium tissue

A

squamous(flat shaped), columnar(tall, thinly shaped), cuboidal(cube shaped), stratified(has multiple shapes)

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3
Q

Functions of the epithelium

A

Secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and sensing.

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4
Q

Where is the epithelium found?

A

The linings of cavities, organs, and glands

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5
Q

Characteristics of the epithelium

A

Contain no blood vessls, so they receive their nutrients from underlying membrane, via diffusion. (Mucous and Serous membranes)

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6
Q

Where is the connective tissue found?

A

Found between other tissues everywhere in the body. Joints, ligaments, and tendons

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7
Q

3 main components of connective tissue

A

Fibers (elastic or collagenous), ground substance, and cells (fibroblast, adipocytes, macrophages, and leukocytes)

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8
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Blood plasma, adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone.

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9
Q

What are muscle tissues?

A

Soft tissue that composes the muscle in the human body. Muscle cells are cell walls with well developed contractility.

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10
Q

Types of muscle cells

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

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11
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Striated muscles, that only contract voluntarily

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12
Q

Smooth muscle

A

non-striated muscle, that contracts involuntarily and without conscious intervention.

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13
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Semi-striated muscle, with intercalated disks. Contracts involuntarily and without conscious intervention. Found in the heart.

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14
Q

How can cardiac and smooth muscles be activated?

A

Through interactions of the nervous system and by receiving innervation from peripheral plexuses or endocrine/ hormonal type activation.

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15
Q

When do skeletal muscles contract voluntarily?

A

Upon influence from the CNS. reflexes are a form of non conscious activation from the skeletal muscle

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16
Q

What is the function of an intercalated disk?

A

helps with smooth and coordinated contractions. (contracts the heart so it beats at the same time)

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17
Q

Component of the nerve tissue are

A

neurons and nerve cells

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18
Q

Functions of the nerve tissue

A

sensory input, integration, control of muscles, homeostasis, and mental activity.

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19
Q

Two types of neurons are

A
  • Multipolar motor and autonomic (looks like a tree with the axon as the tree body)
  • pseudo unipolar sensory (looks like it has 2 bodies and one head
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20
Q

Division of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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21
Q

Division of the nervous body with everything outside of the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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22
Q

Location of neuron of the cell bodies, major component of CNS, contains myelinated axons

A

Gray Matter

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23
Q

Location of the interconnecting fiber tract, contain relatively few cell bodies

A

White matter

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24
Q

Thick outer most layer of the meninges

A

Duramater

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25
Q

Delicate and transparent innermost layer of the meninges

A

Pia mater

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26
Q

Delicate avascular intermediate layer of the meninges

A

arachnoid mater

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27
Q

Connective tissue covering around individual axons in the PNS. Delicate innermost layer that forms sheaths to surround the neuroglia cells & axons

A

Endoneurium

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28
Q

What covers groups of axon? And is an immediate layer of dense connective tissue that encloses a fasiscle of peripheral nerve fibers

A

Perineurium

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29
Q

Thick, Tough connective tissue on the outside of the nerve fiber is called..? Surrounds & encloses the bundle of fasiscles. Includes fatty tissues, blood vessels, and lymphatics

A

Epineurium

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30
Q

Major functions of glial cells

A

Surrounds neurons and holds them in place, supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulate one neuron from one another, destroy pathogens, and remove dead neurons.

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31
Q

Principle glia is found in what system?

A

PNS

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32
Q

What types of cells do glial cells help us form?

A

Non myelinating and myelinating cells

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33
Q

Types of nerve fibers we get from the cells that are formed from glial cells

A

Myelinating and non-myelinating

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34
Q

Myelin ______ impulse propagation speed

A

Increases

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35
Q

Impulses “hop” or propagate by ______ conduction

A

Saltatory conduction

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36
Q

Myelin ______ capacitance of electricity and ______ electrical resistance across cell membrane

A

Decreases, Increases

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37
Q

Myelin _____ the electric current from leaving the axon

A

Prevents

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38
Q

Myelin permits _____ body size by maintaining agile communication between distant body parts

A

Larger

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39
Q

____ results from acute inflammatory demyelination

A

Guillian-Barre syndrome

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40
Q

Which of the following is considered a synarthrosis joint?

a. intervertebral discs
b. costochondral joint of the first rib
c. glenohumeral joint
d. pubic symphasis
e. inferior tibio-fibular joint

A

E. Inferior tibio-fibular joint

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41
Q

Joint that is united by fibrous tissue and is charaterized by little to no movement

A

fibrous/ Synarthrosis

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42
Q

Types of fibrous/ synarthrosis joints

A

suture and syndesmosis

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43
Q

Joint that is united by cartilage and slight movement

A

Cartilaginous/ Amphiarthroses

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44
Q

Types of cartilaginous/ampiarthroses joint

A

Primary (synchrondoses), Secondary (Sympheses)

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45
Q

Primary cartilaginous is joined by

A

Hyaline

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46
Q

Secondary Cartilaginous is joined by

A

Fibrocartilage

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47
Q

Joint that is not directly joined, united by dense irregular connective tissue, freely movable

A

Synovial/diarthroses

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48
Q

characteristics of synovial joints

A

Cavity, synovial fluid(produced by synovial membrane), articular cartilage, and fibrous capsule(lined by synovial membrane)

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49
Q

Types of synovial joint

A

Plane/gliding, ball & socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, and saddle

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50
Q

______ joint allows rotation

A

Pivot joint. Ex: Atlantoaxial joint

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51
Q

____ joint where one bone glides over the other bone

A

Plane/ gliding. Ex: Acromioclavicular joint

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52
Q

_____ joint, similar to condyloid, but no axial rotation

A

Saddle. Ex: first carpometacarpal joint

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53
Q

_____ joint, ball of one bone fits into socket of the other bone

A

Ball and socket. Ex: Glenohumeral joint

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54
Q

____ joint, ovoid surface with condyle into elliptical cavity

A

Condyloid. Ex: Radiocarpal joint

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55
Q

____ joint, like a hinge on a door

A

Hinge joint. Ex: Interphalangeal joint

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56
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through which vessel?

A

Aorta

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57
Q

Where is blood coming from when it moves into the right atrium?

A

systemically from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. and the coronary sinus (Deoxygenated blood)

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58
Q

Blood from the right atrium moves to the

A

right ventricle (deoxygenated blood)

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59
Q

blood from the RV moves to the _____ via the _____

A

Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries(deoxygenated blood, but PA also carries oxygenated blood away from the earth)

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60
Q

In what direction do arteries move?

A

Away from the heart

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61
Q

Blood moving to the LA is coming from ____ via ____

A

The lungs (this blood is oxygenated), via pulmonary veins

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62
Q

Blood from the LA moves to the ____ and from there to the ____ and ultimately the ____

A

Left ventricle, aorta, body

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63
Q

Pulmonary circulation is a ____ pressure system

A

Low

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64
Q

Systemic circulation is a ____ pressure system

A

High

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65
Q

Which has a higher pressure system? Veins or arteries

A

Arteries

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66
Q

Lymphatic system is a _____ pressure system

A

low

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67
Q

Cell bodies of the pseudounipolar sensory neurons are held in the

A

Spinal / dorsal ganglion

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68
Q

What lives in the anterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons

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69
Q

what kind of fibers are in the posterior rootlets?

A

Afferent sensory neurons

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70
Q

When rootlets start to form together they are called ____ and have what kind of information?

A

Anterior root. Efferent, motor information

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71
Q

Where is the anterior ramus? And what type of info is conducted here? coming from?

A

The rounded- circular end of the structure. Motor(efferent) and sensory (afferent). Coming from the periphery and anterior

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72
Q

The little thingy hanging to the side. What type of info does it conduct? What does it give motor to? Gives sensory to?

A

Posterior ramus. Conducts both motor and sensory information. Gives motor to deep back muscles. Gives sensory to the muscles that live between the angles of the ribs

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73
Q

Structure that is like the hilt. What kind of nerves?

A

Spinal nerve. Mixed (Motor and ensory nerves). Combination of the anterior and posterior rami

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74
Q

C5 in examination of dermatomes

A

Mid deltoid

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75
Q

C6 in examination of dermatomes

A

dorsal aspect of thumb web space

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76
Q

C7 in examination of dermatomes

A

dorsal aspect of middle finger

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77
Q

C8 in examination of dermatomes

A

Medial border of 5th metacarpal

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78
Q

T1 in examination of dermatomes

A

Medial forearm

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79
Q

L1 in examination of dermatomes

A

Inguinal area

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80
Q

L2 in examination of dermatomes

A

anterior mid thigh

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81
Q

L3 in examination of dermatomes

A

medial knee

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82
Q

L4 in examination of dermatomes

A

Medial malleolus

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83
Q

L5 in examination of dermatomes

A

Distal medial dorsum of foot

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84
Q

S2 in examination of dermatomes

A

Medial/posterior calcaneus

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85
Q

S1 in examination of dermatomes

A

lateral border of foot

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86
Q

C1-2 in examination of myotomes

A

Cervical flexion

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87
Q

C4 in examination of myotomes

A

Scapular elevation

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88
Q

C6 in examination of myotomes

A

elbow flexion

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89
Q

C8 in examination of myotomes

A

thumb abduction

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90
Q

C3 in examination of myotomes

A

Cervical side bending

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91
Q

C5 in examination of myotomes

A

shoulder abduction

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92
Q

C7 in examination of myotomes

A

elbow extension

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93
Q

T1 in examination of myotomes

A

finger abduction

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94
Q

L2-3 in examination of myotomes

A

Hip flexion

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95
Q

L4-5 in examination of myotomes

A

ankle dorsiflexion

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96
Q

L5-S1 in examination of myotomes

A

knee flexion

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97
Q

S1-2 in examination of myotomes

A

Ankle plantar flexion

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98
Q

L3-4 in examination of myotomes

A

knee extension

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99
Q

L5 in examination of myotomes

A

Great toe extension

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100
Q

L5-S1 in examination of myotomes

A

Ankle eversion

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101
Q

C5 in muscle stretch reflexes

A

Bicep brachi

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102
Q

C6 in muscle stretch reflexes

A

Brachioradialis

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103
Q

C7 in muscle stretch reflexes

A

Triceps

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104
Q

L2-4 in muscle stretch reflexes

A

Quadriceps

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105
Q

L5 in muscle stretch reflexes

A

Medial hamstring

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106
Q

S1-2 in muscle stretch reflexes

A

Gastroc-soleus

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107
Q

A condition involving irritation and or injury to a special nerve is called

A

Radiculopathy

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108
Q

Spinal cord pathology is called?

A

Myelopathy

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109
Q

Process of differentiating between two or more conditions that share similar signs and or symptoms

A

Differential diagnosis

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110
Q

A sign is

A

A physical examonation/ manifestation in a patient

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111
Q

A symptom

A

A complaint that a patient has

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112
Q

In a C6 radiculopathy, weakness with resisted elbow flexion, _____ and ____ profound effects

A

Broader and less

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113
Q

In a musculocutaneous nerve injury, weakness wirh resisted elbow flexion, _____ and _____ profund effects

A

Isolated and more

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114
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

reflexes that are faster than expected. Apparent in CNS injury

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115
Q

Hyporelfexia

A

reflexes are sluggish or absent. Apparent in PNS injuries

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116
Q

Why do we use imaging?

A

Examine the internal anatomy, recognize structures, differential diagnosis, and confirm diagnosis

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117
Q

Most radiolucent stucture

A

Air

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118
Q

Most radiopaque structure

A

Compact bone

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119
Q

Only imaging safe for pregnant women

A

Ultrasound

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120
Q

Fluids in imaging will always appear

A

Black

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121
Q

Soft tissue in imaging always appear

A

White

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122
Q

T1 MRI

A

The anatomy seen easier. Shows clear anatomy

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123
Q

T2 MRI

A

appears dark and anatomy is harder to view. Pathology friendly

124
Q

Types of neuroglia in CNS

A

Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes

125
Q

Types of neuroglia in PNS

A

Satellite and Schwann cells

126
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection, temp. control, and sensation

127
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue/ hypodermis, deep fascia, and skeletal muscle/bone

128
Q

Main function of the epidermis

A

Protection, absorption, and homeostasis

129
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium

130
Q

Cells found in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes (major cell), Melanocytes(pigment), merkel cells, and langerhans cells(signal immune system)

131
Q

What is keratin

A

A fibrous protein that aids in protection, also a water proofing protein

132
Q

The epidermis _______ contain blood vessels

A

Does not

133
Q

The only skin in the body that is not keratinized is

A

The skin lining the inside of our mouths

134
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue and areolar/fatty connective tissue. Formed by collagen and elastic fibers.

135
Q

The dermis account for _____ and ______ of the skin

A

strength and toughness

136
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis that gives elasticity to the skin?

A

Papillary and reticular

137
Q

The papillary contains _______ tissue and is the ______ layer

A

The areolar connective tissue and is the superficial layer

138
Q

The reticular layer contains _______ and is the _____ layer

A

The dense irregular connective tissue and deeper layer

139
Q

Functions of the two layers of the dermis?

A

Gives elasticity to the skin and flexibility, resist distortion, wrinkling, and sagging.

140
Q

The hypodermis contains _______ tissue. And is the area ____ the skin

A

subcutaneous tissue. area beneath the skin

141
Q

Hypodermis is attached to the dermis by _____ and _____

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

142
Q

The dermis layer provides a site for the ending of ____ ____ and ___. Many ______ are stored here, so does the bases of integumentary structure like ____ and _____

A

Blood vessels and nerves. Melanocytes. Like hair and sebaceous glands

143
Q

The hypodermis is composed of _____ and specializes in the ____ and _____ of fats. Serves as a storage site for when the body needs energy

A

Adipocytes(Adipose tissues). Accumulation and storage of fats.

144
Q

Hypodermis functions to ____ thermal regulation

A

control. (fat is a heat insulator)

145
Q

what does the retinaculum cutis do?

A

Gives structure and prevents sagging and wrinkling

146
Q

Deep fascia is composed of _____ tissue layer that invest deep structures such as the muslce

A

dense organized connective

147
Q

Deep fascia forms compartments which ____ and prevent

A

help to maintain muscular alignments and prevent the spread of of infections.

148
Q

Deep fascia penetrates and surrounds ___ and _____. Provides connection and communication in the body in the form of ______. Involves all bone

A

Nerves and bones. In the form of flat like ligaments

149
Q

Deeps fascia has a ____ level of collagen fibers which gives it its strength and integrity. Amount of elastin fibers determines extensibility and resilience

A

High

150
Q

What are the two functional parts of the skeletal system?

A

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

151
Q

Axial skeleton consist of the

A

Head, neck, trunk: ribs, sternum, mandible, and skull

152
Q

Appendicular skeleton consist of

A

Limbs, including formation of pectorial and pelvic girdles. The clavicle is included

153
Q

The skeleton is composed of

A

Cartilage and bones

154
Q

Cartilage is

A

Resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue, that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required

155
Q

Type of cartilage

A

Articular cartilage.. Which caps articulating surfaces of bones participating in synovial joints. Provides smooth, low friction, gliding surfaces

156
Q

____ is the internal framework of the body

A

Human skeleton

157
Q

Bone is

A

Highly specialized living tissue. Hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton.

158
Q

6 major functions of bone

A

Support for body and its vital cavities(thorax and pelvis)
Protection for vital structures (heart)
Mechanical basis for movement (provides leverage)
Storage for salts and minerals (calcium)
Continuous supply of new blood cells (bone marrow)
Endocrine regulation

159
Q

What are the classification of bones?

A
  • Long bones: tubular in form Ex: femur
  • Short bones: Cuboidal in form. Ex: ankle and wrist
  • Flat bones: Usually serve as a protective function. EX: skull, scapula, and ribs.
  • Irregular bones: provides leverage for muscle attachments. Has various shapes. Ex: face and vertebraes
  • Sesamoid bones: develop in certain tendons & where tendons cross the ends of bones, protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the tendons. Ex: patella
160
Q

Bone marking: Condyle

A

Rounded articular area of a bone. Ex: femural condyle

161
Q

Bone marking: Crest

A

Ridge of a bone. Ex: Iliac crest

162
Q

Bone marking: Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior to a condyle

163
Q

Bone marking: Facet

A

Smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

164
Q

Bone marking: Foramen

A

Passage through a bone

165
Q

Bone marking: fossa

A

hollow or depressed area. Ex: doesn’t have to be a bone

166
Q

Bone marking: groove

A

Elongated depression

167
Q

Bone marking: line

A

Linear elevation

168
Q

Bone marking: malleolus

A

rounded process, used only in the ankle

169
Q

Bone marking: notch

A

indentation at the edge of a bone. Ex: trochlear notch of the ulna

170
Q

Bone marking: Protuberance

A

projection of bone. Ex: external occipital

171
Q

Bone marking: spine

A

thorn like process. Ex: spine of the scapula

172
Q

Bone marking: Spinous process

A

projecting spine-like part. Ex: spinous process of vertebra

173
Q

Bone marking: Trochanter

A

Large blunt elevation. Found only in the femur/hip

174
Q

Bone marking: tubercle

A

small raised eminence. Ex: Anterior and posterior tubercle of the atlas

175
Q

Bone marking: tuberosity

A

large rounded elevation. Ex: tuberosity of the humerus

176
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

AKA membranous bone formation. A way rudimentary bones tissues are created. An essential process during natural healing during natural healing of bone fractures.
Cartilage is not present.

177
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

AKA cartilaginous bone formation. Cartilage is present and models the bone’s form during fetal period. Bone replaces most of the cartilage. Essential process during formation of long bones. (gives the growth of long bones)

178
Q

Parts of a long bone

A

Spongy bone at the head
Compact bone
Medullary canal
Endosteum and periosteum (fibrous layer that envelops the bone both on the inside and outside)

179
Q

Main/primary ossification center

A

diaphysis. Allows bones to grow in thickness

180
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

Epiphysis. (growth plate). Allows bone to grow in length. Occurs at the distal ends

181
Q

Junction between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphysis

182
Q

Haversion systems does the supplying of

A

Spongy bone, and deeper portions of compact bone

183
Q

Types of skeletal joints

A

Fibrous (synarthroses), cartilaginous (amphiarthroses), synovial joint (diarthroses)

184
Q

The epiphyseal plate(the space between the epiphysis and the diaphysis) and the junction between the manubrium sternum and the 1st rib is an example of

A

Synchrondoses

185
Q

Synovial joints are normally associated with

A

Accesory ligaments

186
Q

ways that joints can be classified

A

their function, the axis movement they have, and the degree of freedom

187
Q

Where are intrinsic ligaments?

A

between carpal bones alone

188
Q

where are extrinsic ligaments

A

between carpals and metacarpals

189
Q

where are intra-articular ligaments

A

inside joint capsule

190
Q

where are extra-articular ligaments

A

outside the joint capsule

191
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Found lining articular surfaces and in the nasal septum, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, and the epiphyseal cartilage of growing bone. It also has a spongyness

192
Q

Elastic cartilage is found in the ____ where it provides _____

A

Ear, and epiglottis. where is provides a rigid but elastic framework

193
Q

Fibrocartilage is found in the

A

intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, the menisci of joints and often occurs where tendon & ligaments are joined to bones

194
Q

Articular arteries

A

arise from vessels around the joint. Arteries often anastomose(communicate) to form networks to ensure a blood supply in any positions assumed by the joint

195
Q

Articular veins

A

communicating veins that accompany arteries

196
Q

How does blood get to the joints?

A

articular arteries and articular veins

197
Q

Articular nerves supply nerves to joint. They arise from

A

branches of cutaneous nerves supplying overlying skin.

198
Q

Most articular nerves are branches of nerves that supply the ____ that cross and therefore move the joint

A

Muscles

199
Q

What is hilton’s law

A

Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachment

200
Q

Flat muscles

A

Have parallel fibers and an aponeuroses which is a flat sheet. Ex: external oblique

201
Q

Pennate muscle

A

have a feather like arrangement. Can be unipennate(extensor digitorium lungus), bipennate(rectus femoris), multipennate(deltoid)

202
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

fuse line/ cigar shaped. Round thick belly and tapered ends

203
Q

Convergent muscles

A

rise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon. ex: pectoralis major

204
Q

Quadrate muscle

A

Square-shaped and has 4 equal sides. Ex: rectus abdominus

205
Q

circular/sphincteral muscles

A

surround a body opening/oriface. Ex: orbiculans occuli(eye surrounding)

206
Q

Multiheaded/multi bellied

A

have more than one head attachment. Ex: biceps, triceos

207
Q

structural unit of a muscle of a muscle is the

A

skeletal striated muscle fiber

208
Q

functional unit of a muscle is called a ____ and consist of a

A

motor unit. motor neuron and muscle fibers that it controls

209
Q

types of circulation found in the cardiovascular system

A

Systemic and pulmonary

210
Q

systemic circulation delivers blood throughout the

A

body

211
Q

pulmonary circulation delivers blood throughout the

A

heart

212
Q

____ blood is carried to the lungs and _____ blood is brought back towards the heart and to the body

A

Deoxygenated. Oxygenated

213
Q

____ blood is taken to the tissue and dispersed via systemic capillary beds and ____ blood is returned by the venous system to the right atrium

A

Oxygenated. Deoxygenated

214
Q

Types of arteries

A

Large elastic arteries, median muscular arteries, small arteries

215
Q

Large elastic arteries are

A

conducting arteries. Have many elastic layers/sheets of elastic fibers in their walls. Initially receive cardiac output from ventricles, their elasticity allows them to expand, minimizing the pressure change and return to normal size between ventricular contractions. Maintains/helps maintain BP. Ex: Aorta

216
Q

Median muscular arteries are

A

distributing arteries. Have the ability to decrease their diameter through vasal constrictions, helps regulate flow of blood to different parts of the body as required by circumstance. Ex: heavy activity required/thermal regulation

217
Q

Small arteries are

A

Arterioles. Have narrow lumina/openings. With thick muscular walls. If toneness/firmness in the muscular walls are above normal, hypertension or high BP can result

218
Q

Veins

A

have low pressure and much thinner walls than arteries

219
Q

Venules are ____ veins. They drain the _____ and join similar vessels to form small veins

A

Smallest. Capillary bed

220
Q

Medium veins

A

contain valves in limbs, that permits blood to flow towards the heart and not anywhere else.

221
Q

Veins are usually ___, following an ____

A

paired. artery

222
Q

Large veins are characterized by

A

wide bundles of longitudinal, smooth muscles & a well developed tunica adventitia. Ex: Sup & Inf vena cava

223
Q

The right lymphatic ducts, drain the areas into the right ______, which is the junction of the _____ with the right ____. Lymph is then transported to the ______

A

Venous angle. Right internal jugular. Right subclavian vein. Superior vena cava

224
Q

The left lymphatic ducts drains to the ____, gathers lymph into the _____, ______, ____ and is transported to the ____

A

Thoracic ducts, left venous angle, left internal jugular, left subclavian veins. superior vena cava

225
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A
  • Enables continuous adaptation to internal and external environments
  • Controls and integrates various volitional and automatic activities of the body. ex: movement, circulation, respiration
  • Effector components of human movement system that governs movement
226
Q

types of cells in nervous tissue

A

Neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

227
Q

Neurons are

A

base structural functional units of the nervous system. Have a specialized structure that allows for rapid communication.

228
Q

Communication in neurons occur

A

via synapses through neurotransmitters

229
Q

Types of neurons

A

Multipolar neurons and Pseudounipolar neuron

230
Q

multipolar motor neurons serve to

A

control skeletal muscle & make up the autonomic nervous system. Most common type of neuron

231
Q

Multpolar motor neurons is composed of

A

a cell body, extension from the cell body(dendrites) that carry impulses towards the cell, & a single axon which is an extension that carries impulses away from the cell body

232
Q

Pseudounipolar sensory neuron serve to

A

conduct sensory info from PNS to CNS. Cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia

233
Q

Neuroglia are _____ cells that serve to ___

A

non excitable, non neuronal cells. To support, insulate & nourish neurons

234
Q

Function of CNS

A

integrates and coordinates incoming(afferent) and outgoing(efferent) signals. Structured with nuclei and tracts.
Allows for fluidity and higher functions like thinking and learning.

235
Q

CNS is surrounded by

A

Meninges

236
Q

In the ____, dura mater is intimately related to the internal aspect to the bone of the surrounding neurocranium

A

Brain

237
Q

In the _____, dura mater is separated from the surrounding bone of the vertebra column by the epidural space, which is filled with ____

A

Spinal cord. Fat & venous plexuses

238
Q

Cell bodies in the PNS is collected in the ___

A

Ganglion

239
Q

Myelinated nerve fibers have

A

a myelin sheath that consist of a continuous series of schwann cells & wrapping of individual axons & forming myelin

240
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fibers consist of

A

multiple axons separately imbedded in the cytoplasm of the schwann cell. They do not produce myelin

241
Q

PNS consist of

A

Fascicles/bundles of fibers, connective tissue coverings and blood vessels that nourish the fibers of their coverings

242
Q

3 connective tissue that covers the PNS and provides strength and resilience

A

Endoneurium, Perineurium, & Epineurium

243
Q

The perineurium provides an

A

Effective barrier against penetration of the nerve fibers by foreign substances

244
Q

3 types of nerves

A

Cranial, spinal, or derivatives of spinal nerves

245
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A
  1. 11 arise from the brain and 1 from the superior spinal cord
246
Q

All cranial nerves exit through the

A

foramina

247
Q

Some cranial nerves convey only ___, some only ____ and some a mixture of both

A

Sensory fibers, motor fibers

248
Q

The first two cranial nerves are involved in

A

senses: smell and sight

249
Q

Cranial nerves bear sensory ganglia, where the cell bodies of the ____ are located

A

Pseudounipolar fibers

250
Q

Spinal nerves arise from _____ and exit through ___ of the ____

A

Spinal cord. Inner vertebral foramina of the vertebral column.

251
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 secral, and 1 coxigial

252
Q

Anterior root passes motor/efferent fibers from nerve cell bodies in the ____ of the ___to organs located peripherally

A

Anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter

253
Q

Posterior root consist of sensory/afferent fibers that convey ____ to the ____ from sensory receptors in various parts of the body such as the skin

A

Neural impluses to the CNS

254
Q

Posterior root fibers carries general sensory fibers to the ___ of the ___ through a ___. Then goes to ____

A

posterior horn of the spinal cord through a spinal ganglion. Goes to the anterior and posterior ramus

255
Q

Segmental innervation refers to

A

the innervation provided by a specific spinal level

256
Q

Dermatome is

A

a unilateral area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

257
Q

Myotomes are

A

Unilateral mass of muscle innervated by motor fibers of single spinal nerve

258
Q

Dermatomes and Myotomes can aid in..

A

screening nervous system functions, helping localize spinal nerve lesions (esp. when corroborated with spinal nerve dermatomes)

259
Q

Manually resistant test of isometric strengths are utilized to assess ___ clinically

A

Myotomes

260
Q

Muscle reflexes are ____ within the __ & ____ through descending inhibition from the _____

A

Mediated within the spinal cord & modulated…. from the brain

261
Q

Somatic sensory and Visceral sensory nerves fibers are processes of ____

A

Pseudounipolar neurons

262
Q

Cell bodies of Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers are found

A

Outside of the CNS, in the Spinal/cranial sensory ganglia

263
Q

Motor neve fibers are axons of

A

multipolar neurons

264
Q

Cell bodies of somatic motor and presynaptic visceral motor neurons are in the

A

gray matter of the spinal cord

265
Q

Cell bodies of post-synaptic motor neurons are located

A

Outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia

266
Q

Both ___ & ____ nerves contain somatic & visceral sensory & motor nerve fibers

A

Cranial and Spinal

267
Q

Somatic sensory fibers transmit _____ into the ____ from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joint

A

afferent nerve impulses into the CNS

268
Q

Somatic motor fibers transmit ____ impulses from the ____ to allow voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

Efferent impulses from the CNS

269
Q

Visceral sensory fibers transmit ____ impulses into the ____, conveting pain or subconscious visceral reflex from hollow organs and blood vessels

A

Afferent impulses into the CNS

270
Q

Visceral motor fibers transmit impulses to involuntary smooth muscle & glandular tissues through ___ & ___

A

Pre synaptic and post synaptic fibers

271
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS) is composed of

A

somatic parts of CNS & PNS.

272
Q

SNS provides general ___ & ____ innervation to all parts of the body except ____

A

sensory & voluntary motor. viscera & body cavities, smooth muscles and glands

273
Q

Somatic sensory fibers transmit

A

sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors

274
Q

Somatic motor fibers stimulate

A

skeletal muscle, exclusively invoking voluntary or reflexive movement by causing its contraction

275
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) includes components of

A

the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions, including visceral sensory and motor nerve fibers

276
Q

Visceral sensory fibers transmit

A

afferent signals from the viscera

277
Q

Visceral motor fibers provide

A

efferent signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

278
Q

Visceral efferent impulses from CNS to effector organs involve series of which 2 neurons

A

Presynaptic/Preganglionic & Post synaptic/post ganglionic

279
Q

Cell bodies of the pre synaptic/ pre ganglionic neurons are in

A

the gray matter of CNS

280
Q

Cell bodies of the post synaptic/ post ganglionic neurons are in

A

Autonomic ganglia, outside of the CNS

281
Q

Autonomic Nervous Systems (ANS) divisions include

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

282
Q

Sympathetic disivion liberates

A

Norepinephrine

283
Q

Parasympathetic division liberates

A

Acetylcholine

284
Q

Anatomic differences of the 2 divisions is based on the location of the ____ & which nerves conduct ____ fibers from the CNS

A

pre-synaptic bodies. pre-synaptic

285
Q

Sympathetic division of ANS is AKA

A

Thoracolumbar division

286
Q

Sympathetic division of ANS extends between

A

1st thoracic & 2nd or 3rd lumbar segment of the spinal cord

287
Q

Pre-synaptic cell bodies of the SYmpathetic division of the ANS are in the

A

intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord

288
Q

Post-synaptic cell bodies of the sympathetic division of the ANS are in the

A

para-vertebral & pre-vertebral ganglion

289
Q

Pre synaptic fiber are ____ and post synaptic fibers are ___ of the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

short and long

290
Q

Sympathetic effects of the ANS are

A

Catabolic. (prepares the body for flight or fight)

291
Q

Parasympathetic division of ANS is AKA

A

cranialsacral division

292
Q

Pre synaptic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of ANS are located in the

A

Brainstem exit CNS through multiple cranial nerves

293
Q

Presynaptic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of ANS are also located in

A

sacral segments of spinal cord exit CNS through corresponding spinal nerves

294
Q

Parasmypathetic division of the ANS is much more ______ in its distribution than sympathetic

A

Restricted

295
Q

Parasympathetic division distributes to the

A

head, visceral cavities, trunk & rectile tissues of the external genitalia

296
Q

Fibers ______ components of spinal nerves or their branches in ANS

A

are not

297
Q

Pre synaptic fibers are ____ and post synaptic fibers are ____ in the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

long & short

298
Q

Parasympathetic effects are _____

A

Anabolic (promote normal function & the conservation of energy)

299
Q

Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is AKA

A

the 2nd brain

300
Q

Components of the visceral motor systems are

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

301
Q

ENS can function

A

Autonomously, without any connection to the CNS

302
Q

Major components of the ENS are

A

Post-synaptic, parasynaptic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract

303
Q

In addition to motor neurons, 2 interconnected nerve plexuses compromised in ENS include

A

Primary afferent neurons that receive local input stimulate motor neurons forming local reflex

304
Q

Visceral afferent fibers provide info about

A

conditions of body’s iternal environment.

305
Q

Visceral reflexes regulate BP and chemistry, by altering

A

functions as heart and respiratory rates & vascular resistance

306
Q

We’re usually unaware of sensory input from

A

Visceral afferent fibers

307
Q

Visceral sensation that reaches the conscious level is usually perceived as

A

Pain, cramps, hunger, fullness or nausea

Anatomy (9 decks)

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