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Ichthyology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most primitive mode of spawning

A
  • Eggs release randomly with no parental care

- Ex. red-tailed shark

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2
Q

Iteroparous

A

-spawn more than once in life

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3
Q

Semelparous

A

-spawn once and then die

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4
Q

Promiscuous mating systen

A
  • no mate choice (most primitive

- male and female have multiple partners

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5
Q

Polygamy

A
  • one sex with multiple partners
  • Polyandry
  • Polygyny
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6
Q

Polyandry

A

-1 female with many males (rare)

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7
Q

Polygyny

A
  • 1 male with several females (common)
  • May form Harmes (male takes care of several females)
  • May for leks where males aggregate
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8
Q

Monogamous mating system

A
  • pairs stay together throughout a breeding season and sometimes life
  • ex. ictalurid catfishes, reef fishes
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9
Q

Marine fish eggs

A
  • buoyant, light
  • may be why marine fishes are more widely spread than FW
  • pelagic
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10
Q

FW fish eggs

A

-adhesive eggs, heavier and bigger than pelagic

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11
Q

The classic semelparous spawner

A
  • Salmon

- Build nest and guard the territory until spawning is done, then die

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12
Q

What gender role are most fishes

A
  • Gonochrostic

- sex fixed early and unchanged

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13
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

A
  • male and female gonads in the abdomen of 1 individual

- Hamlets

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14
Q

Sequential hermaphrodites

A
  • Protandrous: male changes to female

- Protogynous: Female changes to male (most common)

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15
Q

Fish with sex changes are mostly found where

A

the tropics

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16
Q

Parthenogenetic

A

-all female but use male sperm

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17
Q

In what ways are sharks more advanced in their reproductive style compared to a typical fish?

A

-some sharks have placental-like ovary to provide nourishment to the embryos

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18
Q

oophagy

A

-female keeps feeding the embryo with eggs to provide it nutrition

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19
Q

Fish with asymmetrical reproduction

A
  • limits reproduction
  • sex parts on left or right side of fish
  • four-eyed fish
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20
Q

Functions of courtship in fishes

A
  • Species recognition
  • Pair bonding
  • Orientation to spawning site
  • Overcome territorial aggression of male
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21
Q

-Features involved in courtship

A
  • Color changes
  • Sound production
  • Visual displays
  • Chemical signals
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22
Q

Forms of parental care

A
  • Burying eggs
  • Chasing predators
  • Keeping young in nest or school
  • Internal gestation
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23
Q

Costs of parental care

A
  • Guarding means less chance to feed, may reduce gamete production
  • predation risk to parent when guarding
  • Number of eggs is inversely related to amount of care
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24
Q

Diel patterns

A
  • diurnal: 50-66% of species
  • nocturnal: 25-33%
  • crepuscular: 10%
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25
Q

Why is diurnal more distinct in tropics

A
  • because there is less twilight times in tropics

- due to the minimal crepuscular habitat

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26
Q

Why is sleep common among fishes

A
  • Energy is conserved

- Avoid predators when light suboptimal for eyes

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27
Q

What is the quiet period in fish in the tropics

A

-during crepuscular time, diurnal fish are going to sleep and nocturnal fish are just waking up

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28
Q

What distinguishes fish from most other vertebrates

A
  • intermediate growth (also birds)

- larval stages (free living most of the time)

29
Q

Developmental stages in fish

A
  • larva fishes put their energy into length (helps them swim faster)
  • Metamorphosing stage puts energy into fat (helps to survive winter)
30
Q

As the size of eggs _____ parental care _____

A

increases increases

31
Q

Some components of reproductive effort

A
  • Energy to gonad
  • Body mass
  • Courtship and spawning
  • migration
32
Q

Causes of meristic and morphometric variation

A
  • Environmental variation (temp)

- involves longitudinal meristic counts and allometric growth of body morphology

33
Q

Critical Period Hypotheisis

A
  • in 1-2 days after hatching, fish must find food
  • after this point, the fish will die even if it does find food
  • has a big effect on population dynamics
34
Q

Point of no return

A

-cant feed even if they find food

35
Q

Match-mismatch hypothesis

A

-timing of larval development needs to match peak abundance of key prey organisms for each life stage

36
Q

Terminology of fish STEPS

A
  • Yolk sac
  • Pre flex
  • Flex
  • Post flex
  • Juvenille
37
Q

Yolk sac

A

-yolk provides fish with food and forms digestive tract

38
Q

Pre flex

A
  • stage when vertebrae developing grow straight out
  • fins develop inside the fin fold
  • critical period, no more yolk and fish needs to find food
39
Q

Flex

A

-stop making new vertebrae and form a new swimming tail

40
Q

Post flex

A
  • most basic fins are formed, fin rays present
  • nice mouth/gills/digestive tract
  • fins are not fully developed
41
Q

Juvenille

A

-fins are fully developed

42
Q

Indirect ontogeny

A

-2 stage life with metamorphosing, fish from juvenille looks nothing like larvae

43
Q

Direct ontogeny

A

-no metamorphosing, larvae looks like juvenille (flying fish)

44
Q

Theory of saltatory ontogeny

A
  • fish develops numerous things in one stage, they once they are developed, it jumps to a new stage and so on
  • May help explain evolution
45
Q

three foundations of fishery science

A
  • age structure of fish populations
  • Energetic dynamic
  • Life-history variations
46
Q

Why are otoliths used to age fish

A
  • they are not reabsorbed back into body like scales

- made out of calcium carbonate

47
Q

How do most fish feed

A

-through suction feeding

48
Q

Function of gill rakers

A
  • filter out food like zooplankton
  • if a fish has a lot of gill rakers then its likely eating plankton
  • few gill rakers means more fish in diet
49
Q

Function of pyloric caeca

A
  • absorbs fat which increases surface area

- as # of pc increases, % fish in diet increases

50
Q

Gut length in fish

A
  • the larger the gut, the more vegetation in diet
  • Piscivore and invertebrate feeders then gut will be less than 1 x body length
  • omnivore - 1-2 x body length
  • Herbivore/deterivore - 5-28
51
Q

Truncated cone model for suction feeding

A

-when the fish opens its moth and expands buccal chamber, vacuum is created that quickly sucks in food items in front of mouth

52
Q

Why are there so many different bones and muscles in the gill arches and jaws

A

-provides abundant opportunities for evolution of diverse feeding

53
Q

Steps in suction feeding

A

1) Preparation, inward squeeze, increases pressure
2) Expansion: suction, short
3) Compression increases pressure, pushes water out gill openings
4) Recovery: return to pre-preparatory position

54
Q

Two types of colors in fishes

A
  • Pigments

- Structural colors

55
Q

Pigments

A
  • primarily in chromatophores
  • Carotenoids
  • Melanophores
  • Leucophores and iridophores
56
Q

Carotenoids

A
  • reflect yellow, red, orange

- from fishes diet only, cannot manufacture

57
Q

Melanophores

A
  • Black melanin crystals

- can be manufactered

58
Q

Leucophores and iridophores

A

-white/silver reflections from guanine crystals

59
Q

Structural colors

A
  • light reflected from structures rather tahn pigments

- green, blue, violet, from light refracted by layers of skins/sclaes

60
Q

Static color pattern

A
  • informs about species, sex, reproductive condition or age
  • longer-term seasonal or ontogenetic changes
  • most likely controlled by horomones
61
Q

Dynamic color patter

A
  • involves rapid exposure of a previously hidden structure
  • often involve movement of body/fins, operculate, and/or mouth
  • short-term changes primarily under influence of nervous system
62
Q

What is the issue with color shading

A

-depends on where the light is coming from

63
Q

Disruptive coloration in fishes

A
  • eye ornamentation or dazzle shading

- have a wild color pattern so fish doesn’t look like a fish

64
Q

Shoaling

A

-unorganzied grouping

65
Q

Schooling

A
  • organized, often polarized

- two types: polarized and unpolarized

66
Q

Polarized schooling

A
  • all individuals oriented in the same direction

- uniform speed and direction

67
Q

Non-polarized schooling

A

-Brought together by mutual attraction, but not organized like a polarized school

68
Q

Behavioral responses to a predator in schools

A
  • Group jump
  • avoid
  • compact
  • fountain
69
Q

Schooling in fish adaptive advantages

A

1) hydrodynamic efficieny
2) Reduce predation risk
3) Increased feeding efficiency
4) Increased reproductive success

Ichthyology (4 decks)

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