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Ichthyology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fish?

A

-an aquatic vertebrate with gills and with limbs in the shape of fins

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2
Q

There are _____ living species of fishes, ______ families, and _____ order

A
  • 25,000
  • 482
  • 57
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3
Q

There are ___ jawless fish, _____ cartilaginous, and _______ bony fish

A
  • 85
  • 850
  • 23,000
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4
Q

Bony fish make up about _____% of fish species

A

-90

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5
Q

____% of modern fishes are marine, ___% of fishes are freshwater, and ___% are both

A
  • 58
  • 41
  • 1
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6
Q

What are some properties of water that influence fish functional design?

A
  • Density
  • Transparency
  • Low compressibility
  • Properties as a solvent
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7
Q

Water is _____ times denser than air

A

-800

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8
Q

Light rarely goes over ____ meters deep

A

-100

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9
Q

Evolutionary history of fish goes back ___ mya

A

-450

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10
Q

Apomorphy

A

derived character

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11
Q

Fishes are not a natural group unless ____ are included

A

tetrapods

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12
Q

What led to craniates?

A

-development of internal skeleton and bony external skeleton

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13
Q

____ is an early relative of amphioxis

A

Pikaia

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14
Q

Characteristics of ostracoderms

A
  • Armored head
  • Jawless
  • body with narrow scales
  • no internal skeleton
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15
Q

Dermal skeleton

A

-always bony and includes teeth

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16
Q

Endoskeleton

A
  • sometimes cartilaginous

- bone is formed around or in cartilage

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17
Q

Why might a fish evolve bone

A
  • maybe preventing leaks

- maybe for storage for calcium, phosphate, and carbonate

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18
Q

what is the optimal shape for a fish for the flow of water while swimming

A

-teardrop shape, max diameter 1/3 to 1/2 back from nose and length of 4-5

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19
Q

What is an important evolutionary trend among the jawed fishes

A

evolution of jaw protrusion

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20
Q

Characterisitcs of lampreys

A
  • Jawless, with teeth arranged in radiating rows
  • 2 dorsal fins
  • no paired fins
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21
Q

Gnasthostomes

A

-jawed fishes

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22
Q

Evolution of jaws allowed for :

A
  • better predation

- also required better predator avoidance

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23
Q

Important features of the gnasthosomes

A
  • Evolved with paired fins and internal skeleton and muscles to allow movement
  • Added 3rd semicircular canal in ear
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24
Q

Jawless fish have:

A

inner and outer gill arches

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25
Q

-Sharks jaw evolution:

A
  • inner arches from jaws and hyoid arch

- outer arches form labial and extrabranchial cartilages

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26
Q

Bony fish jaws:

A

-ony inner arches present

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27
Q

Characteristics of placoderms

A
  • powerful jaws and head encased in bones

- Most have a bony joint between head and body armor (unique)

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28
Q

Characteristics of sharks and relatives

A
  • Placoid scales
  • internal fertilization
  • calcified skeleton
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29
Q

Sarcopterygians (lobe finned fishes)

A
  • hinged intracranial joint
  • single bone attached to shoulder/hip joint
  • Living fish include lungfishes and tetrapods
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30
Q

Sarcopterygians includes ___ which is believed to be the transition from fish to terrestrial vertebrates

A

-tiktaalik

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31
Q

Acanthodians characteristics

A
  • Highly developed fins with bristled spines
  • have paired lamellae on each gill
  • has 3 pairs of otoliths
32
Q

Familes in the gnathostomes (jawed craniates)

A
  • Placoderm
  • Chondrichtiyass
  • Sarcopterygiass
  • Acanthodians
33
Q

Actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes)

A

-fins are supported by rays rather than skeletal extensions

34
Q

Actinopterygians include:

A
  • Cladista (birches and reedfishes)
  • Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefishes)
  • Neopterygii (gars, bowfins, teleosts)
35
Q

Some characteristics of rayfinned fishes (actinopterygians)

A
  • Flexible rays

- Spines in advanced teleosts

36
Q

What features are shared between cladista and chondrostei

A
  • Spiracles

- Maxillary united to skull

37
Q

What features are shared between cladista, chondrostei, AND sarcopterygii

A
  • Spiral valve intestine
  • Paired lung
  • Heterocercal tail
38
Q

Characterists/features of chondrostei (paddlefishes and sturgeons):

A
  • heterocercal tail
  • Spiracles
  • broad-based fins
  • scondary cartilaginous skeleton
39
Q

Characteristics of sturgeon

A
  • Marine anadromous and freshwater
  • among the largest freshwater fish in the world
  • Source of cavier which leads to overexploitation
40
Q

Neopterygii

A

gars, bowfins, teleosts

41
Q

Characteristics of gars (holostei)

A
  • abbreviate heterocercal tail
  • ganoid scales
  • can breathe air
42
Q

Characteristics of bowfin

A
  • median gular plate
  • greatly elongate dorsal
  • elasmoid-like scales
43
Q

Heterocercal tail

A

a tail in which the tip of the vertebral column turns upward, extending into the dorsal lobe of the tail fin

44
Q

What is the main group of fish that dominate the word?

A

-Teleosti -> End Bone

45
Q

Groups of fishes in the Teleosti–>End-Bone

A
  • Osteoglossomorpha
  • Elopomorpha
  • Clupeomorpha
  • Ostariophysi
46
Q

Elopomorpha

A
  • Eels, tarpons, bonefishes

- Diverse group, united by the presense of leptocephalus larvae

47
Q

Characteristic of ostariophysi (catfish, minnows)

A
  • Weberian apparatus
  • 1/4th of all fish
  • 2nd most important fish group
48
Q

What is the weberian apparatus

A

-modified anterior vertebrae to enhance hearing sensitivity

49
Q

Where do minnows occur?

Where do minnows not occur?

A
  • The occur in North America, Africa, and Eurasia

- They are absent in South America, and Australia

50
Q

What improvements make the teleosti group so successful?

A
  • Respiration
  • Feeding
  • Buoyancy
  • Swimming
51
Q

General info on the siluriformes

A
  • Catfish family
  • Over 50 families, both freshwater and marine
  • Only 2 familes in the US
52
Q

What 2 catfish families are in the US

A
  • Ictaluridae(FW)

- Aridae (marine)

53
Q

Armoured catfish info

A
  • OVer 70 genera
  • 700 species
  • Neotropics
54
Q

Protacanthopterygii

A
  • Salmon, trouts, white fishes, pikes

- “original spiny fishes”

55
Q

Salmoniformes characteristics

A
  • Salmons, trouts, whitefishes
  • Many have adipose fin
  • Pelvics abdominal
  • cycloid scales
  • swimbladder connected to gut
56
Q

Paracanthopterygii

A
  • troutperches, codfishes, frogfishes

- Mostly benthic and nocturnal

57
Q

Key innovations in Acanthopterygii

A
  • Jaw protrusion maximal

- Pharyngeal dentition advanced

58
Q

Typical Percomorph body plan

A
  • Ctenoid scales
  • Protractile premaxilla
  • Physoclistous swimbladder
  • Pelvic fins thoracic
59
Q

Percamorpha include:

A

bluegills to tuna

60
Q

What are the fish zoogeographic regions

A
  • African
  • Neotropical
  • Oriental
  • Palaearctic
  • Nearctic
  • Australian
61
Q

African zoogeographic region

A
  • 95% of fish are FW dispersants

- Dominated by minnows, characoids, catfishes, cichlids

62
Q

Lungfishes are an example of:

A
  • Archaic fish distribution
  • Dispersed in SA, Africa, and AUS
  • Beleived to be due to the split up of Pangea
63
Q

Neotropical zoogeographic region

A
  • Dominated by characoids, catfishes, gymnotids, cichlids
  • NO minnows
  • 38% FW disp
64
Q

Oriental zoogeographic region

A

-Dominated by minnows, catfishes

65
Q

Palaearctic zoogeographic region

A
  • 420 species
  • Dominated by minnows and loaches
  • Anadromous fish dominate the arctic drainages
66
Q

Nearctic zoogeographic region

A
  • 93% FW disp
  • 6% anadromous
  • dominated by minnows, perches, suckers, sunfishes
67
Q

Example of holoarctic fish distributions

A
  • Pikes salmons

- Fish that exist in nearctic and palaeactic

68
Q

Australian zoogeographic region

A

-Dominated by anadromous and marine-derived form s

69
Q

Physostomous swimbladder

A
  • tubular connection to gut
  • filled with gas by gulping air
  • primitive teleosts
70
Q

-Physoclistous wimbladder

A

-no connection to gut, use of internally generated and absorbed gases

71
Q

What type of tail do teleosts have

A
  • Homocercal

- tail base formed of urostyle

72
Q

What makes coral reefs important

A
  • They are diverse and productive
  • global cycles of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • formed by calcium carbonate
  • dominated by perch like fish
73
Q

Characteristics of kelp forests

A
  • support large carnivorus predators
  • fast growth rates
  • help reduce erosion
74
Q

Benthic habitat

A

-habitat on the bottom of the ocean

75
Q

Pelagic habitat

A

-habitats off the bottom (regardless of depth)

76
Q

Ocean ecosystems from top to bottom

A
  • Epipelagic
  • Mesopelagic
  • Bathypelagic
  • Abyssal
  • Hadal
77
Q

How do mesopelagic fishes migrate?

A
  • vertically

- Use fat-filled sim bladder to migrate vertically

Ichthyology (4 decks)

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