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Ichthyology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lateral line system distribution on the head and body of a typical fish

A
  • Lateral line sensory cells are concentrated on the head of a fish
  • Then they extend in a thin line down the sides of a fishes body unitl it reaches the base of the caudal fin
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2
Q

What are 3 advantages of schooling behavior in fish?

A
  • Decreased likelihood of individual being eaten
  • increased reproductive success (more mates)
  • Increased hydrodynamic efficiency
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3
Q

T/F: a fish with a gut about 1.8 times its body length would typically be a herbivore

A

False

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4
Q

What are important functions of pharyngeal teeth

A
  • Break down components like cellulose

- Separate edible and inedible material

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5
Q

When a fish sits still and doesn’t eat it will starve to death. What are two energetic costs that drain the stored reserves of the fish in such a situation?

A
  • maintenance metabolism

- tissue turnover

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6
Q

Static color patterns

A

–long-term coloration that can be used to determine species, gender, maturity etc

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7
Q

Dynamic color patterns

A

–can change and usually involve the quick exposure of a previously hidden structure

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8
Q

T/F: and iteroparous fish will spawn once and die

A

False

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9
Q

Polygynous mating system

A

-One male mates with many females

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10
Q

Monogamous mating system

A

-a pair stays together of the entire breeding system, and sometimes for life

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11
Q

What are 2 advantages of the primary care giver being a male in fishes

A
  • females can work on producing more gametes

- The male can assure that the fish is his and noones elses

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12
Q

Provide an example of a type of fish that practices provisioning of their young

A
  • Discus fish

- provide nutritional slime for young

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13
Q

What are 3 mechanisms for fishes to orientate during migration in the open ocean, hundreds of km from any shoreline

A
  • Temperature fluctuations
  • Oceanic currents (magnetic fields)
  • Day-night cycles of daylight
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14
Q

Explain the concept of ‘point of no return’ as it applies to larval fish

A
  • after a fish hatches, there is a critical period of 1-2 days during which they need to find food to survive
  • past this point (the point of no return) even if they do find food, it will be too late and they will die
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15
Q

What will happen to the internal circadian rhythms of a fish if it is kept completely in the dark for many days

A

-it will gradually shift over time

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16
Q

Why are most fishes counter-shaded

A
  • incumbent light shining from the surface above illuminates the darkened top, making them appear nearly invincible
  • viewed from the top they blend in with the dark surface
  • viewed from the bottom they blend in with the bright surface
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17
Q

T/F: most fish swallow their food whole and tail first

A

False

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18
Q

In what ways are sharks more advanced in the reproductive style compared to a typical fish

A
  • many sharks provide embryo nutrition

- a placental-like organ provides nourishment for a developing fetus

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19
Q

T/F: catadromy is more common in temperate than in tropical latitudes

A

False

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20
Q

Why might newly hatched fish larvae have difficulty maintaining a nicely polarized school

A
  • their sensory organs are not fully developed yet

- especially in their lateral line and eyes

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21
Q

Why do many kinds of fishes have dark, vertical pigment bars across their eye

A

-most predators use the eye of prey as a target to bite, so disgusing the eye helps them to avoid predators

22
Q

On coral reefs, there is a quiet period just at sundown where there are very few fish moving, why?

A

-diurnal fish are going to sleep, and nocturnal fish are just waking up, so there is little action

23
Q

What are 3 ways that fishes discourage capture or avoid being swallowed once they have been captured by a predator

A
  • Having spines

- Having cryptic colorations (eye spots)

24
Q

Which pigments are derived only from the diet in fishes

A

Carotenoids

25
Q

Why are otolith bones generally better than scales for aging long-lived fishes

A

they are not reabsorbed back into the body

26
Q

T/F: adult spawing salmon will remember odors that they experienced at the time of smolting

A

true

27
Q

Which 2 sensory systems are most important for fishes to maintain a polarized school

A
  • Lateral line system

- vision

28
Q

Promiscuous mating system

A

-both the male and female have multiple mates

29
Q

Harem mating system

A

-males will have multiple female partners

30
Q

Functions of courtship in fishes

A
  • fitness evolution
  • species recognition
  • synchronicity
31
Q

T/F: a protandrous fish species is an example of a sequential hermaphrodite system

A

True

32
Q

What are primary differences between direct and indirect ontogeny of fishes

A
  • Direct: the process by which larvae will resemble the mature adult and grow directly into one
  • Indirect: involves multiple larval stages, each of which look different from the mature adult
33
Q

T/F: egg size in fishes is positively related to average egg abundual in fishes

A

False

34
Q

Explain how suction feeding in higher teleost fishes works

A
  • fish creates pressure in the mouth without opening
  • when mouth is opened, the vaccum sucks in the water near the mouth
  • Water is expelled from their gills with more pressure and the prey is swallowed
35
Q

T/F: most fish masticate their food before swallowing

A

false

36
Q

Why do fishes in rivers and streams rarley have pelagic eggs

A

-because rivers and streams require eggs that will stick to a surface or buried in a substrate

37
Q

Differences between eggs of marine fish vs freshwater

A
  • Marine: pelagic eggs, thinner than FW eggs. Also smaller and not adhesive
  • FW: demersal eggs, larger, thicker, and adhesive
38
Q

what are 2 reasons for fish to sleep during certain times of each day

A
  • Save energy when not optimal conditions

- reduces risk of predation when fish who can see are at an advantage

39
Q

Give two example of dynamic color patterns in fish

A
  • warning colorations activated by some defense mechanisms

- reflective scales

40
Q

In temperate regions, many annual cycles of fishes are keyed to the seasonal temp changes what might be the comparable dominant environmental influence on season patterns in the tropics

A

-the rainy season because the temp is more constant leaving periods of precipitation to dictate optimal spawning and migration times

41
Q

T/F: a sequential hermaphrodite fish might change its sex as it grows

A

True

42
Q

What is the difference between color patterns based on pigments versus structural colors

A
  • Pigments can develop through several methods

- Structural colors can be used for species identification and are more constant

43
Q

Why might it be easier for the fish to evolove a great diversity of feeding modes compared to birds

A
  • there are a greater diversity of available niches for fish to exploit
  • Fish have also been around for longer so they have had more time to diversify
44
Q

why do polarized fish schools nearly always have one size of fish present

A
  • allows for improved schooling and better organization between individuals
  • since fish depend on vision and lateral line, uniform size improves the relay of info
45
Q

If you want to age an old fish, whats the best way

A
  • the otolith

- because it does not reabsorb phosphates

46
Q

what might be the most basic or primitive mode of spawining

A
  • releasing egg and sperm into the water and having them find each other
  • no parental care
47
Q

In tropical habitats, fishes with a crepuscualr behavior are uncommon compared to temperate zones, why

A
  • tropics have a very small twilight times compared to temperate
  • these fish wouldnt have enough time to hunt
48
Q

what is the meaning and significance of the flex stage

A

-it is one step of morphological process where the larvae’s end vertebrae turns upward and is fused

49
Q

why is it important for evolutionary diversification to have many bones and muscles

A
  • allows for many forms of feeding that can arise

- could be important because of the vast majority of food in the ocean

50
Q

Why are bioluminescent bacteria concentrated on belly rather than randomly on fish

A

-so that when a predator looks up at the fish it will blend in with the light coloration coming from above

51
Q

what are 3 significant advantages for a fish having a large body size at the time of spawning

A
  • indicates a higher fitness level and ability to produce more offspring
  • also can give an advantage when competing for a mate
52
Q

what might be the comparable dominant environmental influence on season patterns in the tropics

A

oxygen availability

Ichthyology (4 decks)

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