Exam 3

Question 1

NADH is catabolism or anabolism?

Answer 1

catabolism

Question 2

NADPH is catabolism or anabolism?

Answer 2

anabolism

Question 3

cory cycle

Answer 3

lactate in muscle to glucose in liver and back

Question 4

glucose alanine cycle

Answer 4

alanine in muscle to glucose in liver and back

Question 5

tissues and cells for HMP shunt/

Answer 5

TOAS= testes, ovary, adrenal gland, STEROID SYNTHESIS
LMFA= liver, mammary, FATTY ACID, adipose
*liver does cholesteral as well
RBC= glutathione
WBC= superoxide anion
dividing cells= require RIBOSE = product of HMP shunt

Question 6

HMP need ribose > NADPH

Answer 6

nonoxidative

Question 7

HMP need balanced ribose and NADPH

Answer 7

oxidative

Question 8

HMP need NADPH > ribose

Answer 8

oxidative and salvage

Question 9

HMP need NADPH and ATP

Answer 9

oxidative, nonoxidative and glycolysis

Question 10

Main point of oxidative HMP?

Answer 10

to make NADPH***

Question 11

deficiency in G6P dehydrogenase?

Answer 11

no NADPH and increase oxidation of gluathione in RBCs

Question 12

malate aspartate shuttle verses glyceral 3P (or alpha glycerophosphate)?

Answer 12

Malate= heart and liver, 3 ATP, malate crosses membrane
G3P= muscle and 2 ATP (uses EFAD prothetic group and coenzyme Q)

Question 13

what ETC complex doesn’t pump H+? yeild how much ATP?

Answer 13

complex 2 with succinate-Q reductase; 2 ATP

complex 1 yeilds 3

Question 14

all ATP dependent carboxylases utilize?

Answer 14

B7 Biotin

*example is pyruvate to oxaloacetate as gluconeogenesis bypass rxn

Question 15

full verses partial gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

full= all the way to glucose (in liver or wherever you have glucose 6 phosphatase)
partial= NOT all the way to glucose, stuck in membrane somewhere

Question 16

3 substrates for gluconeogenesis and their enzyme?

Answer 16

1) lactate > pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase *NAD+
2) alanin > pyruvate via transamination *carrier NH3
3) glyceral to DHAP via glyceral phosphate *ATP
* *lysine and leucine converted to Acetyl CoA

Question 17

glycogenolysis steps

Answer 17

1) degradation = B6, glycogen phosphorylase cleaves until 4 glycogen residues
2) debranching= transferase moves 3 residues to adjacent branch and 4th is free (alpha 1,6 glycosidase)
3) conversion= bidirectional phosphoglucomutase converts G1P to G6P ***LIVER HAS G6phosphatase enzyme to convert to glucose, muscle doesn’t

Question 18

***glycogenolysis regulated via reversible phosphorylation. Explain

Answer 18

phosphorylated= glycogen phosphorylase a= active
UNphosphorylated= glycogen phosphorylase b = inactive
phosphorylase kinase regulates glycogen phosphrylase
**OPPOSITE IN glycogenesis

Question 19

glycogen synthase and PKA important regulators for?

Answer 19

glycogenesis

*occurs only if glycogenin primer is 4+ glucose long to start synthesis

Question 20

**insulin stimulates?

Answer 20

protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) which DEPHOSPHORYLATES

• inactivates glycogenolysis
• activates glycogenesis

Question 21

gluconeogensis is stimulated by?

Answer 21

glucogon (inhibited by insulin)