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Motivation > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Troland divided stimulation of the nervous system into three categories: beneception, nociception, and neutroception. Briefly describe each term. (p. 207)

A

Beneception: Pleasure
Nociception: Pain
Neutroception: neither

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2
Q

What are the three properties of the affective processes represented by Young’s continuum? (p.207-208)

A

Sight, intensity, duration

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3
Q

What paradigm is do researchers often employ to observe affective intensity differences of substances? (p. 207)

A

Preference test

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4
Q

According to Young, the range of the hedonic continuum extends from the maximum negative end (________) through a neutral (__________) zone, to the extreme positive end (_______). (p. 208)

A

distress, indifferent, delight

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5
Q

When lab animals are given a choice of sugar solutions, they prefer higher sugar concentrations up to what point? (p. 208)

A

Rats. The sweeter the better

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6
Q

Pfaffman’s research indicates that __________ are sufficient to trigger approach or avoidance behaviors without being tied to physiological change. (p. 209)

A

sensations

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7
Q

True or False: Pfaffman stated that hedonic intensity and sensory intensity are the same. (p. 209)

A

False

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8
Q

Why is pain useful? (p. 210)

A

It warns of possible injury and damage to tissues

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9
Q

How did Melzack’s research lead him to describe the relationship between injury severity and pain experienced? (p. 210)

A

There is no direct relationship between injury and pain experienced.

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10
Q

“Disconnection” surgery attempts to abolish certain types of pain but is often unsuccessful. What does this suggest (according to the text)? (p. 210)

A

Not just a physical thing

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11
Q

Participants in electric shock experiments reported that the process was painful more often when something existed in the experiment’s instructions. What was that something? (p. 211)

A

the word pain

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12
Q

Which area of the brain stem may also influence the perception of pain at the spinal cord level? (p. 211)

A

(PAG) Periaqueductal Gray

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13
Q

Non-utilitarian problem-solving games like chess or bridge seem to be motivated by what? (p. 213)

A

Desire for sensory and cognitive stimulation

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14
Q

What was different about the performance of monkeys that received food rewards for solving puzzles? (p. 213)

A

They became less persistent with solutions

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15
Q

Berlyne argued that we attempt to maintain an optimal level of arousal. What happens when the level gets too high or too low? (p. 213)

A

We bring it down if too high or up if too low. Similar to homeostasis.

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16
Q

When Montgomery’s rats explored two mazes, what seemed to determine the length of time they spent in the second maze? (p. 213-214)

A

The color

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17
Q

When Thompson and Melzack kept puppies isolated for many months, what did they note about the exploratory behaviors of the isolated pups? (p. 214-215)

A

Hyper-exploritory, evolved more than the controls.

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18
Q

How did the isolated puppies in Thompson and Melzack’s studies compare to normally raised pups on problem solving? (p. 215)

A

Not good at problem solving and motor difficulties.

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19
Q

What problems were noted when Riesen’s dark-reared cats were exposed to a normal lighting environment? (p. 215)

A

Hyper-exciteability
Increased incidences of convulsive disorders
Localized motor impairment

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20
Q

What does research on sensory restriction indicate about stimulation during development? (p. 215-216)

A

stimulation during development is important

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21
Q

Of what were surrogate mothers constructed? (p. 216)

A

cloth and wire

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22
Q

Harlow and Suomi stated that facial design of their surrogates was not important. According to them, what does an infant believe about his/her mother’s face? (p. 216)

A

Beautiful

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23
Q

The effects of isolation were minimal and reversible when a monkey was isolated from birth to what age? (p. 216-217)

A

3 months

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24
Q

The indifference and abuse noted in Harlow & Harlow’s “motherless monkey mothers” bears a striking resemblance to _____ _____ _____. (p. 218)

A

human child abuse

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25
Q

What appears to prevent the anaclitic depression common in institutionalized infants? (p. 219)

A

More individualized attention

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26
Q

Children suffering from deprivation dwarfism are deficient in height and appear to be malnourished even when they have adequate diets. Describe their emotional states. (p. 219)

A

Lethargic, withdrawn and avoid eye contact

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27
Q

It appears that the mechanism suppressing the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland in children suffering from deprivation dwarfism is actually a disruption of what? (p. 219)

A

normal sleep patterns

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28
Q

What two types of interactions are apparently important for normal development of an organism? (p. 220)

A

peers and parents

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29
Q

Other than behavioral tests, what did participants also experience during the isolation period? (p. 220)

A

paranormal phenomenon

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30
Q

In the McGill University adult sensory-deprivation experiments, how long did most outside participants stick with the study? (p. 220-221)

A

2 or 3 days

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31
Q

The studies of pilots cited in the text reported feelings of confusion, loss of contact, isolation, illusions, etc. According to Clark and Graybiel, what three conditions were associated with the disorientation? (p. 222)

A

High altitude
Unchanging conditions
Flying alone

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32
Q

Sensory deprivation effects are probably not confined to high-altitude flying. Cite the example from the text. (p. 222)

A

Driving on a straight road that is flat and bare, no trees or structures

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33
Q

What are two of the most influential factors observed in sensation seeking? Explain. (p. 224)

A

Age and Gender

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34
Q

Breslin et al. found that _______ did not affect gambling choices, but ________ ________ did have an effect. (p. 225)

A

alcohol, sensation seekers

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35
Q

The opponent-process model assumes that the physiological process that triggers the initial hedonic reaction will be opposed by what? (p. 225)

A

Hedonic reaction of the opposite side.

From pleasant to unpleasant and vise versa

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36
Q

For addicts, stimuli associated with both the pleasurable state A and the aversive state B reinforce the same behavior. What behavior? (p. 226)

A

continue to take the drug to avoid withdrawal

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37
Q

It appears that the tolerance that develops to a continually-used drug can be partly explained as what? (p. 227)

A

A secondary reinforcer

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38
Q

Describe the ‘after-reaction’ noted by Solomon which occurs after a first parachute jump. (p. 227)

A

While jumping initially scared but during fall - euphoric.

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39
Q

When the time interval between occurrences of “state A” is long enough, it retains its original qualities—whether they are positive or negative. What does this lead us to predict about skydiving once a year? (p. 227)

A

participant will recapture the initial fear

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40
Q

What does the author’s cat do when he/she wants to go outside? (p. 237)

A

clawing on furniture

41
Q

Tolman’s approach emphasized the idea that organisms develop what? (p. 237)

A

cognitive map of the environment

42
Q

The important point for our purposes is that when place learning occurs it suggests something. What does it suggest? (p. 239)

A

expectation develops regarding where rewards can be found.

43
Q

Lewin’s approach was a dynamic one, emphasizing what? (p. 239)

A

the forces acting on behavior were consistently changing.

44
Q

The reaction of an object is the result of all the forces acting upon that object within the field containing it. What is this idea called? (p. 239)

A

Forcefield Theory or Field Theory

45
Q

Why does the central core of the inner-personal region have a greater influence on behavior? (p. 240)

A

it is connected to more things in the mind

46
Q

What is Lewin’s concept of tension? (p. 240)

A

it comes with unsatisfied needs physical or psychological needs.

47
Q

Briefly, what are four problems with Lewin’s analysis of behavior? (p.242)

A

Terms loosely defined
Psychological facts can change
Analysis are after the fact (post hoc)
Lacked proper control groups

48
Q

What is the basic idea underlying expectancy-value theory? (p. 243)

A

behavior tied to our values and expecting to obtain our goals

49
Q

According to Rotter, what determines our preference for an event? (p. 243)

A

reinforcement value

50
Q

On the continuum of internality-externality, where do individuals at both extremes perceive rewards and punishments come from? (p. 244-245)

A

Internality - ourselves

Externality - from outside

51
Q

Social learning has been suggested as a factor in several behavioral issues. Name three from the text. (p. 245-246)

A

Autism
Alcohol use
Violence

52
Q

Describe Murray’s manifest needs? (p. 246)

A

they are learned and activated by environmental cues.

53
Q

What do subjects do in the Thematic Apperception Test? (p. 246)

A

Given a picture and must interpret what is happening in the picture

54
Q

For what did McClelland and Atkinson’s submarine base subjects think they were being tested? (p. 247)

A

Visual acuity

55
Q

What did the TAT suggest the subjects in the failure condition were significantly more concerned with? (p. 247)

A

Need for achievement

56
Q

The tendency to approach or avoid achievement situations is thought to result from what four variables? (p. 248)

A

Motive for success
Motive to avoid failure
Probability of success
Incentive value

57
Q

The incentive value of success is the value of actually achieving the goal and represents what fact? (p. 248)

A

some goals are worth than others

58
Q

What is the difference between mastery goals and performance goals? (p. 251)

A

Mastery develops skills

Performance is task oriented

59
Q

Give two reasons why attitudes do not always predict behaviors well. (p. 253-254)

A
  1. Attitudes more likely related to patterns than planned behavior
  2. Some attitudes more important than others
60
Q

In Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, what is the difference between perceived behavioral control and actual behavioral control? (p. 254)

A

Percieved: one of the precursors to intention

Actual: denotes time and ability

61
Q

What are the three major components of intention according to Ajzen? (diagram on p. 254)

A

Attitude toward behavior
Subjective Norm
Perceived control

62
Q

What is social loafing? (p. 257)

A

People will work less hard if others are doing the same task as a group.

63
Q

Describe the Ringelmann effect. (p. 257-258)

A

The tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of the group increases.

64
Q

The sound of ____ _____ ________ is not even three times as intense as ___ ______ __ ___.” Why? (p.258)

A

12 hands clapping, the sound of 2.

Social loafing

65
Q

What does the collective effort model predict? (p. 260)

A

if people feel their effort makes a difference, they offer more effort

66
Q

Why does performance in a group decrease, according to social impact theory? (p. 264)

A

pressure to work has dispersed among group members

67
Q

What does one expect in a nation that contains a large number of persons high in need for achievement who become entrepreneurs? (Expectancy-Value Theory, Slide 16)

A

Folklore that stresses work, knowledge, and freedom instead of family, tradition, and relationships.

68
Q

What is cognitive dissonance? (p. 271)

A

when two cognitions conflict with each other.

69
Q

The text cites three ways to reduce dissonance. Briefly describe the three. (p. 271)

A

Change attitude
Change behavior
Consonant Cognition

70
Q

What did Festinger & Carlsmith’s subjects actually do during the experiment? (p. 272)

A

took pegs in and out of holes

71
Q

Which group found the taped discussion more interesting in the Aronson & Mills study? (p. 273)

A

the group with severe initiation (profanity/sex)

72
Q

Dissonance theory predicts that we may selectively expose ourselves to information about a choice after one has been made. Explain. (p. 274)

A

We want to remain comfortable with the choice we make.

If there is no value, there is no dissonance

73
Q

What is the main idea of Bem’s self-perception theory? (p. 276)

A

we don’t know our own attitudes/beliefs, and infer from our own behaviors

74
Q

Name one of Pepitone’s several reasons why some organisms seem to be inconsistency seeking rather than inconsistency reducing. (p. 278)

A

Inconsistently seeking to mask more painful feelings and reduce boredom

75
Q

What is meant by the “social facilitation of behavior”? (p. 279)

A

to perform better when competing or has an audience.

76
Q

The energizing of behavior as a result of others competing in the same task is called what? (p. 279)

A

the co-action effect

77
Q

Describe the results of the running roach experiment. (p. 279)

A

cockroaches run faster from light when other roaches are present.

78
Q

Coactors and audiences will facilitate performance if ______ _______ __ _________. (p.280)

A

dominant response is practiced

79
Q

Performing a well-learned task in front of an audience increases two physiological measures but not a third. Name the three. (p. 280)

A

Heart rate and Vasodilation

Not blood pressure

80
Q

What is meant by conformity? [… and don’t use the word conform!] (p. 281)

A

change in behavior

81
Q

What happened when Sherif put subjects together in the light-judgment experiment? (p.281)

A

participants changed their judgements to conform with the group

82
Q

When subjects in Asch’s experiments did not conform to the group decision, what feeling did they seem to experience? (p. 282)

A

discomfort, self doubt

83
Q

What effect did the presence of another individual who differed from the group have on subjects in Asch’s studies? (p. 283)

A

a liberating effect

84
Q

Explain the final criticism of the Asch studies. (p. 284)

A

Inconsistent parodim

People today may conform less

85
Q

Explain the foot-in-the-door effect. (p. 286)

A

incremental growth

86
Q

Explain door-in-the-face effect. (p. 286-287)

A

Ask for something large and eventually something smaller.

87
Q

How did Milgram’s subjects think they were “teaching” the other subjects (confederates)? (p. 288)

A

Giving electric shocks

88
Q

What percentage of the Yale undergrads escalated the shocks to the 450-volt maximum? (p. 290)

A

65%

89
Q

Milgram’s subjects were put into a conflict situation where they had to choose between two alternatives. What were they? (p. 290)

A
  1. Open defiance of an authority figure

2. Obedience to a personally immoral behavior

90
Q

What does Zimbardo call the ability to avoid responsibility for one’s behaviors? (p. 290)

A

de individualization

91
Q

Although we do not like to admit it, obedience to authority can override our ______, ______, and _____ __ ______ toward other human beings. (p. 292)

A

ethics, values, concern for others

92
Q

What are the five stages in Latane and Darley’s model of deciding to help in an emergency?(p.296)

A
  • Notice the situation
  • Define the situation as an emergency
  • Accept responsibility to help
  • Decide how to help
  • Decide to act and provide help
93
Q

Why do we tend to keep calm, non-emotional expressions on our faces in public? (p. 294)

A

to avoid someone thinking we are reacting to a situation

94
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance? (p. 294)

A

fooling each other that a reality does not exist.

95
Q

Subjects paired with a stranger helped __% of the time, while two friends paired together offered help __% of the time. (p. 294)

A

20%, 70%

96
Q

Latane and Darley believed that the lack of intervention can be understood as resulting from what? (p. 295)

A

Diffusion of responsibility

97
Q

True or False: Seminarians who were to speak about the Good Samaritan helped people more often than those speaking on other topics. (p. 297)

A

False

98
Q
  1. Some have suggested that helping behavior is not altruistic, but egoistic. Why? (p. 298)
A

the tendency to expect something in return

Motivation (6 decks)

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