Exam 2 Essay Questions Flashcards
Describe two or more factors other than physiological hunger or homeostasis that influence eating behavior.
the smell of food
Memory of the last time we ate
What are the two major substances that eating behavior seeks to regulate? Give examples of how that regulation might occur.
Short-term regulation is based on Glucose
Long term regulation is based on Fat
What are some cultural factors that can serve to increase the incidence of obesity?
More office type jobs where sitting long term becomes a norm
More people living in the suburbs where commuting in cars offers less opportunity for walking
More social events tied to eating large multi–course meals, particularly with the church cycle of sitting for hours then eating a large meal.
What is the difference between osmometric and volumetric thirst, and what conditions can lead to each one?
Osmometric thirst (intracellular) thirst where water is pulled from the cells due to an exterior high sodium content.
Volumetric thirst (extracellular) where water content around the cells is lost as in blood loss and diarrhea.
Describe the four stages of the sexual response cycle, and state which ones usually last the longest.
Excitement: First stage of sexual response. Penis erection/vaginal lubrication
Plateau: Second stage of sexual response. Sexual arousal is intensified in preparation for orgasm
Orgasm: Third stage of sexual response. Sexual climax, in males only one, in females none, one or multiple.
Resolution: Immediately following orgasm refractory period for males of 10-30 minutes.
Define prepared, unprepared, and contra-prepared associations, and give an example of each.
Prepared: events easily and quickly associated. (touching fire/ burning)
Unprepared: can be learned through numerous experiences with events (leaving late and arriving late and finally leave earlier to arrive on time)
Contra-prepared: associations an organism apparently cannot learn (attempting to learn trigonometry and not being successful.)
Discuss, with examples, the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers.
Primary reinforcers: Increase a response due to it’s nature(Food, Sex, Water)
Secondary reinforcers: control responding because they have been associated with the primary reinforcers in the past (managing how much food, sex or water we take in)
Define and explain the partial reinforcement extinction effect.
Partial reinforcement is more persistent than continuously reinforced responses. When level of reinforcement is inconsistent.
What does a central motive state consist of, in Bindra’s theory?
Activates goal-directed behaviors toward incentive objects.
Where motivational state and emotional states are identical,
Give two examples showing that response to the same stimulus can depend on contrasting that stimulus (better or worse) with what has been recently experienced.
With Crespi’s rats, when the stimulus(food) was reduced from more to less, the response decreased, while when the stimulus was increased from less to more, the response increased.
Describe two of Klinger’s stages of disengagement when a goal becomes unreachable.
Invigoration: when blocked incentives become more attractive
Depression: when all attempts at obtaining the goal fail.
