Exam 2 (Ch 4,5,6) Flashcards
Studies consistently show that for both human and non-human animals, greater __________ in the foods available leads to larger __________ of food consumed. (p. 102)
Variety, Amount
What is sensory specific satiety?
Particular Taste
What did Cannon and Washburn believe were the basis of hunger?
Stomach Contractions
What effect does severing the vagus nerve have on the experience of hunger in humans?
Does not eliminate hunger.
Central theories of motivation emphasize what area?
Brain Areas
In the homeostatic model, when changes move the body away from some optimal value, mechanisms trigger circuits that generate motivation to ________________.
a valid state
What is Hyperphagia?
Overeating in animals
Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus produce what effect?
Caused animals to stop eating
If animals were kept alive by researchers after LH-damage, what eventually happened?
They learned to maintain at a lower weight.
The VMH is considered to be a ___________, while the LH is a __________.
satiety center, hunger center
Where are the receptors of the glucose-sentitive system located”
Hypothalamus, liver and portal vein
What does the set-point theory argue?
Each person has a set level of body weight that is rather consistently maintained via homeostasis.
The most likely stimulus for regulation around a set-point is __________.
Fat
Historically, hunger motivation has been viewed as a two-process system. Describe the two processes.
- Short term regulation based on Glucose
2. Long term regulation based on Fat.
Anorexia nervosa is much more common in females than in males, and on the rise for whom?
Elderly
What are the three major symptoms of anorexia according to the text?
- Large reduction in weight
- Absence of menstruation
- Refusal to eat
How do Chinese anorexics seem to differ from anorexics in Western cultures?
- Not about weight but about bloating
- lower class/poor
Why is it not clear that anorexic patients have a true loss of appetite?
Food hoarding, focus on recipes, focus on food and binge eating.
Describe the ‘typical bulimic’.
Female, white, college educated, early 20s
What does social contagion theory propose about bulimia?
If someone starts binge eating others/friends will start.
Heatherton and Baumeister suggest that binge eating is the result of attempts to ______________.
escape from self-awareness
Some of the weight increase for men and women over the past century is probably due to what two factors?
- Work patterns/less physical activity
- General sedentary lifestyle
What is basal metabolism?
Consumption of energy to maintain bodily functions at rest.
Because a larger percentage of body weight is fat in obese individuals, they need ______ _______ to maintain their weight.
fewer calories
When can dehydration be fatal?
If more than 15% of body water weight is lost.
What is the difference between osmometric and volumetric thirst?
Osmometric thirst (intracellular) thirst where water is pulled from the cells due to an exterior high sodium content.
Volumetric thirst (extracellular) where water content around the cells is lost as in blood loss and diarrhea.
If the kidneys detect a drop in blood volume, what happens?
increase in amount of water retained via re-absorption.
What causes the condition called hypovolemia?
Diarrhea, vomiting, loss of blood.
Research has shown that the mammalian brain is essentially _______ unless altered by the presence of other hormones./
Female
What one hormone appears to be the key to development of male or female sexual behavior?
Testosterone
Through other brain structures are involved in the regulation of sexual behavior, the ____________ is of major importance.
Hypothalamus
Damage to the hypothalamus may also lead to hypogonadal conditions, characterized by what?
In males: small testicles, lack of sexual motivation(drive).
What is the effect of hormone replacement therapy in AH vs VMH-lesioned female mammals?
- Replacement therapy with estrogen fails to re-establish the estrous cycle.
- VMH-lesioned: abolished estrous cycles in females
What does the reduction of the refractory period in hypothalamus-midbrain lesioned male rats suggest?
Automatic sexual behavior is midbrain and controlled by hypothalamus.
What is the difference between sham rage and true rage as see in Cannon’s experiments with cats?
With sham rage true emotional behavior could not occur without the cortex.
How is the dominance order of monkeys maintained?
Agression or actions of aggression.
What is the difference between affective attack and quite biting attack as distinguished by Flynn et al?
Affective attack: cats (hissing, anger displayed, emotional)
Quite attack: killing actions, minimal emotion.
Aggressive responses can still be obtained from which area even after hypothalamus damage and what responses are noted in the text.
- Peri-aqueductal grey (PAG)
- Spitting and snarling
Briefly describe 3 of the 7 types of aggression presented in the text.
- Predatory aggression: excited by a natural object of prey
- Territorial defense: in defense of Territory
- Fear-induced aggression: when escape is blocked.
Of the three basic biological drives (hunger, thirst and sex), which one has the smallest amount of regulation that is social and not directly physiological.
Thirst - least social/physiological regulation
Identify the following in Pavlov’s experiments:
Salivation to meat powder: UR
Bell: CS
Meat powder: US
Salivation to bell: CR
continued presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus leads to what effect (on the conditioned stimulus)?
Extinction: reduction of reliability
How may some maladaptive behaviors (such as phobias) be learned?
Accidental parings of neutral stimuli and negative emotional or motivational states.
At what point were the dogs apparently unable to make the discrimination between a circle and ellipse?
when the ellipse had a ratio of 9:8
The _______ ________ generated by Pavlov’s discrimination experiment was apparently the result of the increasing difficulty of the discrimination.
Experimental Neurosis
Mineka and Khlstrom argued that experimental _________ is not generated by the classical conditioning procedure, but by the organism’s lack of ________ or ________.
neurosis, prediction, control
What did Watson and Raynar condition Albert to fear, and what aversive stimulus did they use to induce that fear?
- White rat/fury animals
- Loud Noice (condition)
Counterconditioning is generally preferred over extinction procedures because it provides _________________________.
specific positive response to replace a negative response