Exam 2 (Ch 4,5,6) Flashcards
1
Q
Studies consistently show that for both human and non-human animals, greater __________ in the foods available leads to larger __________ of food consumed. (p. 102)
A
Variety, Amount
2
Q
What is sensory specific satiety?
A
Particular Taste
3
Q
What did Cannon and Washburn believe were the basis of hunger?
A
Stomach Contractions
4
Q
What effect does severing the vagus nerve have on the experience of hunger in humans?
A
Does not eliminate hunger.
5
Q
Central theories of motivation emphasize what area?
A
Brain Areas
6
Q
In the homeostatic model, when changes move the body away from some optimal value, mechanisms trigger circuits that generate motivation to ________________.
A
a valid state
7
Q
What is Hyperphagia?
A
Overeating in animals
8
Q
Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus produce what effect?
A
Caused animals to stop eating
9
Q
If animals were kept alive by researchers after LH-damage, what eventually happened?
A
They learned to maintain at a lower weight.
10
Q
The VMH is considered to be a ___________, while the LH is a __________.
A
satiety center, hunger center
11
Q
Where are the receptors of the glucose-sentitive system located”
A
Hypothalamus, liver and portal vein
12
Q
What does the set-point theory argue?
A
Each person has a set level of body weight that is rather consistently maintained via homeostasis.
13
Q
The most likely stimulus for regulation around a set-point is __________.
A
Fat
14
Q
Historically, hunger motivation has been viewed as a two-process system. Describe the two processes.
A
- Short term regulation based on Glucose
2. Long term regulation based on Fat.
15
Q
Anorexia nervosa is much more common in females than in males, and on the rise for whom?
A
Elderly
16
Q
What are the three major symptoms of anorexia according to the text?
A
- Large reduction in weight
- Absence of menstruation
- Refusal to eat
17
Q
How do Chinese anorexics seem to differ from anorexics in Western cultures?
A
- Not about weight but about bloating
- lower class/poor
18
Q
Why is it not clear that anorexic patients have a true loss of appetite?
A
Food hoarding, focus on recipes, focus on food and binge eating.
19
Q
Describe the ‘typical bulimic’.
A
Female, white, college educated, early 20s
20
Q
What does social contagion theory propose about bulimia?
A
If someone starts binge eating others/friends will start.
21
Q
Heatherton and Baumeister suggest that binge eating is the result of attempts to ______________.
A
escape from self-awareness
22
Q
Some of the weight increase for men and women over the past century is probably due to what two factors?
A
- Work patterns/less physical activity
- General sedentary lifestyle
23
Q
What is basal metabolism?
A
Consumption of energy to maintain bodily functions at rest.
24
Q
Because a larger percentage of body weight is fat in obese individuals, they need ______ _______ to maintain their weight.
A
fewer calories
25
When can dehydration be fatal?
If more than 15% of body water weight is lost.
26
What is the difference between osmometric and volumetric thirst?
Osmometric thirst (intracellular) thirst where water is pulled from the cells due to an exterior high sodium content.
Volumetric thirst (extracellular) where water content around the cells is lost as in blood loss and diarrhea.
27
If the kidneys detect a drop in blood volume, what happens?
increase in amount of water retained via re-absorption.
28
What causes the condition called hypovolemia?
Diarrhea, vomiting, loss of blood.
29
Research has shown that the mammalian brain is essentially _______ unless altered by the presence of other hormones./
Female
30
What one hormone appears to be the key to development of male or female sexual behavior?
Testosterone
31
Through other brain structures are involved in the regulation of sexual behavior, the ____________ is of major importance.
Hypothalamus
32
Damage to the hypothalamus may also lead to hypogonadal conditions, characterized by what?
In males: small testicles, lack of sexual motivation(drive).
33
What is the effect of hormone replacement therapy in AH vs VMH-lesioned female mammals?
- Replacement therapy with estrogen fails to re-establish the estrous cycle.
- VMH-lesioned: abolished estrous cycles in females
34
What does the reduction of the refractory period in hypothalamus-midbrain lesioned male rats suggest?
Automatic sexual behavior is midbrain and controlled by hypothalamus.
35
What is the difference between sham rage and true rage as see in Cannon's experiments with cats?
With sham rage true emotional behavior could not occur without the cortex.
36
How is the dominance order of monkeys maintained?
Agression or actions of aggression.
37
What is the difference between affective attack and quite biting attack as distinguished by Flynn et al?
Affective attack: cats (hissing, anger displayed, emotional)
Quite attack: killing actions, minimal emotion.
38
Aggressive responses can still be obtained from which area even after hypothalamus damage and what responses are noted in the text.
- Peri-aqueductal grey (PAG)
| - Spitting and snarling
39
Briefly describe 3 of the 7 types of aggression presented in the text.
- Predatory aggression: excited by a natural object of prey
- Territorial defense: in defense of Territory
- Fear-induced aggression: when escape is blocked.
40
Of the three basic biological drives (hunger, thirst and sex), which one has the smallest amount of regulation that is social and not directly physiological.
Thirst - least social/physiological regulation
41
Identify the following in Pavlov's experiments:
Salivation to meat powder: UR
Bell: CS
Meat powder: US
Salivation to bell: CR
42
continued presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus leads to what effect (on the conditioned stimulus)?
Extinction: reduction of reliability
43
How may some maladaptive behaviors (such as phobias) be learned?
Accidental parings of neutral stimuli and negative emotional or motivational states.
44
At what point were the dogs apparently unable to make the discrimination between a circle and ellipse?
when the ellipse had a ratio of 9:8
45
The _______ ________ generated by Pavlov's discrimination experiment was apparently the result of the increasing difficulty of the discrimination.
Experimental Neurosis
46
Mineka and Khlstrom argued that experimental _________ is not generated by the classical conditioning procedure, but by the organism's lack of ________ or ________.
neurosis, prediction, control
47
What did Watson and Raynar condition Albert to fear, and what aversive stimulus did they use to induce that fear?
- White rat/fury animals
| - Loud Noice (condition)
48
Counterconditioning is generally preferred over extinction procedures because it provides _________________________.
specific positive response to replace a negative response
49
How is interoceptive conditioning defined:
Classical conditioning in which either the CS, UCS or both involves internal organs.
50
What is external stimulus often provided us when a urine sample is required?
running water
51
According to Razran, why are we often unaware of the reasons for our behavior?
When they involve the internal organs.
52
Why is it difficult to poison rats?
They have a strong avoidance reaction and won't return to poison again.
53
Garcia, Ervin, and Koelling showed that the taste-illness connection can be made in rats even when the interval is as long as _______.
75 minutes
54
Associations that an organism apparently cannot learn are called _____________.
contra-prepared
55
Cancer patients frequently suffer loss of appetite. What did Bernstein seek to determine with her study?
Whether the loss of appetite was due to the association of food with nausea from chemotherapy.
56
The Burish et al. study showed what effect progressive muscle relaxation therapy and guided relaxation imagery had?
Diminishing appetite for food
57
What is operant (or instrumental) conditioning?
Reinforcing a behavioral response
58
Skinner emphasized the idea that reinforcement serves to strengthen the response, making its occurrence _____ ______.
more probable
59
in Crespi's experiment, rats formerly receiving large, medium and small amounts of reinforcement were all given a medium amount. What happened to performance?
Large: Decreased
Medium: Same
Small: Increased
60
When do positive and negative contrast effects have important implications for motivation of behavior?
Depends on history of reinforcement.
61
When did Blodgett's non-reinforced rats begin to demonstrate that they had learned the maze?
When they got food reinforcement for it
62
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
- Primary: food, sex water
| - Secondary: something paired with primary reinforcement
63
How does a generalized conditioned reinforcer gain it's reinforcing properties?
It's paired with more than one primary reinforcer.
64
Money is not only a generalized conditioned reinforcer, it is also a _________.
token
65
What did the institutionalized 25-year old women receive tokens for in the text example?
Not wandering off
66
Describe the result of the token system in the above institution example.
After two days wandering rates were at zero during the period tokens were given. 6 months later wandering was still not a problem
Tokens were motivating enough to reduce the wandering
67
Why were the tokens employed in the Fox mining study, and where could the recipients use them.
- Reward for safe behavior
| - Various items at redemption stores.
68
What did Miller's study of classical operant interactions demonstrate?
- Fear can be acquired
| - Reduction of fear can motivate learning
69
A neutral stimulus can acquire emotional or motivational properties that lead to what?
Change in behavior
70
According to Seligman, learned helplessness is the laboratory analogue of what condition in humans?
Depression
71
What is the most difficult organism with which to demonstrate learned helplessness?
Rats
72
A more damaging criticism of the learned helplessness model of depression is what fact?
Depressed people frequently felt guilty and blame themselves
73
An important point is that observational learning occurs without either the ____________ or a ______ or ___________
practice, response, reinforcement
74
Before we can profit from the modeled behavior of others, what must we do?
attend to their behavior
75
When we alter our behavior as a result of observing the consequences of the behavior of others, these patterns are called ___________?
vicarious reinforcement
76
As an example of behavior modeling, what did an airline do after receiving a barometric bomb threat in July of 1971, and where had they seen that particular solution?
- the pilot diverted the plain to Denver that was over 5000 feet in elevation
- Doomsday TV Show
77
What did Berkowitz and LePage discover about the shocks delivered when a gun was in the room?
More severe shocks were given
78
If a child hits a playmate and gets a toy as a result, what is likely to happen in the future?
the child will hit again
79
How may human aggression be reinforced and maintained by secondary reinforcement?
By rewarding aggression
80
How were children affected by the violence they saw in the cartoon in the Bandura study?
Children who saw the tv show performed more aggression.
81
What was Rachman able to produce through pairing of stimuli in three young, single men?
boot fetish
82
When do people learn the rules of sexual behavior, according to Luria?
in adolescence
83
Which neural transmitter responds initially to an unconditioned stimulus and 'learns' to respond to a conditioned stimulus?
Dopamine
84
Give two examples of learned sexual values that differ across cultures?
- sexual norms
| - body size norms
85
Crespi's study showed that different incentive objects affect NOT what is learned, but what?
How hard the organism is willing to perform.
86
What would dit look like if a rat emits a full-blown consummatory response in the start box of a maze?
acting as if food is there, chewing/swallowing non-existent food.
87
For what does the symbol sg stand for?
partial response stimulus feedback
88
When does an Unlearned Frustration Response occur?
When rats make effort to get food and does not get it.
89
To what does frustration from non-reward normally lead
a competing response
90
Animals accustomed to what type of reinforcement schedule tend to persist in responding longest in extinction?
Partial reinforcement schedule
91
What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect?
the rat could get a small bit of reward and sometimes get no reward
92
Doing badly on a test may motivate us to do different things based on our individual histories. Give two examples from the text of how we might behave after we screw up on a test.
- study harder
| - perform competing behavior(go to a movie)
93
How did Adelman and Mastsch's rats lear to escape from the frustration of non-reward.
jumping ouf of the goal box
94
How is the persistence of behavior developed?
according to the organisms past history with the incentive
95
According to Mowrer, to which emotion does any increase in drive lead?
Fear
96
To what emotion does a decrease in drive lead?
Hope
97
When does disappointment occur, according to Mowrer?
When hope cues that predict a decrease in drive do not lead to an actual reduction in drive.
98
When does relief occur?
When cues that signal an increase in drive are taken away
99
Cues associated with the triggering of emotion eventually become capable of what?
Triggering the emotion themselves.
100
Miller pointed out a particular conceptual difficulty with Mowrer's approach. Specifically, what can it not explain about behaviors?
Could not explain how behavior originated
101
Tolman viewed behavior as purposive. Explain.
People and animals actively seek behavior to fulfill goals.
102
What did Tolman's latent learning studies try to show?
Reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.
103
An important aspect of Tolman's view was that incentive objects influence behavior only if .........
persistent enough where explanation develops.
104
What behaviors were seen when the monkeys discovered the lettuce?
Anger, rattling cages, screeching, searching for lost bananas.
105
As Szymanski's female rat's litter got older, what happened to her performance in the maze?
It got worse...
106
Bindara's model emphasizes the production of a central motive state. What does it activate?
Goal-directed behaviors
107
What combines to produce a Central Motive State?
Drive and Incentive
108
Incentive objects may be either positive or negative. Positive incentives elicit ______ while negative incentives generate ___________.
Approach, withdrawal
109
Bindra's system provides a model that includes the state of the organism(_______), the influence of the goal properties (___________), and the association of cues with incentive (_____________).
Drive, incentive, predictabilty
110
What is Klinger's basic idea?
The importance of meaningfulness in peoples lives.
111
Explain how incentives and goals differ(according to Klinger), and give an example from your life.
Incentives: Objects/events wer value (more free time)
Goals: Objects/events we are motivated to obtain (more money, willing to work for)
112
Name Klinger's five disengagement phases and describe one briefly.
- Invigoration: blocked incentive becomes more attractive
- Primitivization
- Aggression
- Depression
Recovery: Final phase, obtaining the goal.
113
Working through grief is a disengagement process with four separate dimensions, according to Bowlby and Parkes. What are the four?
1. Shock
2. Searching
3. Disorientation
4. Resolution
114
What are we perhaps intuitively doing when we advise people to live for their children after a loved on dies?
Telling them to find a new goal.
115
The secondary system of receptors that detect chemical indicators of sexual readiness is called the _________ _________.
(vomero-nasal) organ
| vomeronasal
116
What is a 'possible' cause of the synchronization of menstrual cycles that is often noted in groups of women living close together
Chemical signals via pheromones.
117
Cunningham has found that the 8 physical characteristics of the female face that are rated attractive by males include three about the eye area. Name them
Large eyes
Large pupils
High eyebrows
118
After health and age, a third characteristic that Symons proposes as sexually attractive in women is _________.
Novelty
119
For the female, sexual attractiveness would appear to be based less on physical characteristics such as handsomeness than on ______, _______, and _______.
Dominance, status, resources
120
Explain one of the four ideas about addiction according to Robinson and Berridge.
The brain systems that are changed include those normally involved in the process of incentive motivation and reward.
121
Why might a person find a particular behavior especially rewarding?
The behavior triggers reward areas in the brain.
