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Biology 115 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes _____. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor.

A

Oxidized

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2
Q

When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes _____. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.

A

Reduced

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3
Q

In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is ______.

A

Glucose

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4
Q

Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called ______.

A

Pyruvate

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5
Q

______ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis.

A

NAD+

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6
Q

The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is ______

A

NADH

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7
Q

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?

a. pyruvate and ATP only
b. NADH only
c. ATP and NADH only
d. ATP only
e. O2 only
f. pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
g. CO2 only

A

F. Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

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8
Q

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

a. NADH + H+
b. pyruvate
c. glucose
d. G3P
e. acetyl CoA

A

E. Acetyl CoA

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9
Q

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

a. photosynthesis
b. substrate-level phosphorylation
c. oxidative phosphorylation
d. photophosphorylation
e. cellular respiration

A

B. substrate-level phosphorylation

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10
Q

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

a. acetyl CoA
b. NADH + H+
c. ATP
d. FADH2
e. CO2

A

A. Acetyl CoA

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11
Q

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

a. to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
b. to provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient
c. to provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi
d. to oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle

A

A. to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

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12
Q

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.)

a. Electron transport would be unaffected but ATP synthesis would stop.
b. Electron transport would stop but ATP synthesis would be unaffected.
c. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.
d. Neither electron transport nor ATP synthesis would be affected.

A

C. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

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13
Q

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

a. lactate, NADH, and ATP
b. carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+
c. pyruvate
d. lactate and NAD+
e. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP

A

D. lactate and NAD+

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14
Q

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.

a. pyruvate … NADH
b. lactate … NADH
c. NAD+ … pyruvate
d. lactate … ethanol
e. NADH … lactate

A

A. pyruvate … NADH

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15
Q

Why is it not entirely accurate to adopt the common phrase “light-independent reactions” when referring to the Calvin cycle?

a. Although its reactions are not triggered directly by light, they depend on the products of light-capturing reactions.
b. The Calvin cycle occurs only when stomata are open, which is triggered by light.
c. Calvin cycle enzymes are found in the same cellular location as photosystems I and II.
d. Biologists have discovered that its reactions are triggered directly by light.

A

A. Although its reactions are not triggered directly by light, they depend on the products of light-capturing reactions.

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16
Q

The light-independent reactions of plants function to make organic molecules using carbon dioxide as a carbon source. What is the electron source that helps reduce carbon dioxide to sugars and other organic molecules?

a. NADPH
b. NADH
c. ATP
d. electrons from oxygen

A

A. NADPH

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17
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis is _____.

a. ATP synthase
b. chlorophyll
c. rubisco
d. carbon dioxidase

A

C. rubisco

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18
Q

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

a. It splits water
b. It splits lipids
c. It produces FADH+
d. It occurs in the cytoplasm
e. It makes the most ATP compared to the two other steps

A

D. It occurs in the cytoplasm

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19
Q

The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is highly exergonic: deltaG= -636kcal/mole. This is spontaneous, but why is it very slow?

a. There is too much CO2 in the air
b. CO2 has higher energy than glucose
c. the formation of six CO2 molecules from one glucose molecule decreases entropy
d. Few glucose and oxygen molecules have the activation energy at room temperature
e. The water molecules quench the reaction

A

D. Few glucose and oxygen molecules have the activation energy at room temperature

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20
Q

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

a. it splits water
b. It splits lipids
c. it produces FADH2
d. it occurs in the cytoplasm
e. it makes the most ATP compared to the two other steps

A

D. It occurs in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs _____.

a. in glycolysis
b. in the citric acid cycle
c. in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
d. during oxidative phosphorylation

A

C. in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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22
Q

After glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are complete, where is most of the energy that was once contained in the bonds of glucose?

a. converted by the cell into ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation
b. in NADH and FADH2 that are carrying energy-rich electrons
c. in the CO2 that has been released
d. converted by the cell into ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

A

B. in NADH and FADH2 that are carrying energy-rich electron

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23
Q

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is true?

a. it occurs during the movement from the cytosol through the mitochondrial membranes
b. it makes ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
c. it makes the most ATP compared to the other steps
d. its splits glucose
e. all of the above

A

B. it makes ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation

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24
Q

Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released during _____.

a. glycolysis
b. electron transport
c. chemiosmosis
d. the citric acid cycle

A

D. the citric acid cycle

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25
Q

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true?

a. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH
c. NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation
d. in the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function

A

A NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

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26
Q

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain for cellular respiration located?

a. mitochondrial outer membrane
b. mitochondrial inner membrane
c. mitochondrial intermembrane space
d. mitochondrial matrix

A

B. mitochondrial inner membrane

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27
Q

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the _____.

a. formation of ATP
b. reduction of NAD+
c. creation of a proton-motive force
d. lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix

A

C. creation of a proton-motive force

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28
Q

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration it to _____.

a. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain
b. act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
c. combine with carbon, forming CO2
d. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate

A

B. act as a acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water

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29
Q

Which of the following is NOT an immediate net product of the typical mitochondrial electron transport chain?

a. ATP
b. water
c. NAD+
d. FAD
e. a proton electrochemical gradient

A

a. ATP

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30
Q

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

a. glycolysis and fermentation
b. fermentation and chemiosmosis
c. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
d. citric acid cycle

A

A. glycolysis and fermentation

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31
Q

Which of the following is not a component of photosynthesis?

a. photosystem
b. reaction-center complex
c. electron transport chain
d. citric acid cycle

A

D. citric acid cycle

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32
Q

Chloroplast generate a proton gradient _____.

a. across the thylakoid membrane
b. across the plasma membrane
c. in the stoma
d. in the stomata

A

A. across the thylakoid membrane

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33
Q

When during photosynthesis is the proton gradient established across the thylakoid membrane?

a. in the light reactions
b. in the Calvin cycle
c. during cellular respiration of sucrose
d. when the CO2 acceptor is regenerated

A

A. in the light reactions

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34
Q

What are the metabolic end products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

a. glucose + O2
b. glucose +CO2
c. O2, ATP, and NADPH
d. ATP
e. NADH and FADH2

A

C. O2, ATP, and NADPH

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35
Q

The Calvin cycle produces ATP

a. True
b. False

A

B. False

36
Q

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

a. use NADPH to release carbon dioxide
b. split water and release oxygen
c. transport RuBP out of the chloroplast
d. synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

A

D. Synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

37
Q

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct byproduct of _____.

a. splitting water molecules
b. chemiosmosis
c. the electron transfer system of photosystem I
d. the electron transfer system of photosystem II

A

A. splitting water molecules

38
Q

The electrons of photosystem II are excited and transferred to electron carriers. From which molecule or structure do the photosystem II replacement electrons come?

a. the electron carrier, plastocyanin
b. photosystem I
c. water
d. oxygen

A

C. water

39
Q

In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during _____.

a. photosynthesis only
b. respiration only
c. photosynthesis and respiration
d. neither photosynthesis nor respiration

A

C. photosynthesis and respiration

40
Q

In a plant, the reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take place in _____.

a. the light reactions alone
b. the Calvin cycle
c. the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
d. neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

A

A. the light reactions alone

41
Q

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

a. NADPH->O2->CO2
b. H2O-> NADPH-> Calvin cycle
c. NADPH-> chlorophyll-> Calvin cycle
d. NADPH-> electron transport chain-> O2

A

B. H2O-> NADPH-> Calvin cycle

42
Q

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

a. They do not participate in the Calvin cycle
b. They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2
c. They conserve water more efficiently
d. They exclude oxygen from their tissues

A

B. They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2

43
Q

The second gap in the cell cycle (G2) corresponds to _____.

a. normal growth and cell function
b. the phase in which DNA is being replicated
c. the beginning of mitosis
d. the phase between DNA replication and the M phase

A

D. the phase between DNA replication and the M phase

44
Q

The mitotic spindle is a microtubular structure that is involved in ______.

a. splitting of the cell (cytokinesis) following mitosis
b. triggering the compaction and condensation of chromosomes
c. dissolving the nuclear membrane
d. separation of sister chromatids

A

D. separation of sister chromatids

45
Q

Which of there following does NOT need to happen during a successful mitotic cell division?

a. Single-chromatid chromosomes must be segregated in full sets of the genome.
b. Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes must happen before metaphase
c. The chromatin must condense fully so that the chromosomes are compact.
d. Microtubules must be assembled as part of the spindle apparatus
e. Each of the chromosomes must start mitosis containing two DNA molecules.

A

B. Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes must happen before metaphase

46
Q

Metaphase is characterized by _____.

a. aligning of chromosomes on the equator
b. splitting of the centromeres
c. cytokinesis
d. separation of sister chromatids

A

A. aligning of chromosomes on the equator

47
Q

At which phase are centrioles beginning to move apart in animal cells?

a. anaphase
b. prometaphase
c. metaphase
d. prophase

A

D. prophase

48
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids become chromosomes?

a. telophase
b. anaphase
c. prophase
d. metaphase

A

B. anaphase

49
Q

From prophase through metaphase of mitosis, each chromosome has _____ DNA molecules, while from anaphase through telophase of mitosis, each chromosome has _____ DNA molecule(s).

a. two; one
b. 2n; 1n
c. homologous; nonhomologous
d. condensed; decondensed
e. nonsister chromatid; sister chromatid

A

A. two; one

50
Q

In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This results in _____.

a. cells with more than one nucleus
b. cells that are unusually small
c. cells lacking nuclei
d. destruction of chromosomes
e. cell cycles lacking an S phase

A

A. cells with more than one nucleus.

51
Q

When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?

a. it is used to power yet more cellular work.
b. it is used to store energy as more ATP
c. it is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors
d. it is lost to the environment
e. it is transported to specific organs such as the brain

A

D. it is lost to the environment

52
Q

Enzymes ______.

a. increase the rate of a reaction by making the reaction more exergonic
b. increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier
c. increase the rate of a reaction by reducing the rate of reverse reactions
d. change the equilibrium point of the reactions they catalyze
e. make the rater of a reaction independent pf substrate concentrations

A

B. increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier

53
Q

Electrons tend to have more potential energy when _____.

a. they are close to protons
b. they are in electron shells far from the nucleus
c. they are in the nucleus
d. they are in electron shells close to the nucleus

A

B. They are in electron shells far from the nucleus

54
Q

A chemical reaction that has a positive deltaG is best described as _____.

a. endergonic
b. entropic
c. enthalpic
d. spontaneous
e. exergonic

A

A. endergonic

55
Q

The molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction _____.

a. gains electrons and gains potential energy
b. loses electrons and loses potential energy
c. neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy
d. is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor

A

B. loses electrons and loses potential energy

56
Q

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?

a. it is secreted as waste
b. it is used only to regenerate more ATP
c. it is added to water and excreted as a liquid
d. it enter the nucleus and affects gene expression
e. it may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate.

A

E. it may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate.

57
Q

The active site of an enzyme is the region that _____.

a. binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme
b. is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
c. binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme

A

B. is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme

58
Q

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

a. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for. exergonic reactions
b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
c. Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that releases free energy
d. Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two phosphate bonds
e. It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis

A

B. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions

59
Q

Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction’s _____.

a. entropy
b. activation energy
c. endothermic level
d. equilibrium point
e. free-energy content

A

B. activation energy

60
Q

Which of the following is true when comparing an uncatalyzed reaction to the same reaction with a catalyst?

a. the catalyzed reaction will be slower
b. the catalyzed reaction will have the same deltaG
c. the catalyzed reaction will have higher activation energy
d. the catalyzed reaction will consume all of the catalyst

A

B. the catalyzed reaction will have the same deltaG

61
Q

Anabolic pathways _____.

a. do not depend on enzymes
b. are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions
c. consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
d. release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers
e. consume energy to decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment

A

C. consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

62
Q

The glucose molecule has a large quantity of energy in its ______.

a. C—H bonds
b. C—N bonds
c. number of oxygen atoms
d. polar structure

A

A. C—H bonds

63
Q

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

a. it both splits molecules and assembles molecules
b. it attaches and detaches phosphate groups
c. it uses glucose and generates pyruvate
d. it shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion
e. it uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP

A

E. it uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP

64
Q

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?

a. the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules
b. the breakdown of an acetyl group to carbon dioxide
c. the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
d. substrate-level phosphorylation

A

C. the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

65
Q

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes _____.

a. hydrolyzed
b. hydrogenated
c. oxidized
d. reduced
e. an oxidizing agent

A

C. oxidized

66
Q

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

a. CO2 and H2O
b. CO2 and pyruvate
c. CO2 and NADH
d. NADH and pyruvate
e. H2O, FADH2, and citrate

A

D. NADH and pyruvate

67
Q

Why are fermentation reactions important for cells?

a. they produce alcohol, which enhances the permeability of their mitochondrial membranes to proton translocation.
b. they regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to operate
c. they allow the cell to conserve oxygen for the citric acid cycle
d. the generate oxygenB.

A

B. they regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to operate

68
Q

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

a. glycolysis
b. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
c. the citric acid cycle
d. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
e. the phosphorylation or ADP to form ATP

A

B. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

69
Q

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

a. electron transport
b. glycolysis
c. the citric acid cycle
d. oxidative phosphorylation
e. chemiosmosis

A

B. glycolysis

70
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

a. 0%
b. 2%
c. 10%
d. 38%
e. 100%

A

E. 100%

71
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

a. glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
c. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation
d. oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation
e. fermentation and glycolysis

A

B. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

72
Q

C6H12O6 (glucose) –> 6CO2+6H2O. Where is most of the water in this reaction produced?

a. during glycolysis
b. in the citric acid cycle
c. during fermentation
d. in the electron transport chain

A

D. in the electron transport chain

73
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

a. respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse
b. photosynthesis occurs only in plants; respiration occurs only in animals
c. photosynthesis is catabolic; respiration is anabolic
d. photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules

A

D. photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules

74
Q

Plants photosynthesize ____.

a. only in the light but respire only in the dark
b. only in the dark but respire only in the light
c. only in the light but respire in light and dark
d. and respire only in the light

A

C. only in the light but respire in light and dark

75
Q

Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?

a. receiving electrons from the photosystem II electron transport chain
b. generation of molecular oxygen
c. extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water
d. passing electrons to the cytochrome complex

A

A. receiving electrons from the photosystem II electron transport chain

76
Q

As electrons are passed through the electron transport chain associated with photosystem II, they lose energy. What happens to this energy?

a. it excites electrons of the reaction center of photosystem I
b. it is lost ad heat
c. it is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient
d. it is used to make NADPH, the molecule that accepts electrons from photosystem I

A

C. it is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient

77
Q

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

a. CO2 and glucose
b. H2O and O2
c. ADP, Pi, and NADP+
d. ATP and NADPH

A

D. ATP and NADPH

78
Q

The proteins of the electron transport chain active in the light-dependent reactions _____.

a. are membrane proteins present in the thylakoid
b. are free proteins present in the thylakoid lumen
c. are considered to be part of the reaction center of photosystem I
d. absorb the same wavelengths of light as their associated chlorophylls

A

A. are membrane proteins present in the thylakoid

79
Q

Why are there several structurally different pigments in the reaction centers pf photosystems?

a. excited electrons must pass through several pigments before they can be transferred to electron acceptors of the electron transport chain.
b. this arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths
c. they enable the plant to absorb more photons from light energy, all of which are at the same wavelength
d. they enable the reaction center to excite electrons to a higher energy level

A

B. this arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths

80
Q

Which of the following does NOT occur during the Calvin cycle?

a. oxidation of NADPH
b. release of oxygen
c. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
d. consumption of ATP

A

B. release of oxygen

81
Q

In the plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?

a. thylakoid membrane only
b. plasma membrane only
c. inner mitochondrial membrane only
d. thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
e. thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane

A

C. inner mitochondrial membrane only

82
Q

In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attached a CO2 to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?

a. regeneration of rubisco
b. regeneration of ATP from ADP
c. regeneration of RuBP
d. regeneration of NADP+

A

C. regeneration of RuBP

83
Q

Early investigators though the oxygen produced by photosynthetic plants came from carbon dioxide. In fact, it comes from _____.

a. air
b. electrons from NADPH
c. glucose
d. water

A

D. water

84
Q

The electrons of photosystem I are excited and transferred to electron carriers. From which component/molecule the photosystem I replacement electrons come?

a. Calvin cycle
b. photosystem II
c. oxygen
d. water

A

D. water

85
Q

CAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they _____.

a. fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
b. fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells
c. fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells
d. use photosystem I and photosystem II at night

A

A. fix CO2 into organic acids during the night

86
Q 
A. spontaneous
B. endergonic
C. exergonic
D. catabolic
E. anabolic

_____ pathways release energy as they break down large molecules

A chemical reaction that has a positive deltaG is best described as _____.

A

D. catabolic

B. endergonic

87
Q 
A. oxygen
B. NADH
C. NAD+ 
D. NADP+
E. water

The primary role of _____ in cellular respiration it to act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2 with some net gain of ATP. Most of the energy from the original glucose molecule at that point in the process, however, is in the form of _____.

The final electron acceptor associated with photosystem I is _____.

A

A. oxygen
B. NADH
D. NADP+

Biology 115 (4 decks)

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