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Biology 115 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a. phospholipid
b. fat
c. steroid
d. protein
e. nucleic acid
f. carbohydrates
g. ATP
h. aquaporins
i. diffusion
j. nucleus
k. mitochondria
l. lysosome
m. vacuole
n. ribosome
o. rough ER
p. smooth ER
q. spontaneous
r. endergonic
s. exergonic
t. catabolic
u. anabolic
v. enzymes
w. oxidized
x. reduced
y. oxygen
z. NADH
aa. NAD+

  1. ___ allow water to move much faster across cell membranes
  2. A ___ is made up of glycerol and three fatty acids
  3. A ___ is a non polar lipid molecule that is made of four fused carbon rings
  4. The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. The ___ is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver calls.
  5. The ___ produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted.
  6. The ___ often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell.
  7. Large numbers of ___s are present in cells that specialize in producing proteins.
  8. ___ pathways release energy as they break down large molecules.
  9. A chemical reaction that has a negative deltaG is best described as ___.
  10. ___ increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier.
  11. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down or becomes ___ to CO2, and the oxygen is ___ to water.
  12. The primary role of ___ in cellular respiration is to act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
  13. Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2 with some net gain of ATP. Most of the energy from the original glucose molecule at that point in the process, however, is in the form of ___.
A 
H
B
C
O
?
M
N
T
S
V
W,X
Y
Z
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2
Q

Steroids are considered to be lipids because they _____.

a. are essential components of cell membranes
b. are not soluble in water
c. are made of fatty acids
d. are hydrophilic compounds
e. contribute to atherosclerosis

A

B

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3
Q

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

a. mitochondrion
b. ribosome
c. nuclear envelope
d. chloroplast
e. ER

A

B

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4
Q

Anabolic pathways _____.

a. do not depend on enzymes
b. are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions
c. consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
d. release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers
e. consume energy to decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment

A

C

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5
Q

The glucose molecule has a large quantity of energy in its _____.

a. C-H bonds
b. C-N bonds
c. number of oxygen atoms
d. polar structure

A

A

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6
Q

Phospholipids and fats both _____.

a. contain serine or some other organic compound
b. have three fatty acids
c. have a glycerol backbone
d. have a phosphate

A

C

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7
Q

In a plant cell, DNA may be found _____.

a. only in the nucleus
b. only in the nucleus and mitochondria
c. only in the nucleus and chloroplast
d. in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
e. in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes

A

D

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8
Q

The active site of an enzyme is the region that _____.

a. binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme
b. is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
c. binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme
d. is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor

A

B

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9
Q

Why is glycolysis described is having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

a. It both splits molecules and assembles molecules
b. It attaches and detaches phosphate groups
c. It uses glucose and generates pyruvate
d. It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion
e. It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP

A

E

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10
Q

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?

a. phospholipids and cellulose
b. nucleic acids and proteins
c. phospholipids and proteins
d. proteins and cellulose
e. glycoproteins and cholesterol

A

C

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11
Q

Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _____.

a. a bacterium
b. an animal but not a plant
c. nearly any eukaryotic organism
d. a plant but not an animal
e. any kind of prokaryotic organism

A

C

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12
Q

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

a. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions
b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
c. Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that releases free energy
d. Its terminal phosphate band has higher energy than the other two phosphate bonds
e. It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis

A

B

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13
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

a. 0%
b. 2%
c. 10%
d. 38%
e. 100%

A

E

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14
Q

Which aspect of phospholipids is most important to the formation of bilayers?

a. They are amphipathic
b. Their size is large, relative to cholesterol
c. Their size is small, relative to fats
d. Their hydrocarbon tails can consist of fatty acids or isoprene subunits

A

A

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15
Q

Tay-Sachs disease in human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

a. the endoplasmic reticulum
b. the golgi apparatus
c. the lysosome
d. mitochondrion
e. membrane-bound ribosomes

A

C

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16
Q

During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a deltaG of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the deltaG for the new reaction?

a. -40 kcal/mol
b. -20 kcal/mol
c. 0 kcal/mol
d. +20 kcal/mol
e. +40 kcal/mol

A

B

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17
Q

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

a. electron transport
b. glycolysis
c. the citric acid cycle
d. oxidative phosphorylation
e. chemiosmosis

A

B

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18
Q

Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy?

a. wherever large molecules are moved within a cell
b. whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient
c. whenever an ion moves through a phospholipid bilayer membrane
d. whenever oxygen moves through a phospholipid bilayer membrane

A

B

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19
Q

Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease?

a. lysosomes
b. golgi apparatus
c. ribosomes
d. mitochondria

A

D

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20
Q

When chemical, transport, or mechanical works done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?

a. It is used to power yet more cellular work
b. It is used to store energy as more ATP
c. It is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors
d. It is transported to specific organs such as the brain

A

D

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21
Q

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?

a. cytosol
b. mitochondrial outer membrane
c. mitochondrial inner membrane
d. mitochondrial intermembrane space
e. mitochondrial matrix

A

D

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22
Q

which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest?

a. a sodium ion
b. a small, polar molecule like water
c. a large, polar molecule like glucose
d. a small, non polar molecule like oxygen (O2)

A

D

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23
Q

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be recreated by a cell?

a. ER –> Golgi –>nucleus
b. Golgi –> ER –> lysosome
c. nucleus –> ER –> Golgi
d. ER –> Golgi –> vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
e. ER –> lysosomes –> vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

A

D

24
Q

Which of the following is true when comparing an uncatalyzed reaction to the same reaction with a catalyst?

a. The catalyzed reaction will be slower
b. The catalyzed reaction will have the same deltaG
c. The catalyzed reaction will have higher activation energy
d. The catalyzed reaction will consume all of the catalyst

A

B

25
Q

Why are fermentation reactions important for cells?

a. they produce alcohol, which enhances the permeability of their mitochondrial membranes to proton translocation
b. they regenerated NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to operate
c. they allow the cell to conserve oxygen for the citric acid cycle
d. the generate oxygen

A

B

26
Q

You have just discovered an organism that lives in extremely cold environments. Which of the following would you predict to be true about the phospholipids in it membranes, compared to phospholipids in the membranes of organisms that live in warmer environments.

a. the membrane phospholipids of cold-adapted organisms will have longer hydrocarbon tails
b. the membrane phospholipids of cold-adapted organisms will have more saturated hydrocarbon tails
c. the membrane phospholipids of cold-adapted organisms will have more unsaturated hydrocarbon tails

A

C

27
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?

a. It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus
b. it synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA
c. it selectively transports molecules out of the nucleus, but prevents all inbound molecules from entering the nucleus
d. it assembles ribosomes from raw material that are synthesized in the nucleus

A

A

28
Q

Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is mostly probably functioning in the intestinal cells?

a. simple diffusion
b. phagocytosis
c. active transport pumps
d. exocytosis
e. facilitated diffusion

A

E

29
Q

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?

a. the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules
b. the breakdown of an acetyl group to carbon dioxide
c. the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
d. substrate-level phosphorylation

A

C

30
Q

Cell membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean, and what factors can affect a cell membrane’s permeability?

A

This means cells allow certain items into the cell more easily than others, which creates a separate, livable internal environment.
Unsaturated fatty acids increase
Cholesterol decrease
Decrease as temperatures decrease

31
Q

Describe a key advantage of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.

A

By using organelles to compartmentalize certain substrate and chemicals, a eukaryotic cell is more efficient (due to surface-volume ratio making diffusion too slow) and enabling toxic reactions to take place in the cell.

32
Q

List 2 characteristics that differentiate prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotes have no nucleus and have 1 circular chromosome, as well as less organelles

33
Q

In relation to chemical reaction, what is ‘activation energy’, and what do enzymes have to do with activation energy?

A

Activation energy is the energy needed for the transition state, which depends on molecules having an effective collision (correct orientation and energy to rearrange bonds).
Enzymes decrease activation energy by using then active site to increase the probability of effective collision

34
Q

Compare and contrast cellular respiration with fermentation. List 2 ways they are similar, and 2 ways they are different

A

Cellular respiration is aerobic (using O2) and thus produces much more ATP than anaerobic (O2 lacking) fermentation.
O2 allows cell respiration to use electron transport chain.
Both however, do produce ATP from glucose and take part in glycolysis –> the breaking down of glucose

35
Q

Lipids are polymers

a. True
b. False

A

B

36
Q

Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure?

a. Completely nonpolar, because they are lipids
b. Completely polar, which allows them to dissolve in water
c. Polar heads and nonpolar tails, the nonpolar tails interact with water
d. Polar heads and nonpolar tails, the polar interacts with water

A

D

37
Q

Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity?

a. Greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids
b. Greater proportion of saturated phospholipids
c. A lower temperature
d. A relatively high protein content in the membrane

A

A

38
Q

In an experiment involving planar bilayers, a solution of table salt is added on the left side of the membrane while pure water is added on the right side. After 30 minutes the researchers test for the presence of ions on each side of the membrane. The right side tests negative for ions. What can you conclude?

a. The experiment failed
b. The water somehow blocked the movement of ions across the membrane
c. The left side would probably also test negative for ions
d. Ions cannot quickly cross planar bilayers

A

D

39
Q

Why is the smooth ER unable to synthesize proteins?

a. There is no supply of free amino acids that it can easily access
b. It stores calcium, which is a known inhibitor of protein synthesis
c. No ribosomes are attached to its surface
d. It has no DNA to direct synthesis of proteins

A

C

40
Q

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

a. Mitochondria and chloroplast
b. Membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope
c. Free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER
d. Components of the cytoskeleton
e. Cellulose fibers in the cell wall

A

D

41
Q

Hormones are chemical substances produced in one organ that are released into the bloodstream and affect the function of a target organ. For the target organ to respond to a particular hormone, it must _____.

a. Modify its plasma membrane to alter the hormone entering the cytoplasm
b. Have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone molecule
c. Be from the same cell type as the organ that produced the hormone
d. Experience an imbalance that disrupts its normal function

A

B

42
Q

Which best describes what a plasma membrane-spanning receptor actually does upon reception of a signal?

a. It amplifies the signal, increasing its influence in the cell
b. It uses energy from the signal to power its transduction
c. Activated receptors actively produce a response to the signal
d. The receptor binds an extracellular signal molecule and passes it into the cell
e. Binding of the signal molecule alters the receptors other binding sites and activities

A

D

43
Q

The receptors for steroid hormones are located inside the cell instead of on the membrane surface like most other signal receptors. This is not a problem for steroids because _____.

a. The receptors can be readily stimulated to exit and relocate on the membrane surface
b. Steroids do not directly affect cells but instead alter the chemistry of blood plasma
c. Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, so they can readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
d. Steroids must first bond to a steroid activator, forming a complex that then binds to the cell surface

A

C

44
Q

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because they _____.

a. Are species specific
b. Always lead to the same cellular response
c. Counter the harmful effects of phosphatases
d. Amplify the original signal many times
e. Use a small and fixed number of molecules

A

D

45
Q

Not all intercellular signals require transduction. Which one of the following signals would be processed without a transduction?

a. A lipid-soluble signal
b. A signal that is weakly bound to a nucleotide
c. A signal that binds to a receptor in the cell membrane
d. A signal that binds to the ECM

A

A

46
Q

Phospholipids regularly flip-flop transversely across the membrane layers.

a. True
b. False

A

B

47
Q

The membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by _____.

a. increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane
b. increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane
c. decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane
d. using active transport

A

A

48
Q

Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest?

a. a sodium ion
b. a small, polar molecule like water
c. a large, polar molecule like glucose
d. a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)

A

A

49
Q

Which of the following is a form of active transport?

a. Facilitated diffusion
b. Diffusion
c. Osmosis
d. None of the above
e. All of the above

A

D

50
Q

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____.

a. vacuoles
b. chloroplasts
c. mitochondria
d. Lysosomes
e. nuclei

A

B

51
Q

A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as _____.

a. endergonic
b. entropic
c. enthalpic
d. spontaneous
e. exergonic

A

A

52
Q

Catabolic pathways _____.

a. combine molecules into more energy-rich molecules
b. supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cell’s work
c. are endergonic
d. are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis
e. build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds

A

B

53
Q

Enzymes _____.

a. increase the rate of a reaction by making the reaction more exergonic
b. increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier
c. increase the rate of a reaction by reducing the rate of reverse
d. change the equilibrium point of the reactions they catalyze
e. make the rate of a reaction independent of substrate concentrations

A

B

54
Q

Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction’s _____.

a. entropy
b. activation energy
c. endothermic level
d. equilibrium point
e. free-energy content

A

B

55
Q

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?

a. It is secreted as waste.
b. It is used only to regenerate more ATP.
c. It is added to water and excreted as a liquid.
d. It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate.
e. It enters the nucleus and affects gene expression.

A

D

56
Q

A _____ is a nonpolar lipid molecule that is made amphipathic by the addition of a phosphate.

A

phospholipid

57
Q

List 2 characteristics that differentiate plant cells from animal cells.

A

Plant cells contain chloroplast and a cell wall

Biology 115 (4 decks)

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