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Biology 103 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

stored energy

A

potential energy

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2
Q

energy of movement

A

kinetic energy

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3
Q

food

A

chemical energy

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4
Q

movement

A

mechanical energy

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5
Q

sun

A

solar energy

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6
Q

heat

A

thermal energy

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7
Q

What is entropy?

A

is a relative measure of disorganization

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8
Q

The more organized something is, the more _________

A

potential energy

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9
Q

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another

Energy in the universe remains constant

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

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10
Q

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

Disorder(entropy) increases with every transformation

Results in a loss of usable energy(heat)

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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11
Q

Anabolism

A

building molecules

  • Requires energy
  • Endergonic reactions- product has more energy
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12
Q

Endergonic

A

energy goes into the reaction

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13
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down of molecules

  • Releases energy
  • Exergonic reactions- product has less energy
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14
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy goes out of the reaction

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15
Q

Speeds up reactions

A

Catalyst

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16
Q

Proteins that catalyze reactions

-Speed chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Where substrate can bind

A

Active site

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18
Q
  • The reactant that binds with a enzyme is called a substrate
  • “lock & key” fit
A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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19
Q

Process of Catalyst/enzymes

A
  1. Complex causes formation of product(reaction)
  2. Product disassociates from enzyme
  3. Enzyme now free to catalyze another substrate
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20
Q

Happens when a molecule (the inhibitor) binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

A

Enzyme inhibition

21
Q

Competes with same binding site (the active site)

–Substrate cannot bind

A

Competitive inhibitor

22
Q

Bind to enzyme in a place other than binding site

–allosteric site

–Causes change in shape of enzyme, unable to bind substrate so no product forms

A

Noncompetive inhibitors

23
Q
  • For a reaction to occur, molecules must collide
  • More substrate (molecules) usually means more reactions
A

Substrate Concentration

24
Q

•– act as coenzymes

–Coenzyme/ cofactor = non-protein organic molecule necessary for the enzyme to function

(Niacin, riboflavin)

A

Vitamins

25
Q

–Substance permanently binds to active site of an enzyme (cyanide poisoning)

–Permanent inactivation or destroys it

A

Irreversible inhibition

26
Q

•– built into system

–Buildup of a product leads to product acting as an allosteric inhibitor

–When product levels decline, product released from allosteric site & enzyme active again

•Ex. Glycolysis – buildup of ATP – inhibition

A

Feedback inhibition

27
Q

PH

A

–All enzymes have optimal pH

•Ex. Pepsin’s optimal pH is 2

–Outside of optimal range, enzymes changes shape and is less affective (or even inactive)

28
Q

Temperature

A

–All enzymes have preferred temperature

–↑ heat, ↑ reaction rate

More heat means more molecular movement

–If too high = denature proteins

29
Q

What is a biochemical pathway(or metabolic pathway)?

A

is a specific series of chemical reactions that take place in the cell

30
Q

ATP

A

Universal energy source (High energy compound, phosphate group is easily removed)

Adenosine triphosphate – Nucleotide

–Ribose – 5 carbon sugar

–Adenine – Nitrogen-containing base

–3 Phosphate bonds – Energy stored

31
Q

Formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

32
Q

Sunlight- know wavelengths available for photosynthesis-visible light spectrum

A

Visible light – between 400 – 740nm = “white light”

–Visible light is most prevalent in environment

  • Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
  • ROY G BIV
33
Q

primary and accesory pigments

A

•Chlorophyll a and b – primary pigments

–Absorb violet, blue & red best – appear green (reflected)

•Carotenoids – accessory role

–Absorb violet-blue-green best, appear yellow/orange/red(reflected)

34
Q

organelles of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

35
Q

•opening that allows gas exchange (CO2 )

–Lower side of leaves

–Open & close to meet needs of plant

–Controlled by guard cells

A

Stoma (stomata)

36
Q

•where most chloroplasts are located

–Located between upper and lower epidermis

A

Mesophyll

37
Q

semifluid interior of a chloroplast

A

Stroma

38
Q

flattened sacs inside the Stroma

A

Thylakoids

39
Q

stacks of thylakoids

A

Grana

40
Q

collection of pigments that absorb solar energy

A

pigment complex

41
Q

Summary of photosynthesis

A

•Light Reactions

  1. ) Solar energy is absorbed
  2. )Water is split so oxygen is released
  3. ) ATP and NADPH are produced

Solar energy ⇒ Chemical energy(ATP, NADPH)

•Calvin Cycle Reactions

  • 1.) Carbon dioxide is absorbed
  • 2.) Carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate by using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions

Chemical energy ⇒ Chemical energy

(ATP, NADPH) (Carbohydrate)

42
Q

Steps of the calvin cycle

A
  1. Fixation of Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide is added to the cycle
  2. Reduction of Carbon Dioxide:Carbohydrate is produced using ATP & NADPH
  3. Regeneration of RUBP: Some carbohydrate is recycled to continue the calvin cycle
43
Q

What high energy molecules are used to push the dark reactions, where did they come from?

A

Glucose

Come from: From carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

44
Q

Formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

45
Q

What causes fermentation?

A

Lack of oxygen

46
Q

Loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

47
Q

Gain of electrons

A

Reduction

48
Q

A series of electron carriers that pass electrons from one another

A

Electron transport chain

49
Q
A

Biology 103 (6 decks)

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