Exam 1 Flashcards
Define biology
The study of life
What are the 5 characteristics that constitute life?
Complex organization, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction & growth, and movement (adaptations)
What is the order of organisms?
Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, and Biosphere
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment/ Observations, Conclusion, Scientific Theory
Describe Observation
New observations are made and previous data are studied
Describe Hypothesis
Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement
Describe Experiment/ Observations
The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations
Describe Conclusion
The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected
Describe Scientific Theory
Many experiments and observations support a theory
Definition of Scientific Theory
A concept that joins together well supported and related hypotheses
Definition of Principle or Law
Reference to when a theory has been supported by experiments and observations over a long period of time
Define Data
Results of an experiment
Define Objective Data
fact-based, not distorted by personal feelings (ex. “Group A plants grew avg. 4” taller than Group B plants
Define factor
part or element that contributes to a result
Define Control Group
Goes through all the steps of the experiment, but the factor is not changed.
Define Experimental Group
Only one factor is manipulated in order to test the hypothesis
Define Experimental Variable (Independent Variable)
Factor of the experiment being tested
Define Responding Variable ( Dependent Variable)
Result or change that occurs due to the experimental variable
Define Phenomenon
An observable event
Define Unicellular
One celled organisms
Both Bacteria and Archaea are
Unicellular and prokaryotes
What are prokaryotes?
Cells that do not have a nucleus
What are eukaryotes?
Cells that have a nucleus
Eukarya contains
Unicellular and multicellular organisms that are eukaryotes
Define Binomial Nomenclature
the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific species
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are the Six Kingdoms?
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria
Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi are
Multicellular and Eukaryotic
Protista are
Eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular
Which 4 Kingdoms belong to the Domain Eukarya?
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are
Unicellular and Prokaryotic
Define Taxonomy
Classification of organisms based on how they are thought to be related
Atom
smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction
Molecule
Atoms that join together
Cell
Basic unit of life
Tissue
Several cells that work together
Organ
Several tissues that work together
Organ system
Organs that work together
Organism
Any living thing
Metabolism
chemical reactions that occur in the cell
Photosynthesis
Transfers solar energy to chemical energy (food) for the organism
Homeostasis
Maintaining normal internal conditions
Asexual Reproduction
1 parent produces 2 offspring that are genetically identical
Sexual Reproduction
2 parents produce offspring that are not identical
Inductive Reasoning
Creative thinking used to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole .
convergent evolution
Unrelated animals develop similar traits
Analogous structures
Structures with the same function for finding food on unrelated organisms.
What was Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Proposed natural selection
Where was Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Galapagos islands
When was Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Late 18th century/ early 19th century
What animals were studied for Darwin’s theory of evolution?
giant tortoises, iguanas, fur seals, sea lions, sharks, rays, and 26 species of native birds––14 of which make up the group known as Darwin’s finches.
What book did Charles Darwin write?
On the Origin of Species
Who showed that famine and death were inevitable because human populations increase faster than the supply of food?
Thomas Malthus
Who else had proposed evolution by natural selection?
Alfred Russel Wallace
Who used comparative anatomy and paleontology. He discovered a succession of species in different strata?
George Cuvier
Who believed that acquired traits could be passed from one generation to the next?
Jean- Baptiste de Lamarck
What do scientist study today today to determine evolutionary relatedness of organisms?
Fossil evidence
Homologous structures
structures that are anatomically similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor
Vestigal structures
anatomical features that are fully developed in one group of organisms but are reduced and may have no function in similar groups.
The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
Who developed binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
Taxonomy Hierarchy
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Phylogenetic tree
a depiction of a groups evolutionary history
Systematics
study of the diversity of organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary relationship.
Species
one specific type of organism
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Atomic symbol
One or two letters are used for each of the elements
Atomic number
Number of protons the atom has
Mass number
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons an element contains
Energy
The ability to do work
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
Compound
Two or more elements that have bonded together
Molecule
The smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that compound
Covalent bonds
Occur when two atoms share electrons
Nonpolar
Describes the bond when the electrons are shared evenly
Polar
Describes the bond when the electrons are shared unevenly.
Ions
Atoms with unequal protons and electrons have a charge
Ionic bonds
Occur when attractive forces hold together positive and negative ions.
NaCl (table salt)
Is an example of ionic bonding
Hydrogen bond
The attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen to slightly negative atoms
Cohesion
Water molecules cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding
Adhesion
Water molecules cling to other polar surfaces
Acids
are substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions(H+)
Bases
are substances that either take up hydrogen ions(H+) or release hydroxide ions(OH-)
Buffers
are chemicals that keep pH within normal limits
What are the six main elements found in the human body
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Who discovered the periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
