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Biology 103 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules that are common to all life?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

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2
Q

Organic chemistry

A

branch of chemistry that deals with organic molecules

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3
Q

Organic molecule

A

molecules that always contain a carbon and a hydrogen

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4
Q

Example of organic molecule

A

glucose( C6H12O6)

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5
Q

How many electrons does carbon only have?

A

6

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6
Q

Functional group

A

Is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way

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7
Q

Dehydration reactions

A

Take place when the cell removes a water molecule* and two smaller molecules are joined

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8
Q

Hydrolysis reactions

A

Occur when an -OH group from water attaches to one subunit, and an -H from water attaches to the other subunit

Hydro - water Lysis - breaking

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

are molecules(proteins) that speed up reactions by bringing reactants(anything that goes into a reaction) together.

*Enzymes are required for both dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

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10
Q

Polymers

A

large biomolecules that are formed by linking “subunits” together

poly= many mer= parts

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11
Q

Monomers

A

The name given to the “subunits” that come together to build polymers

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12
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Used as an immediate energy source in living things

*Also can play structural roles (Cellulose, Chitin, Peptidoglycan)

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13
Q

cellulose

A

carb used in the cell wall of plants

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14
Q

Chitin

A

found in the shell of crabs and the exoskeleton of other inverts

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15
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Found in the cell wall of bacteria

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16
Q

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in what ratio?What is an example of a carbohydrate?

A

1:2:1 ratio

Ex- glucose: : C6H12O6

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17
Q

Monosaccharides: Ready Energy

A

consist of only a single sugar molecule. They are called simple sugars.

*Contain from 3 to 7 carbons.

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18
Q

Examples of monosaccarides

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common

▫Has many isomers: molecules with identical molecular formulas, but different arrangement of atoms

–Fructose

–Galactose

–

•Ribose and Deoxyribose are 5 carbon sugars that used in RNA and DNA

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19
Q

Glucose is called a

A

“Hexose” – 6 carbons

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20
Q

Ribose and Deoxyribose is called a

A

Pentose – 5 carbons

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21
Q

Disaccharides: Varied Uses

A

contain two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction

*Digestive juices later break this down back into glucose

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22
Q

Examples of disaccarides

A

Sucrose, Lactose(milk sugar)

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23
Q

Polysaccharides: Energy Storage Molecules

A
  • Polymers of monosaccharides
  • Often used as long term energy storage molecules.

*When the cell requires energy, the polymer is broken down to release sugar molecules

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24
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A
  • Starch – form in which plants store glucose
  • Glycogen – form in which animals store glucose

**In liver, glycogen is stored in granules. The hormone (insulin) promotes the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen

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25
Q

What are the structural molecules of polysaccarides?

A

▫Cellulose

–Cell wall of plants

–Most organisms lack the enzymes needed to break down cellulose for energy

*Cellulose – Full of energy (ex. When you burn firewood, energy from heat and light comes from cellulose being broken down)

-We don’t have the enzyme to break it down

What eats wood? (termite) **They don’t have the enzyme either!

-In the gut of termites, there are protist that do have the enzymes to break it down. Without the protist, the termites wouldn’t be able to get energy from wood.

▫Chitin

–Structural material found in fungi & the exoskeletons of insects and other invertebrates

▫Peptidoglycan

–Structural polysaccharide in bacteria

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26
Q

Lipids

A

are a group of organic compounds that are not soluble in water.

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27
Q

Example of lipids

A

▫Fats

▫Oils

▫Phospholipids

▫Steroids

▫Waxes

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28
Q

Phospholipids

A

are constructed like triglycerides, except the third fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate.

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29
Q

Waxes

A

are formed when long fatty acid chains bond with long-chain alcohols

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30
Q

Amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins

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31
Q

Peptide

A

is two or more amino acids bonded together.

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32
Q

Polypeptide

A

is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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33
Q

Primary structure

A

•amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

*Chain could be from 100 to 5000 amino acids

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34
Q

Secondary structure

A

forms when the polypeptide chain folds back and forth on itself(pleated) or coils like a spring due to hydrogen bonds

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35
Q

Tertiary structure

A

forms when secondary structures bond, forming large folds that form unique 3-dimensional structures

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36
Q

Quaternary structure

A

forms when multiple polypeptide chains connect to form a single protein molecule

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37
Q

Denaturation

A

occurs when proteins lose their tertiary or secondary structure

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38
Q

Temporary vs Permanent Denaturation

A

Temporary(perm)

Permanent(fried egg)

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39
Q

Chaperone proteins(recently discovered)

A

help new proteins fold into their shape.

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40
Q

nucleotides

A

The building blocks of nucleic acids

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41
Q

Examples of nucleotides

A

▫DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – genetic material that stores information regarding the order of amino acids

▫RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – Conveys information from DNA regarding the amino acid sequence in proteins

▫ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) – nucleotide that supplies energy for reactions in the cell

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42
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Is a molecule that carries energy in a form that the cell can use.

•Each ATP molecule consist of:

▫An Adenine

▫A Ribose

▫3 phosphates in a chain

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43
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

•When an ATP molecule looses a phosphate, it becomes Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP).

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44
Q

Phosphorylation

A

ATP can be made from an ADP molecule by reattaching a phosphate using energy released from cellular respiration.

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45
Q

Liquid at room temp

A

Unsaturated fats

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46
Q

Solid at room temp.

A

Saturated fats

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47
Q

Magnification

A

žthe ratio between the size of an image and its actual size

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48
Q

Resolution

A

žthe ability to see two objects as separate

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49
Q

Contrast

A

ždifference in the shading of an object compared to its background

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50
Q

Field of view

A

žThe amount of the specimen you can see

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51
Q

Depth of Focus

A

žthe thickness, or vertical distance of a specimen that can be seen all in sharp focus at one time

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52
Q

Working distance

A

žThe distance between the objective lens and the slide

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53
Q

Matthais Schleiden

A

1838 – German botanist Matthais Schleiden stated that all plants are composed of cells

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54
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

1839 – German zoologist Theodor Schwann declared all animals are composed of cells

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55
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

**1850’s German physician Rudolph Virchow view the body as a state in which cells were citizens. Stated – “every cell comes from a preexisting cell”

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56
Q

Cell Theory was based on the work of

A

žSchleinden, Schwann, and Virchow

57
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the organism
  3. Cells com only from preexisting cells are self-reproducing
58
Q

Cell Size

A

žCells vary in size, but are generally smaller that the eye can see.

Cells are small, because they need a large surface-area-to-volume ratio (to take in nutrients)

Frog egg – 1mm, can be seen with eye

Most cells are much smaller some 1 micrometer (1/1000 mm)

59
Q

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells – similarities vs. differences

A

Similarities between Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes- Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA

Differences- Nucleus(membranenonmembrane bound

60
Q

Bacillus

A

rod-shaped bacteria

61
Q

Coccus

A

žspherical-shaped bacteria

62
Q

Spirilla or Spirochetes

A

rod-shaped bacteria that are twisted into a spiral shape

63
Q

žEndosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast arose when a large eukaryotic cell engulfed smaller energy producing prokaryotes

64
Q

organelles

A

membrane bound compartments found inside the cell

65
Q

Plasma membrane

A

is made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins

66
Q

Cell wall

A

žmaintains the bacteria’s shape (Contains the protein peptidoglycan)

67
Q

Glycocalyx

A

žouter bacteria layer

If dense- Capsule, If loose- Slime Layer

68
Q

Cytoplasm

A

is a semifluid solution made of water, enzymes, and other molecules

69
Q

Plasmids

A

extrachromosomal DNA

70
Q

Ribosomes

A

žare the sites of protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells.

71
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

žstore substances (such as nutrients) inside the cell

72
Q

Thylakoids

A

žare internal membranes that contain chlorophyll

73
Q

Nucleus

A

the membrane bound compartment that houses genetic material

74
Q

Matrix is referred to as

A

nucleoplasm

75
Q

Chromatin

A

žsemifluid matrix that contains DNA strands that will later condense into chromosomes

76
Q

Nucleolus

A

ž“little nucleus” made of RNA and protein. Ribosomes are formed here and migrate out the nuclear pores

77
Q

Nuclear pores

A

opening in the nuclear envelope that allows ribosomes and RNA out of the nucleus, and certain proteins inside the nucleus

78
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double layer membrane that encloses the nucleus

79
Q

Chromosomes

A

rod-like structures of DNA that condense just before the cell divides

80
Q

Ribosomes

A

are tiny round structures of protein and RNA. They provide enzymes that allow amino acids to form proteins

81
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

žcomplex system of membranes, channels and sacs connected to the nuclear envelope (forms vesicles that transports molecules)

žRough ER: contains ribosomes

žSmooth ER: no ribosomes

82
Q

Vesicle

A

membrane sacs with enclosed molecules

83
Q

Lysosomes

A

žMembrane bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus

84
Q

Peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes. Synthesized by free ribosomes.

85
Q

Vacuoles

A

are large membrane sacs

86
Q

Chloroplast

A

uses solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates (Photosynthesis)

87
Q

Granum

A

—enclosed compartment of stacked thylakoids

88
Q

Thylakoids

A

—disk like, surface possesses chlorophyll – formed by a third membrane sac

89
Q

Stroma

A

fluid matrix surrounding thylakoids

90
Q

Mitochondria

A

break down carbohydrates to produce ATP. (Cellular Respiration)

91
Q

Inner membrane

A

Cristae

92
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

žis made of protein components that run throughout the cytoplasm

93
Q

Actin filaments

A

two twisted strands of proteins that provide structure, allow movement

94
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

žrope-like filaments, provide structural stability

95
Q

Microtubules

A

maintain shape in the cell, and acts as tracks along which organelles move. Also direct chromosomes during mitosis.

96
Q

Centrioles

A

žshortened cylinders that directs the movement of microtubules during mitosis.

97
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

are hairlike projections that move.

98
Q

hydrophylic

A

water loving

99
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

100
Q

Phosopholipid bilayer

A

÷Contains a hydrophylic phosphate head region on the outside of the bilayer

÷Hydrophobic fatty acid tail region on the inside of the bilayer.

101
Q

scattered throughout the membrane

A

Proteins

102
Q

Integral proteins

A

extend throughout the plasma membrane

103
Q

Peripherial proteins

A

occur only in the cytoplasmic side

104
Q

Glycolipids

A

—carbohydrate chain attached to a phospholipid

105
Q

Glycoprotein

A

carbohydrate chain attached to a protein.

106
Q

differentially permeable

A

meaning some substances can pass through, while other can’t

107
Q

Concentration Gradient Example

A

Oxygen is always being used inside the cell. Therefore the amount of oxygen is always greater outside the cell than inside the cell. (opposite for carbon dioxide)

108
Q

Bulk transport

A

—allows large particles to enter or exit the cell.

109
Q

Examples of bulk transport

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

110
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

111
Q

Osmosis

A

—diffusion of water across a differentially (selectively) permeable membrane, due to concentration differences.

112
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

—the pressure that develops in a system due to osmosis

113
Q

Isotonic solution

A

—the solute concentration and the water concentration both inside and outside the cell are equal.

114
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

—cause the cell to swell, or even burst, due to an intake of water.

115
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

—causes cells to shrink and shrivel, due to loss of water

116
Q

Cytolysis

A

bursting of a cell.

117
Q

Turgor pressure

A

pressure of a plant cells contents against the cell wall

118
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

—allows certain molecules to pass in and out of the membrane through carrier proteins along the concentration gradient

119
Q

Active transport

A

moves substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.

120
Q

What is an example of Active Transport?

A

—The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium (Na+) out of the cell and potassium (K+) into the cell.

121
Q

Exocytosis

A

—A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs

  • This is how hormones and digestive enzymes are released
  • Vesicles are often produced by the Golgi apparatus
122
Q

Endocytosis

A

—the cell takes in substances by vesicle formation. The membrane invaginates around a substance and pinches off into a vesicle.

123
Q

Phagocytosis

A

—when large solid material is taken in the cell.

Ex. White blood cells engulf and destroy debris by lysosomes

Phagein = to eat (Greek)

124
Q

Pinocytosis

A

—endocytosis when vesicles are formed around a liquid.

Ex. Red blood cells, kidney cells, plant root cells take in liquids this way

Pinein = to drink (Greek)

125
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

—substance must bind to a specific receptor before it is taken in.

126
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

—protective meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides associated with the cells that produce them.

127
Q

Collagen

A

structural proteins that resist stretching

128
Q

Elastin

A

flexible structural protein

129
Q

Fibronectin

A

adhesive protein that connects to integrin

130
Q

Integrin

A

¡protein in the plasma membrane that can transmit signals from the extracellular matrix to the inside of the cell.

131
Q

Proteoglycan

A

Amino sugar that acts as a signal molecule

132
Q

Tight junction

A

—the membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse. (Typically joins cells that form sheetlike layers.)

133
Q

Desmosome

A

—“rivets” or “spot-welds” skin cells together

134
Q

Gap junction

A

—tube channels that hold cells together. This lets ions and nutrients move between the cells. (Heart and digestive smooth muscle cells)

135
Q

Primary cell wall

A

—composed of cellulose (structural carbohydrate) Pectins allow the wall to stretch while the cell grows.

136
Q

secondary cell walls

A

—form inside the primary cell wall. Contains a greater layer of cellulose

137
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

—numerous membrane-lined channels that connect plant cells. Allows water and small particles to be shared.

138
Q

Hypo refers to

A

less solute in the solution, meaning higher water concentration.

139
Q

Hyper refers to

A

more solute in the solution, meaning lower water concentration.

Biology 103 (6 decks)

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