Biology 103 Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the basic characteristics of a virus?
A
Noncellular, Cannot reproduce on its own, and parasitic
2
Q
What are the two viral structures?
A
Capsid; outer layer made of protein subunits
Nucleic Acid Core; DNA or RNA is stored
3
Q
What are the three categorizes of viruses?
A
1-Type of Nucleic acid
-DNA or RNA
- Single stranded or double stranded
2. Size and Shape (threadlike-polyhedral, helical, isometric, icosahedron)
3. Prescence/Absence of outer envelope
4
Q
Name the two cycles of Bacteriofages
A
Lytic and Lysogenic
5
Q
Describe the Lytic cycle
A
Viral compenents synthesized, assembled, released. Cell dies as a result
6
Q
Describe the Lysogenic cycle
A
Virus infects bacteria and viral DNA integrates with bacterial DNA.
7
Q
What is a bacteriofage?
A
A virus that parasitizes bacteria
8
Q
What is a Retrovirus?
A
•Retroviruses are RNA, animal viruses. They contain a special enzyme (Reverse transcriptase) which allows the genetic code of RNA to be copied (transcribed) to DNA.
9
Q
Virus ruptures cell killing it - leads to
A
AIDS
10
Q
–Formerly infected only apes/monkeys
–Mutation occurred allowing HIV to “jump” species
–First reported in 1981
A
AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV)
11
Q
outbreak in 2003, carried from SE Asia to Toronto, Canada
A
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
12
Q
brought into US, infecting bird & mosquito poplulations
A
West Nile encephalitis
13
Q
1993 outbreak, traced to deer mouse, transmitted to humans through fecal contamination Southwest US
A
Hantavirus
14
Q
severe hemorrhaging & death (50-90% untreated). Outbreak confined to Africa
A
Ebola
15
Q
spread through contact of infected person, vaccine 1995
A
Chicken Pox
16
Q
last case 1977, vaccination wiped out
A
Smallpox
17
Q
vaccine available, extremely contagious
A
Measles
18
Q
major killer – 1918, 44 million died
A
Influenza
19
Q
Epstein-Barr virus, spread by infected saliva
A
Mononucleosis
20
Q
Infects CNS & leads to paralysis, often fatal. Vaccine has almost wiped it out
A
Polio
21
Q
infectious protein particle
A
Prions
22
Q
fatal neurodegenerative disorder
A
Kuru
23
Q
Another example of prions
A
Mad Cows Disease
24
Q
“ancient bacteria”
Extremophiles
A
Archaebacteria or
Domain: Archaea
25
What extremophile lives in an anaerobic enviroment?
**Methanogen**
26
What extremophile is found in hot springs,thermal vents, volcanoes (hot/acidic)
**Thermoacidophiles**
27
–salt loving
•Found Great Salt Lake & Dead Sea
\*is an extremophile
**Halophiles**
28
“true bacteria”
Most of the bacteria today
More common type of prokaryote
**Eubacteria**
**Domain: Bacteria**
29
Is Eubacteria Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
**Prokaryotic**
30
Polysaccharide cross-linked peptide chains
**Peptidoglycan**
31
tail-like filament that allows bacteria to move
**Flagella**
32
unable to grow in the presence of oxygen (botulism, gas gangrene & tetanus)
**Obligate Anaerobes**
33
grow in presence or absence of oxygen
**Facultative anaerobes**
34
require oxygen (most bacteria)
**Aerobic**
35
self feeders
**Autotrophic**
36
What are the two types of Autotrophs?
**Photoautotrophs** (light/photosynthetic)
**Chemoautotrophs** (chemicals – hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide & ammonia)
37
Chemoheterotrophs = organic nutrients
**Heterotrophic**
38
breaks down large organic molecules into smaller one that can be absorbed (decomposers)
**Saprotrophs**
39
Bacteria are often
**Symbiotic**
40
Bacteria & host benefit
**Mutualistic**
41
Examples of Mutalism
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes
bacteria in digestive tracts
42
Bacteria benefits, host unharmed
**Commensalistic**
43
Commensalistic Example
E. coli uses up available O2 in intestines, allowing obligate ananaerobes to live there as well
44
Host is harmed
Pathogenic / diseases
**Parasitic**
45
(1) Produce toxins &/or
(2) adhere to surfaces and
(3) may invade organs or cells
**Pathogens**
46
How is **Bacillus (pl. bacilli)** shaped?
rod shaped
47
Examples of Bacillus
Coccobacilli, Pseudomonas
48
How is **Coccus (pl. cocci)** shaped?
round / spherical
49
Examples of Coccus
Staphylococci, Streptococci
50
How is **Spirillum (pl. spirilli)** shaped?
helical-shaped
51
Examples of Sprillium
Spirillum volutans
52
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
_Purple_ when stained
**Gram-Postive**
53
More common
Thinner peptidoglycan cell wall
_pink_ when stained
**Gram-Negative**
54
small strand of DNA containing very few genes
**plasmid**
55
Two ways that bacteria can reproduce
**Conjugation** and **Binary Fission**
56
Bacterial sexual reproduction
Conjugation
57
Bacterial asexual reproduction
Binary Fission
58
Formerly - blue-green algae (Gram-negative bacteria)
Photosynthetic
Introduced O2 to primitive atmosphere
Some -fix nitrogen
food source for aquatic ecosystems
found - fresh water, soil, moist surfaces, hot springs
**Cyanobacteria**
59
***Bacillus anthracis***
Biological agent, flu-like symptoms, not contagious, treat w/ antibiotics
**Anthrax**
60
***Clostridium botulinum***
Caused by improperly canned foods, produces a toxin
**Botulism**
61
***Vibrio cholerae***
Found in areas of poor sanitation, digestive tract diseases
**Cholera**
62
***Streptococcus***
Caused by strep sticking to teeth, eating sugars, producing acid that rots teeth
**Dental Caries**
63
***Mycobacterium leprae***
Called Hansens disease – skin lesions
**Leprosy**
64
***Borrelia bergdorferi***
vector, - deer tick, bulls eye rash, joint pain, lethargy, treat w/ antibiotics
**Lyme Disease**
65
***Helicobacter pylori***
Treat w/ antibiotics
**Peptic Ulcers**
66
***Yersinia pestis***
Bubonic plague –bite of flea, pneumonic plague – inhaled. Major killer
**Plague**
67
***_Streptococcus_***
–Respiratory disease
( ***_Streptococcus_*** also causes sore throat, rheumatic fever)
Can be _bacterial_ or _viral_
**_Pneumonia_**
68
***_Mycobacterium tuberculosis_***
–Respiratory infection, contagious, many strains are resistant to our antibiotics
**Tuberculosis**
69
“Silent STD”
Pelvic Inflamatory Disease (PID) – sterility
***_Chlamydia_***
70
can lead to PID and sterility
***_Gonorrhea_***
71
appears as blister / sores
End stage results in heart disease, mental deficiency, nerve damage, loss of motor function, and blindness
***_Syphilis_***
72
List the importance of Bacteria
**Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, anibiotics, and clean enviromental pollutants**
73
nucleus and organelles
**Eukaryotic**
74
Describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Over millions of years of evolution, **mitochondria** and **chloroplasts** have become more specialized and today they cannot live outside the cell.
**endosymbiotic theory**
75
Some scientist argue protist are not a
**Kingdom**
76
This group includes land plants and other photosynthetic organisms, such as green and red algae, that have organelles derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
**Supergroup: Archaeplastids**
77
Majority are unicellular, but some are multicellular
Live in variety of _moist environments_ (oceans, freshwater, treebark…)
**Green Algae**
78
Example of Green Algae
**Chlamydomonas**
79
Description of ***Chlamydomonas***
- Unicellular
- **2 Flagella** – front end, breaststroke
80
The chloroplast in **Chlamydomonas** contains
**Pyrenoid** and **eyespot** (stigma)
81
produces starch
**Pyrenoid**
82
bright red, sensitive to light (helps them find light for photosynthesis)
**Eyespot (stigma)**
83
Two flagella at the anterior end are used for
Locomotion
84
unicellular, common on tree bark and soil.
**Chlorella**
85
500 to 60,000 indiv. cells
Colonial green algae
86
¢Colonial green algae
w/ 500 to 60,000 indiv. cells
¢Flagella - produce directional movement
¢Daughter colonies will leave to form new colonies
¢Vegetative cells don’t reproduce
True division of labor Not all cells reproduce.
**\*\*\*Beginning of cell specialization\*\*\***
**Genus Volvox**
87
¢Multicellular green algae
¢– sea lettuce
¢marine
¢2 cells thick
¢Up to 1 meter long
**Genus: Ulva**
88
¢filamentous green algae
¢Ribbonlike, spiralled chloroplasts
¢Asexual & sexual reproduction
**Charophytes: Genus Spirogyra**
89
¢DNA transfer between cells
**Sexual: Conjugation tube**
90
¢product of fertilization
**Diploid Zygote**
91
Most - multicellular
- Found shallow and deep waters
- Grow in warm seawater
- Economically important: **agar**: gel capsules, dental impressions, cosmetics, media for bacteria, foods (jellies & desserts)
- Genus Porphyra – Important Food crop for Japan – sushi roll wrapping.
**The Red Algae**
92
gel capsules, dental impressions, cosmetics, media for bacteria, foods (jellies & desserts)
**Agar**
93
Made of two large subgroups
1. ) Stramenopiles- have flagella (or descended from organisms that had flagella)
- Brown Algae
- Diatoms
- Water Molds
2. ) Alveolates- Unicellular protist that habe alveoli (small sacs) just below their cell membrane.
- Dinoflagellates
- Ciliates
- Apicomplexans
**Supergroup: Chromalveolates**
94
¢responsible for most of the food production through photosynthesis. (up to 100m)
**Kelp**
95
¢grasping portion - attach themselves to rocks.
**holdfasts**
96
¢flat portion
**Blade**
97
¢give buoyancy
**Air bladders**
98
¢sometimes break off from holdfasts & form floating masses
Float due to airbladders
**Genus Sargassum**
99
¢Autotrophic
¢Unique double shells made of silica - fit togetether like a ”hat box” or petri dish
¢“diatomaceous earth” (remains) on ocean floor
used as an abrasive (silver & toothpaste)
Filtering agents & soundproofing
¢Reproduce asexually – each offspring gets one old shell, and a new shell grows until it is 30% size of the original
– then sexually reproduce
**The Diatoms**
100
Unique double shells made of silica - Shells are like boxes with lids, one half of the shell fitting inside the other
**Chrysophyta**
101
¢Most live in water
¢Parasites or saprotrophic – fish, insects, decomposing remains – form furry growths
¢Cellulose cell wall, not chitin like fungus
¢Phytophthora infestans – resp. for potato famine of Ireland in 1840
**Water Molds**
102
How do saprotrophics obtain their nutrients?
What water can they survive in?
Where can they also live?
obtains nutrients from dead material
Fresh or salt water
Also live in soil
103
¢photosynthetic
¢Contain cellulose and silica walls
¢2 flagella, 1 extends out while the other wraps around the organism
¢Symbiontic w/ jellyfish, sea anemones, mollusks and corals
- “red tide”- “blooms”
- Dinoflagellates undergo abnormal growth. This leads to an increase in toxin levels which kills fish in the environment. Can lead to human poisoning, if consumed
**Dinoflagelletes**
104
unicellular organisms that move by cilia
Ciliates(paramecium)
105
semi-rigid outer covering
Pellicle
106
barbed threads used for defense/capturing prey
**Trichocysts**
107
structure where food enters
**Gullet**
108
Wastes excreted – anal pore
Reproduction
**Food Vacoule**
109
causes malaria
Spread by mosquitoes (vector)
Invades RBC’s
Chills & fever occur when RBC’s rupture releasing toxins
**Apicomplexans- Plasmodium**
110
Nonmotile, spore-forming parasite Spores enter bloodstream of person and they make their way to the liver and reproduce asexuallySpores reenter bloodstream, rupture, releasing toxic substances.
**The Sporozoans**
111
_autotrophic_ or _heterotrophic_ (1/3 have chloroplast)
**Pyrenoid** – region of chloroplast – produces paramylon carbohydrate
**Pellicle** – flexible protein - shape
**2 Flagella** - movement
**Stigma or eyespot** - @ base of flagella - light sensitive
**Contractile vacuole** – rids body of excess water
**Euglenoid**
112
African sleeping sickness
- Lack of O2 to brain causes lethargy
- Tsetse flies - vector
**Trypanosomes**
113
responsible for hiker’s diarrhea
**Giardia lamblia**
114
Parasitic & free living
No definite shape
Locomotion **pseudopods** (Greek “false” and “foot”)
Feed – phagocytosis – digestion occurs in “food vacuole”
**Ameobic dysentery** , caused by amoeba, can be fatal if they infect the brain or liver.
**The Amoebas**
115
- Exist as a plasmodium:
- Plasmodium- mass of “Cell bodies” that are not separated into individual cells
- Creeps along -resembles slime –phagocytizing decaying plant material in forest
- Produce spores in dry environments, which will germinate when moisture returns
**Plasmodial Slime Molds**
116
- a non-walled multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that resembles moving mass of slime
**Plasmodium**
117
Exist as individual amoeboid cells
- Common in soil
- Moves through soil or substrate ingesting bacteria and yeasts
- When conditions are not favorable, they will aggregate and produce spores until conditions are more favorable.
**Cellular slime molds**
118
Related to sponges (greatly resemble the feeding cells of sponges)
Filter feeders: whipping their flagellum circulates the water through the collar, where microvilli take in nutrients
**Choanoflagellates**
119
Glassy silicon test (skeleton)
Many needles – like pseudopods
**Radiolarians**
120
Marine
- **Tests** – calcium carbonate skeleton
- **Pseudopods** - Cytoplasmic projections extend through openings in the test
- **“White Cliffs of Dover”** - Southern England - rich in foraminiferan deposits.
- Egyptian pyramids – foraminiferan limestone
**Foraminifera**
