Exam 3

Question 1

contractible

Answer 1

shorten in length

Question 2

extensible

Answer 2

extend or stretch

Question 3

elastic

Answer 3

return to their original shape

Question 4

organization of muscle tissue

Answer 4

whole muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril

Question 5

latent period

Answer 5

brief delay as AP sweeps over the sarcolemma and Ca 2+ ions are released from the SR

Question 6

contraction phase

Answer 6

Ca 2+ ions are binding to troponin, sliding of actin/myosin

Question 7

relaxation phase

Answer 7

Ca 2+ ions are pumped back into the SR and myosin binding sites are covered

Question 8

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Answer 8

replenish ATP store, replenish creatine phosphate and myoglobin stores, convert lactic acid back into pyruvate so it can be used in Krebs cycle to replenish ATP

Question 9

slow fibers

Answer 9

small in diameter, appear dark red, more myoglobin, the last powerful type, aerobic metabolism

Question 10

intermediate fibers

Answer 10

intermediate in diameter, appear dark red, both aerobic/anaerobic

Question 11

fast fibers

Answer 11

large, white, and powerful

Question 12

reflexes

Answer 12

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

Question 13

cranial meninges

Answer 13

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 14

flow of CSF

Answer 14

lateral ventricles, interventricular foramina, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, median aperature and the lateral, SAS

Question 15

medulla oblongata

Answer 15

all ascending and descending tracts between the spinal cord and cerebrum must go through here, cardiovascular center, respiratory rhythmicity center, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing center

Question 16

decussation of pyramids

Answer 16

axons from the left pyramid cross over to the right and vice versa

Question 17

pons

Answer 17

relays sensory and motor signals, contains centers that regulate breathing

Question 18

midbrain

Answer 18

corpora quadrigemina which contains auditory and visual reflexes, alertness

Question 19

substantia nigra

Answer 19

part of the midbrain and releases dopamine which helps control subconscious muscle activities

Question 20

red nucleus

Answer 20

part of the midbrain which help control voluntary movements limbs

Question 21

cerebellum

Answer 21

compares intended movements with what is happening with skeletal muscles, regulates posture, equilibrium, and balance

Question 22

thalamus

Answer 22

“relay station” for all sensory impulses (except smell) to the cerebral cortex

Question 23

epithalamus

Answer 23

pineal gland which secretes melatonin

Question 24

hypothalamus

Answer 24

major regulator of homeostasis, produce some hormones, controls body temperature, regulates hunger and feelings of satiety, control thirst, and establishes circadian rhythms

Question 25

cerebral cortex

Answer 25

higher thinking: read, write, speak, remember, and plan our life

Question 26

cerebrum

Answer 26

sensory, motor, and association areas

Question 27

basal nuclei

Answer 27

deep in the cerebrum, help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, regulate muscle tone, control subconscious contractions, attention, memory, and planning

Question 28

limbic system

Answer 28

“emotional brain” with amygdala and hippocampus

Question 29

amygdala

Answer 29

plays a primary role in promoting a range of emotions; pleasure, docility, affection, fear, and anger

Question 30

hippocampus

Answer 30

functions in memory storage and retrieval