Exam 3 Flashcards
An enveloped virus
Contains an outer membrane shell
Metagenomics is the study of
The entire genetic content of a complex microbial community
The capsid of a virus is
The protein shell surrounding the genome
Bacteria utilize quorum sensing to
identify the number of its own species in the environment
How many reading frames does a CHROMOSOME have?
6
What is not a mutagen?
DNA gyrase
A small circular genetic element that generally does not carry essential genes is called?
A plasmid
Which is NOT a classification of viruses? Host Genome Structure Release mechanism
Release mechanism
Transformation
The uptake of DNA from the environment through competence
Genome
The entire complement of genetic information of an organism
Proteome
The entire complement of protein within a cell
Metabolome
The small molecule content of a cell
Assembly
The process of alignment and connection of all of the sequenced fragments of a genome
Transduction
The transfer of bacterial chromosomal DNA from one cell to another via bacteriophage
Conjugation
The transfer of DNA from one cell to another via sex pilus
Transcriptome
The entire complement of RNAs within a cell
Transposons
Discrete segments of DNA bracketed by inverted repeats that hop between DNA molecules
Annotation
The process of converting the raw DNA sequence to a list of gene
Three types of viral infections
Acute, persistent, latent
Two types of transposition
Conservative and replication
Direct Reversal
Mutated base is still recognizable and can be repaired without referring to other strands
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Damaged DNA is removed and repaired using opposite strand as template
Recombination
Physical exchange of DNA between genetic elements in order to by pass damage
How do you identify where open reading frames are located?
- Find the start codon
- Find the termination codon
- Calculate the size of the potential open reading frame-usually 1000 nucleotides long
- Identify the ribosomal binding site
- Codon bias
Horizontal gene transfer
Through conjugation (Sex pilus, transformation (Competence) and transduction (Transfer chromosomal DNA using bacteriophage)
Vertical gene transfer
Daughter cells through binary fission, same genes throughout
Describe a mechanism that bacterial cells can protect themselves from
Process of CRISPR; Foreign DNA is injected into the cell. DNA has spacers put on to mark it as foreign. DNA is incorporated into bacterial DNA and labeled as viral DNA. Just has to survive the first invasion
Which is not a hypothesis for the origin of viruses?
Arose from parasitic cells, eventually shedding most of its genome
Arose from DNA or RNA that escaped from the chromosome of a cell
Arose separately from the first cells and from very different complex organic molecules
Arose separately from the first cells but from the same complex organic molecules
Arose separately from the first cells and from very different complex organic molecules
Which is not a mutagen? Nucleotide base analogs Intercalating agents Non-ionizing radiation DNA gyrase
DNA gyrase
A small circular genetic element that generally does not carry essential genes is called
A plasmid
