Exam 3

Question 1

An enveloped virus

Answer 1

Contains an outer membrane shell

Question 2

Metagenomics is the study of

Answer 2

The entire genetic content of a complex microbial community

Question 3

The capsid of a virus is

Answer 3

The protein shell surrounding the genome

Question 4

Bacteria utilize quorum sensing to

Answer 4

identify the number of its own species in the environment

Question 5

How many reading frames does a CHROMOSOME have?

Answer 5

6

Question 6

What is not a mutagen?

Answer 6

DNA gyrase

Question 7

A small circular genetic element that generally does not carry essential genes is called?

Answer 7

A plasmid

Question 8

Which is NOT a classification of viruses?
Host
Genome
Structure
Release mechanism

Answer 8

Release mechanism

Question 9

Transformation

Answer 9

The uptake of DNA from the environment through competence

Question 10

Genome

Answer 10

The entire complement of genetic information of an organism

Question 11

Proteome

Answer 11

The entire complement of protein within a cell

Question 12

Metabolome

Answer 12

The small molecule content of a cell

Question 13

Assembly

Answer 13

The process of alignment and connection of all of the sequenced fragments of a genome

Question 14

Transduction

Answer 14

The transfer of bacterial chromosomal DNA from one cell to another via bacteriophage

Question 15

Conjugation

Answer 15

The transfer of DNA from one cell to another via sex pilus

Question 16

Transcriptome

Answer 16

The entire complement of RNAs within a cell

Question 17

Transposons

Answer 17

Discrete segments of DNA bracketed by inverted repeats that hop between DNA molecules

Question 18

Annotation

Answer 18

The process of converting the raw DNA sequence to a list of gene

Question 19

Three types of viral infections

Answer 19

Acute, persistent, latent

Question 20

Two types of transposition

Answer 20

Conservative and replication

Question 21

Direct Reversal

Answer 21

Mutated base is still recognizable and can be repaired without referring to other strands

Question 22

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Answer 22

Damaged DNA is removed and repaired using opposite strand as template

Question 23

Recombination

Answer 23

Physical exchange of DNA between genetic elements in order to by pass damage

Question 24

How do you identify where open reading frames are located?

Answer 24

1. Find the start codon
2. Find the termination codon
3. Calculate the size of the potential open reading frame-usually 1000 nucleotides long
4. Identify the ribosomal binding site
5. Codon bias

Question 25

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 25

Through conjugation (Sex pilus, transformation (Competence) and transduction (Transfer chromosomal DNA using bacteriophage)

Question 26

Vertical gene transfer

Answer 26

Daughter cells through binary fission, same genes throughout

Question 27

Describe a mechanism that bacterial cells can protect themselves from

Answer 27

Process of CRISPR; Foreign DNA is injected into the cell. DNA has spacers put on to mark it as foreign. DNA is incorporated into bacterial DNA and labeled as viral DNA. Just has to survive the first invasion

Question 28

Which is not a hypothesis for the origin of viruses?
Arose from parasitic cells, eventually shedding most of its genome
Arose from DNA or RNA that escaped from the chromosome of a cell
Arose separately from the first cells and from very different complex organic molecules
Arose separately from the first cells but from the same complex organic molecules

Answer 28

Arose separately from the first cells and from very different complex organic molecules

Question 29

Which is not a mutagen?
Nucleotide base analogs
Intercalating agents
Non-ionizing radiation
DNA gyrase

Answer 29

DNA gyrase

Question 30

A small circular genetic element that generally does not carry essential genes is called

Answer 30

A plasmid