Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to Criminology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 characteristics of hate speech

A
  1. has a message of racial inferiority
  2. is directed against a member of a historically oppressed group
  3. is persecutory, hateful, and degrading
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity

A

hate crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

illegal acts tht are designed to undermine, challenge, or damage an existing government and threaten its survival

A

political crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

those personal, social, and economic rights and freedoms that should belong to all people

A

human rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

funds given to friends or family members that are then contributed to a specific campaign in order to circumvent election laws

A

conduit contributions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

illegal interference with the process of an election.

A

election fraud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

an act of disloyalty to one’s nation or state

A

treason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information.

A

espionage (spying)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

political crime that arise from the efforts of the state to either maintain governmental power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantage of those who support the government.

A

state political crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

an act that causes severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, tht is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining a confession, punishing them for a crime they may have committed, or intimidating or coercing them into a desired action

A

torture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a scenario that some experts argue in which torture can perhaps be justified if the government discovers that a captured terrorist knows the whereabouts of a dangerous explosive device that is set to go off and kill thousands of innocent people

A

ticking time bomb scenario

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective

A

terrorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

divisions of terrorist group affiliates, each of which may be functionally independent so that each member has little knowledge of other cells, their members, locations, and so on

A

terror cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

armed military bands, typically located in rural areas, that use hit-and-run terror tactics to destabilize the existing government

A

guerilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a political movement that may use terror tactics to achieve their goals

A

insurgency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

terror groups who refrain from tying specific acts to direct demands for change. Want to redirect the balance between what they believe is good and evil

A

retributive terrorists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

terrorism that occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent

A

state-sponsored terrorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

loosely organized groups located in different parts of the city, state, or country (or world) that share a common theme or purpose, but have a diverse leadership and command structure and are only in intermittent communication with one another

A

networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

government official charged with coordinating data from the nation’s primary intelligence-gathering agencies

A

Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

an agency of the federal government charged with preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage and aiding recovery from attacks that do occur

A

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

legislation giving US law enforcement agencies a freer hand to investigate and apprehend suspected terrorists

A

USA Patriot Act (USAPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits

A

economic crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

traditional common law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson

A

blue-collar crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery

A

white-collar crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the intentional taking, keeping, or using of another’s property without the authorization or permission

A

theft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or they view themselves as committed career criminals

A

occasional criminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

short-term influence on a person’s behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking

A

situational inducement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

A

professional criminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

taking for one’s own use the property of another, by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking into a person’s home or workplace; theft

A

larceny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a legal fiction that applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership

A

constructive possession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor

A

petit/petty larceny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

theft of money or property of substantial value, punished as a misdemeanor

A

grand larceny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the taking of goods from retail stores

A

shoplifting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use

A

snitch

35
Q

professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise

A

booster/heel

36
Q

legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds

A

merchant privilege laws

37
Q

amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture

A

naive check forgers

38
Q

professionals who make a living by passing bad checks

A

systematic forgers

39
Q

a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise

A

fence

40
Q

entering a home by force, threat, or deception with the intent to commit a crime

A

burglary

41
Q

the willful, malicious burning of a home, building, or vehicle

A

arson

42
Q

using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis

A

chiseling

43
Q

illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company

A

insider trading

44
Q

forcing victims to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right

A

exploitation

45
Q

using one’s institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled

A

influence peddling

46
Q

the practice of record companies bribing radio stations to play songs without making listeners aware of the payment

A

payola

47
Q

a type of larceny in which someone who is trusted with property fraudulently converts it to his or her own use for the use of others

A

embezzlement

48
Q

powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good

A

corporate/organizational crime

49
Q

Federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person “who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy” in restraint of interstate commerce

A

Sherman Antitrust Act

50
Q

the illegal control by agreement among producers or manufacturers of the price of a commodity to avoid price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices

A

price fixing

51
Q

a crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life

A

criminal environmental pollution

52
Q

methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law

A

compliance strategies

53
Q

methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be violators

A

deterrence strategies

54
Q

behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the general well-being of society and the challenges its accepted moral principles

A

public order crime

55
Q

public order crime that violates the moral order but has no specific victim other than society as a whole

A

victimless crime

56
Q

the injury caused to other by willful wrongful conduct

A

social harm

57
Q

a person who creates moral rules, which thus reflect the values of those in power, rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

A

moral entrepreneur

58
Q

bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve nonhuman objects, humiliation, or children

A

paraphilia

59
Q

the granting of nonmarital sexual access for remuneration

A

prostitution

60
Q

sexually explicit books, magazine, films, and DVDs intended to provide sexual titillation and excitement for paying customers

A

pornography

61
Q

material that violates community standards of morality or decency and has no redeeming social value

A

obscenity

62
Q

the drive to prohibit the sale of alcohol in the United States, culminating in ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919

A

temperance movement

63
Q

the period from 1919 until 1933, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the US Constitution outlawed the sale of alcohol; also known as the “noble experiment”

A

prohibition

64
Q

having five or more drinks on the same occasion (that is, at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days

A

binge drinking

65
Q

having five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of 5 or more days in the past 30 days

A

heavy drinking

66
Q

a personal trait characterized by pervasive psychological dependence on mood-altering substances

A

drug-dependent personality

67
Q

a drug that produces sleep and relieves pain

A

narcotic

68
Q

the study of the victims role in criminal events

A

victimology

69
Q

criminologists who focus on the victims of crime

A

victimologists

70
Q

psychological reaction to a highly stressful event; symptoms may include depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares

A

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

71
Q

victims of crime, especially victims of childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves

A

cycle of violence

72
Q

the view that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization

A

victim precipitation theory

73
Q

aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization

A

active precipitation

74
Q

personal or social characteristics of victims that make them attractive targets for criminals; such victims may unknowingly either threaten or encourage their attackers

A

passive precipitation

75
Q

views on how people become crime victims because of lifestyles that increase their exposure to criminal offenders

A

lifestyle theories

76
Q

the view that victimization is primarily a function of where people live

A

deviant place theory

77
Q

the view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders

A

routine activities theory

78
Q

objects of crime (persons or property) that are attractive and readily available

A

suitable targets

79
Q

effective deterrents to crime, such as police or watchful neighbors

A

capable guardians

80
Q

people willing and able to commit crimes

A

motivated offenders

81
Q

government programs that help crime victims and witnesses

A

victim-witness assistance programs

82
Q

financial aid awarded to crime victims to repay them for their loss and injuries; may cover medical bills,loss of wages, loss of future earnings, and/or counseling

A

compensation

83
Q

emergency counseling for crime victims

A

crisis intervention

84
Q

mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers, designed to produce restitution agreements and, if possible, reconciliation

A

victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs)

Introduction to Criminology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions