Exam 3 Flashcards
3 characteristics of hate speech
- has a message of racial inferiority
- is directed against a member of a historically oppressed group
- is persecutory, hateful, and degrading
crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity
hate crimes
illegal acts tht are designed to undermine, challenge, or damage an existing government and threaten its survival
political crime
those personal, social, and economic rights and freedoms that should belong to all people
human rights
funds given to friends or family members that are then contributed to a specific campaign in order to circumvent election laws
conduit contributions
illegal interference with the process of an election.
election fraud
an act of disloyalty to one’s nation or state
treason
the practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information.
espionage (spying)
political crime that arise from the efforts of the state to either maintain governmental power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantage of those who support the government.
state political crime
an act that causes severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, tht is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining a confession, punishing them for a crime they may have committed, or intimidating or coercing them into a desired action
torture
a scenario that some experts argue in which torture can perhaps be justified if the government discovers that a captured terrorist knows the whereabouts of a dangerous explosive device that is set to go off and kill thousands of innocent people
ticking time bomb scenario
illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective
terrorism
divisions of terrorist group affiliates, each of which may be functionally independent so that each member has little knowledge of other cells, their members, locations, and so on
terror cells
armed military bands, typically located in rural areas, that use hit-and-run terror tactics to destabilize the existing government
guerilla
a political movement that may use terror tactics to achieve their goals
insurgency
terror groups who refrain from tying specific acts to direct demands for change. Want to redirect the balance between what they believe is good and evil
retributive terrorists
terrorism that occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent
state-sponsored terrorism
loosely organized groups located in different parts of the city, state, or country (or world) that share a common theme or purpose, but have a diverse leadership and command structure and are only in intermittent communication with one another
networks
government official charged with coordinating data from the nation’s primary intelligence-gathering agencies
Director of National Intelligence (DNI)
an agency of the federal government charged with preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage and aiding recovery from attacks that do occur
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
legislation giving US law enforcement agencies a freer hand to investigate and apprehend suspected terrorists
USA Patriot Act (USAPA)
an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits
economic crime
traditional common law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson
blue-collar crimes
crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery
white-collar crimes
the intentional taking, keeping, or using of another’s property without the authorization or permission
theft
offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or they view themselves as committed career criminals
occasional criminals
short-term influence on a person’s behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking
situational inducement
offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime
professional criminals
taking for one’s own use the property of another, by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking into a person’s home or workplace; theft
larceny
a legal fiction that applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership
constructive possession
theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor
petit/petty larceny
theft of money or property of substantial value, punished as a misdemeanor
grand larceny
the taking of goods from retail stores
shoplifting
amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use
snitch
professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise
booster/heel
legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds
merchant privilege laws
amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture
naive check forgers
professionals who make a living by passing bad checks
systematic forgers
a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise
fence
entering a home by force, threat, or deception with the intent to commit a crime
burglary
the willful, malicious burning of a home, building, or vehicle
arson
using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis
chiseling
illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company
insider trading
forcing victims to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right
exploitation
using one’s institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled
influence peddling
the practice of record companies bribing radio stations to play songs without making listeners aware of the payment
payola
a type of larceny in which someone who is trusted with property fraudulently converts it to his or her own use for the use of others
embezzlement
powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good
corporate/organizational crime
Federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person “who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy” in restraint of interstate commerce
Sherman Antitrust Act
the illegal control by agreement among producers or manufacturers of the price of a commodity to avoid price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices
price fixing
a crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life
criminal environmental pollution
methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law
compliance strategies
methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be violators
deterrence strategies
behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the general well-being of society and the challenges its accepted moral principles
public order crime
public order crime that violates the moral order but has no specific victim other than society as a whole
victimless crime
the injury caused to other by willful wrongful conduct
social harm
a person who creates moral rules, which thus reflect the values of those in power, rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong
moral entrepreneur
bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve nonhuman objects, humiliation, or children
paraphilia
the granting of nonmarital sexual access for remuneration
prostitution
sexually explicit books, magazine, films, and DVDs intended to provide sexual titillation and excitement for paying customers
pornography
material that violates community standards of morality or decency and has no redeeming social value
obscenity
the drive to prohibit the sale of alcohol in the United States, culminating in ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919
temperance movement
the period from 1919 until 1933, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the US Constitution outlawed the sale of alcohol; also known as the “noble experiment”
prohibition
having five or more drinks on the same occasion (that is, at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days
binge drinking
having five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of 5 or more days in the past 30 days
heavy drinking
a personal trait characterized by pervasive psychological dependence on mood-altering substances
drug-dependent personality
a drug that produces sleep and relieves pain
narcotic
the study of the victims role in criminal events
victimology
criminologists who focus on the victims of crime
victimologists
psychological reaction to a highly stressful event; symptoms may include depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
victims of crime, especially victims of childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves
cycle of violence
the view that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization
victim precipitation theory
aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization
active precipitation
personal or social characteristics of victims that make them attractive targets for criminals; such victims may unknowingly either threaten or encourage their attackers
passive precipitation
views on how people become crime victims because of lifestyles that increase their exposure to criminal offenders
lifestyle theories
the view that victimization is primarily a function of where people live
deviant place theory
the view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders
routine activities theory
objects of crime (persons or property) that are attractive and readily available
suitable targets
effective deterrents to crime, such as police or watchful neighbors
capable guardians
people willing and able to commit crimes
motivated offenders
government programs that help crime victims and witnesses
victim-witness assistance programs
financial aid awarded to crime victims to repay them for their loss and injuries; may cover medical bills,loss of wages, loss of future earnings, and/or counseling
compensation
emergency counseling for crime victims
crisis intervention
mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers, designed to produce restitution agreements and, if possible, reconciliation
victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs)
