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Introduction to Criminology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society

A

social process theory

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2
Q

the view that people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers

A

social learning theory

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3
Q

the view that everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most people are controlled by their bonds to society. Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken.

A

social control theory

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4
Q

the view that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity

A

social reaction (labeling) theory

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5
Q

process of human development and enculturation. Socialization reflects key social processes and institutions: the family, school, peer group, community.

A

socialization

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6
Q

the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways

A

parental efficacy

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7
Q

the view that people commit crime when their social learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than conventional behavior

A

differential association theory

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8
Q

results of exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral

A

culture conflict

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9
Q

the view that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, enabling them to drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behavior

A

neutralization theory

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10
Q

movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant values

A

drift

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11
Q

methods of rationalizing deviant behavior, such as denying responsibility or blaming the victim

A

neutralization techniques

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12
Q

a strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting other or violating social norms

A

self-control

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13
Q

a strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements

A

commitment to conformity

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14
Q

the ties that bind people to society, including relationships with friends, family, neighbors, teachers, and employers. The elements of the social bond include commitment, attachment involvement, and belief

A

social bonds

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15
Q

a person who creates moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

A

moral entrepreneur

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16
Q

to apply negative labeling with enduring effects on a person’s self-image and social interactions

A

stigmatize

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17
Q

a course of action or ritual in which someone’s identity is publicly redefined and destroyed and he or she is thereafter viewed as socially unacceptable.

A

successful degradation ceremony

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18
Q

the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label.

A

retrospective reading

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19
Q

a norm violation or crime that had little or no long-term influence on the violator

A

primary deviance

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20
Q

a norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long-term consequences for the violator’s self-identity and social interactions

A

secondary deviance

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21
Q

process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling, and criminal self-identity

A

deviance amplification

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22
Q

the use of racial and ethnic characteristics by police in their determining whether a person is likely to commit a crime or engage in deviant and/or antisocial activities

A

racial profiling

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23
Q

when parents are alienated from their children, their negative labeling reduces their children’s self-image and increases delinquency

A

reflected appraisal

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24
Q

programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus enabling them to avoid the stigma of a criminal lable

A

diversion programs

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25
Q

permitting an offender to repay the victim or do useful work in the community rather than facing the stigma of a formal trial and a court-ordered sentence

A

restitution

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26
Q

engaging in antisocial acts early in adolescence and continuing illegal behaviors into adulthood. A pattern of persistent offending across the life course

A

criminal career

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27
Q

the view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by socila experiences as well as individual characteristics

A

developmental theory

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28
Q

theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course brought about by shifts in experience and life events

A

life course theory

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29
Q

the view that a stable unchanging feature, uncharacteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality makes some people crime prone

A

propensity theory

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30
Q

a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, that makes some people crime prone over the life course

A

latent trait

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31
Q

the view that there are multiple independent paths to a criminal career and that there are different types and classes of offenders

A

trajectory theory

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32
Q

the propensity to commit crime is stable; those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course

A

population heterogeneity

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33
Q

the propensity to commit crime is constantly changing, affected by environmental influences and changing life events

A

state dependence

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34
Q

the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age the ones most at risk for a criminal career

A

early onset

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35
Q

a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, education underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking and unemployment, as well as criminality.

A

problem behavior syndrome

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36
Q

a state dependence theory formulated by Sampson and Laub that assumes that the causual association between early delinquent offending and later adult deviant behavior involves the quality of relationships encountered at different times in human development

A

age-graded theory

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37
Q

according to Laub and Sampson, the life events that alter the development of a criminal career

A

turning points

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38
Q

positive, life-sustaining relationships with individuals and institutions

A

social capital

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39
Q

the tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones that accumulate and undermine success

A

cumulative disadvantage

40
Q

an innate natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way or pattern

A

propensity

41
Q

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s developmental theory that links crime to impulsivity and a lack of self-control

A

general theory of crime (GTC)

42
Q

refers to a person’s ability to exercise restraint and control over his or her feelings, emotions, reactions, and behaviors

A

self-control

43
Q

lacking in thought or deliberation in decision-making. an impulsive person lacks close attention to details, has organizational problems, and is distracted and forgetful

A

impulsive

44
Q

pathway to deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance

A

authority conflict pathway

45
Q

pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud

A

covert pathway

46
Q

pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent crime

A

overt pathway

47
Q

kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood

A

adolescent-limited offenders

48
Q

delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood

A

life course persisters

49
Q

adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a path that places them outside the norm for their age group.

A

abstainers

50
Q

acts that vent rage, anger, or frustration

A

expressive violence

51
Q

acts designed to improve financial or social position of the criminal

A

instrumental violence

52
Q

the phenomenon in which abused children grow up to be abusers themselves

A

cycle violence

53
Q

the life instinct, which drives people toward self-fulfillment and enjoyment

A

eros

54
Q

the death instinct, which impels toward self-destruction

A

thanatos

55
Q

in such a relationship, violence is the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances

A

psychopharmacological relationship

56
Q

violence committed by drug users to support their habit

A

economic compulsive behavior

57
Q

a link between drugs and violence that occurs when drug dealers turn violent in their competition with rival gangs

A

systemic link

58
Q

a segment of society in which violence has become legitimized by the custom and norms of that group

A

subculture of violence

59
Q

the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will

A

rape

60
Q

a rape that involves people who are in some form of courting relationship

A

date rape

61
Q

the formerly accepted tradition that a legally married husband could not be charged with raping his wife

A

marital exemption

62
Q

sexual relations between an underage minor female and an adult male

A

statutory rape

63
Q

the belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from their need for love, respect, and affection

A

virility mystique

64
Q

a pattern of traits and behaviors indicating infatuation and fixation with one’s self to the exclusion of all others, along with the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one’s own gratification, dominance, and ambition

A

narcissistic personality disorder

65
Q

rape involving multiple offenders, weapons, and victim injuries

A

aggravated rape

66
Q

the victim of rape must prove that she in no way encouraged, enticed, or misled the accused rapist

A

consent

67
Q

laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless such questioning directly bears on the case

A

shield laws

68
Q

the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought

A

murder

69
Q

killing a person after premeditation and deliberation

A

first-degree murder

70
Q

considering the criminal act beforehand, which suggests that it was motivated by more than a simple desire to engage in an act of violence

A

premeditation

71
Q

planning a criminal act after careful thought, rather than carrying it out on impulse

A

deliberation

72
Q

a killing that accompanies a felony, such as robbery or rape

A

felony murder

73
Q

a person’s wanton disregard for the victim’s life and his or her desire to inflict serious bodily harm on the victim, which results in the victim’s death

A

second-degree murder

74
Q

homicide without malice

A

manslaughter

75
Q

a killing committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence

A

voluntary or nonegligent manslaughter

76
Q

a killing that occurs when a person’s acts are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others

A

involuntary or negligent manslaughter

77
Q

murder of a very young child

A

infanticide

78
Q

murder of an older child

A

filicide

79
Q

murder of a senior citizen

A

eldercide

80
Q

intentional or negligent killing of a human fetus

A

feticide

81
Q

a person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate events

A

serial killer

82
Q

the killing of four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event

A

mass murder

83
Q

a killer of multiple victims whose murders occur over a relatively short span of time and often follow no discernible pattern

A

spree killer

84
Q

offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a victim

A

battery

85
Q

either attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed (actual touching is not involved)

A

assault

86
Q

violent assault by a motorist who loses control of his or her emotions while driving

A

road rage

87
Q

any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident or ordinary disciplinary practices, can be found

A

child abuse

88
Q

not providing a child with the care and shelter to which he or she is entitled

A

neglect

89
Q

the exploitation of children through rape, incest, and molestation by parents or other adults

A

child sexual abuse

90
Q

psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors, and private information in order to harm his or her partner

A

relational aggression

91
Q

taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

A

robbery

92
Q

robbery in which the victim or victims are people the robber knows

A

acquaintance robbery

93
Q

violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic

A

hate crime

94
Q

violence such as assault, rape, or murder committed at the workplace

A

workplace violence

95
Q

a course of conduct that is directed at a specific person and involves repeated physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person.

A

stalking

Introduction to Criminology (4 decks)

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