Exam 2

Question 1

The view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society

Answer 1

social process theory

Question 2

The view that people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers: crime is a learned behavior

Answer 2

social learning theory

Question 3

The view that everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most people are controlled in their bonds to society. Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken

Answer 3

social control theory

Question 4

The view that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity

Answer 4

social reaction (labeling) theory

Question 5

Process of human development and enculturation. Socialization reflects key social processes and institutions: the family, school, peer group, community.

Answer 5

socialization

Question 6

The ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways

Answer 6

parental efficacy

Question 7

The view that people commit crime when their social learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than favoring conventional behavior

Answer 7

differential association theory

Question 8

Result of exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral

Answer 8

culture conflict

Question 9

The view that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, enabling them to drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behavior

Answer 9

neutralization theory

Question 10

Movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant values

Answer 10

drift

Question 11

Methods of rationalization bf deviant behavior, such as denying responsibility or blaming the victim

Answer 11

neutralization techniques

Question 12

A strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms

Answer 12

self-control

Question 13

A strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements

Answer 13

commitment to conformity

Question 14

The toes that bind people to society, including relationships with friends, family, neighbors, teachers, and employers. Includes commitment, attachment, involvement, and belief

Answer 14

social bonds

Question 15

A personal who creates moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

Answer 15

moral entrepreneur

Question 16

to apply negative labeling with enduring effects on a person’s self_image and social interactions

Answer 16

stigmatize

Question 17

A course of action or ritual in which someone’s identity is publicly residences and destroyed and he or she is thereafter viewed as socially unacceptable

Answer 17

successful degradation ceremony

Question 18

The reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label

Answer 18

retrospective reading

Question 19

A norm violation or crim that has little or no long-term influence on the violator

Answer 19

primary deviance

Question 20

A norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long-term consequences for the violator’s self-identity and social interactions

Answer 20

secondary deviance

Question 21

Process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling, and criminal self-identity

Answer 21

deviance amplification

Question 22

When parents are alienated from their children, their negative labeling reduces their children’s self-image and increases delinquency

Answer 22

reflected appraisal

Question 23

programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus end along them to avoid the stigma of a criminal label

Answer 23

diversion programs

Question 24

Permitting an offender to repay the victim or do useful work in the community or rather than facing the stigma of a formal trial and a court ordered sentence

Answer 24

restitution