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PSYCH 111 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

intelligence

A

ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s circumstances, and learn from one’s experiences

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2
Q

Henry Goddard

A

one of the first to measure intelligence, discriminatory toward Ellis Island immigrants

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3
Q

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

A

developed the first intelligence test to identify children who needed remedial education — measure aptitude apart from achievement

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4
Q

first intelligence test

A

to identify children who needed remedial education

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5
Q

ratio IQ

A

dividing a person’s mental age by physical age x 100

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6
Q

deviation IQ

A

dividing a person’s test score by the average test score of people in the same age group x 100

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7
Q

data-based approach to describing middle-level abilities

A

starts with people’s responses on intelligence tests and then looks to see what kinds of independent clusters these responses form

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8
Q

theory-based approach

A

broadly surveys human abilities and then determines which ones intelligence tests measure (or fail to measure)

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9
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

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10
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

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11
Q

Robert Sternberg suggested that there are three kinds of intelligence

A 
analytic intelligence (problem solving)
creative intelligence (novel solutions)
practical intelligence (everyday)
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12
Q

heritability coefficient of intelligence

A

50%

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13
Q

heritability coefficient

A

the proportion of the difference between people’s scores that can be explained by differences in their genes

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14
Q

absolute intelligence

A

can change considerably over time

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15
Q

relative intelligence

A

generally stable over time

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16
Q

Flynn Effect

A

the average intelligence test score rises about 0.3% every year

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17
Q

how people of different ethnicities compare in terms of IQ scores

A

education increases intelligence

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18
Q

biggest reason why African Americans have lower intelligence scores than European Americans

A

education increases intelligence, beneficial neural changes can occur because of exercise, nutrition, and sleep

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19
Q

what percentage of zygotes do not complete the journey down the fallopian tube

A

about 50%

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20
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

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21
Q

germinal stage

A

2-week period that begins at conception

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22
Q

embryonic stage

A

2nd week until the 8th week

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23
Q

fetal stage

A

9th week until birth

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24
Q

myelination

A

formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron during the fetal stage

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25
Q

short eye openings, flat midface, indistinct ridge under nose, thin upper lip

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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26
Q

cephalocaudal rule

A

‘top-to-bottom’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

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27
Q

proximodistal rule

A

‘inside-to-outside’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

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28
Q

cognitive development

A

emergence of the ability to think and understand—how the physical world works, how their minds represent it, how other minds represent it

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29
Q

assimilation

A

process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

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30
Q

accommodation

A

process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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31
Q

object permanence

A

idea that continues to exist even when they are not visible

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32
Q

conservation

A

notion that quantitative properties of an object are invariable despite changes in the object’s appearance

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33
Q

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

A

infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around with it

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34
Q

preoperational stage (2-6 years)

A

children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world

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35
Q

concrete operational stage (6-11 years)

A

children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects

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36
Q

formal operational stage (11+ years)

A

children can solve non-physical problems; abstract thinking

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37
Q

doesn’t communicate well, few friends, doesn’t understand the emotions of others, normal intelligence test score

A

autism

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38
Q

ability to learn from others—three fundamental skills

A

joint attention
social referencing
imitation

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39
Q

joint attention

A

ability to focus on what another person is focused on

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40
Q

social referencing

A

ability to use another person’s reactions as information about the world

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41
Q

imitation

A

ability to do what another person does

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42
Q

strange situation test

A

measures a child’s attachment style

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43
Q

attachment styles

A

secure, insecure: avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized attachment

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44
Q

quality of attachment between children and their mothers influenced most strongly by…

A

mother sensitivity and responsiveness

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45
Q

temperament

A

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity—variant and stable

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46
Q

Kohlberg’s three stages of moral development

A

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

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47
Q

preconventional stage

A

childhood, morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

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48
Q

conventional stage

A

adolescence, morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

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49
Q

postconventional stage

A

adults, morality of an action is determined bya set of general principles that reflect core values

50
Q

major task confronting 15-year-old Tony (according to Erik Erikson’s stages of human development)

A

to develop a sense of self in relationship to others and to own internal thoughts and desires

51
Q

oral sensory

A

birth to 12-18 months, trust vs. mistrust

child develops a belief that the environment can be counted on to meet his or her basic physiological and social needs

52
Q

muscular-anal

A

18 months-3 years, autonomy vs. shame/doubt
child learns what he or she can control and develops a sense of free will and corresponding sense of regret and sorrow for inappropriate use of self-control

53
Q

locomotor

A

3-6 years, initiative vs. guilt

child learns to being action, to explore, to imagine, and to feel remorse for actions

54
Q

latency

A

6-12 years, industry vs. inferiority

child learns to do things well or correctly in comparison to a standard or to others

55
Q

adolescence

A

12-18 years, identity vs. role confusion

sense of self in relationship to others and to own internal thoughts and desires

56
Q

young adulthood

A

19-40 years, intimacy vs. isolation

personal develops the ability to give and receive love; begins to make long-term commitment to relationships

57
Q

middle adulthood

A

40-65 years, generativity vs. stagnation

person develops interest in guiding the development of the next generation

58
Q

maturity

A

65-death, ego integrity vs. despair
person develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was lived and the importance of the people and relationships that the individual developed over the life span

59
Q

socio-emotional selectivity theory

A

younger adults are oriented toward future-pertinent (useful) information while older adults focus on (positive) emotional satisfaction in the present, perhaps because of shortened futures

60
Q

people’s overall happiness…

A

generally increases with age

61
Q

formal operation stage of cognitive development

A

able to think about what might be, not just what is

62
Q

technique most widely used by psychologists to collect information about someone’s personality structure

A

multiple choice / forced-choice

63
Q

validity scales

A

alleviate response style biases

64
Q

self-report

A

series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state

65
Q

MMPI-2

A

well-researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

66
Q

personality

A

individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

67
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent’s inner feelings and interpret his/her personality structure

68
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

69
Q

strengths and weaknesses of the Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

???

70
Q

trait

A

relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

71
Q

Cattell (1950) proposed a theory of personality consisting of how many factors?

A

5

72
Q

big-5 personality factors

A

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion

73
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness—motives that can also produce (predict?) emotional desires

74
Q

id

A

contains the drives present at birth, the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

75
Q

ego

A

component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands, how we see ourselves

76
Q

superego

A

mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

77
Q

Sigmund Freud held that the ego operates on ???

A

the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay the gratification of immediate needs and operate effectively in the world

78
Q

rationalization

A

supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal one’s underlying motives or feelings

79
Q

reaction formation

A

unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of the opposite

80
Q

projection

A

attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group

81
Q

regression

A

ego deals with the internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development

82
Q

displacement

A

shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less-threatening alternative

83
Q

identification

A

helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us to unconsciously take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or able to cope

84
Q

sublimation

A

channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities

85
Q

Teresa really liked and admired her sister Valerie. Valerie was a very good volleyball player, and Teresa felt that she herself was not very good at volleyball. However, when Teresa played volleyball, she started to act and talk like Valerie. Which defense mechanism did Teresa use when she played volleyball?

A

identification

86
Q

self-actualization tendency

A

the human motive toward meeting our inner potential

87
Q

flow

A

a state of focus from engagement in tasks that match our abilities

88
Q

existential approach

A

regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of realities of life and death

89
Q

social cognitive approach

A

views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

90
Q

person-situation controversy

A

question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

91
Q

personal constructs

A

dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences (according to the social cognitive approach)

92
Q

locus of control

A

person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

93
Q

self-serving bias

A

people’s tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures, to protect self-esteem

94
Q

implicit egotism

A

people are generally unaware of their preference for things similar to themselves
name-letter effect

95
Q

social influence

A

ability to control another person’s behavior

96
Q

three basic motivations which make people susceptible to social influence

A

hedonic motive: pleasure is better than pain
approval motive
accuracy motive

97
Q

social psychology

A

study of the causes and consequences of sociality

98
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

principles stating that animals aggress only when their goals are thwarted

99
Q

best predictor of aggression

A

gender (male)

100
Q

“you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours”

A

cooperation? norm of reciprocity

101
Q

passionate love

A

experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

102
Q

companionate love

A

experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a person’s well-being

103
Q

social exchange

A

hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

104
Q

comparison level

A

cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

105
Q

equity

A

state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of the two partners are roughly equal

106
Q

sunken-cost theories

A

predict that following great investment, individuals will settle for less than optimal cost-benefit ratios

107
Q

why most American females marry

A

to have help caring for helpless offspring (more work than one caretaker can normally provide)???

108
Q

people are more likely to leave bigger tips if the waitress gives customers a piece of candy with their bill

A

norm of reciprocity

109
Q

door-in-the-face technique

A

strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior - people agree to a smaller request after you make a larger one

110
Q

Milgram experiment to get participants to keep shocking the learner?

A

paid them, also gave them probes

111
Q

print ads for cars have more facts than print ads for clothing

A

systematic persuasion

112
Q

heuristic persuasion

A

process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

113
Q

vacuum salesman first gets you to let him vacuum your living room for free

A

foot-in-the-door technique

114
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs…one way to alleviate is to change your belief about the value of the thing you suffered for

115
Q

social cognition

A

processes by which people come to understand others

116
Q

covariation model

A

we rely on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

117
Q

low consistency + high consensus (most people perform this action) + high distinctiveness (the person performs similar actions)

A

situational attribution

118
Q

high consistency + low consensus + low distinctiveness

A

dispositional attribution

119
Q

correspondence bias

A

tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person’s behavior was caused by the situation (fundamental attribution error)

120
Q

actor-observer effect

A

tendency to make the situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

PSYCH 111 (4 decks)

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