Exam 2 Flashcards
Two dimensions of the mind
experience and agency
Four basic properties of consciousness
intentionality: being directed toward an object
unity: resistance to division
selectivity: capacity to include some objects but not others
transience: tendency to change
Rebound effect of thought suppression
tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
night terror
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
manifest content of dreams
dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning
latent content of dreams
dream’s true underlying meaning
psychological dependence
brain dependence…different from physical dependence
how amphetamines affect the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
increase dopamine and norepinephrine
how hypnosis affects patients’ perception of pain
makes people think they feel less pain
which types of people are most susceptible to hypnosis
people that believe in it
daydreaming and then replaying in your “mind’s ear” the last words you heard…what is this process called?
echoic memory?
vividly remembering the day you turned 21
episodic memory
perceptual priming
enhanced identification of objects or words
According to Chomsky and others, the behaviorist theory of language cannot account for which aspect of language development?
making organic sentences?
seven sins associated with memory
transience absentmindedness blocking memory misattribution suggestibility bias persistence flashbulb memories
tendency to reconstruct the past according to what is believed or known today
consistency bias
transience
forgetting what occurs over the passing of time
reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
Accustomed to the sound of the old can opener, your cat still rushes to her food dish even when she hears the sound of the new can opener for the first time. Your cat is definitely smart; more than that, she is exhibiting:
generalization
The radio DJ says “Sometime this hour, I’ll be giving away a pair of tickets to the Jonas Brothers concert to one lucky caller.” This is an example of what kind schedule?
intermittent reinforcement
reinforcement schedule with the highest rate of response
intermittent reinforcement
latent learning
something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
The neurons in the pleasure centers of the brain, especially those in the nucleus accumbens, secrete _____, a neurotransmitter usually associated with positive emotions
dopamine
flashbulb memories
shocking events
Learning to drive a car is an example of ___ that becomes ____ over time
something something
morpheme
the smallest meaningful units of language
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise
average child vocabulary by age 5
many aspects of the language acquisition process are complete?
fast mapping
children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure
long-term potentiation
communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
damage to Wernicke’s area results in…
difficulty comprehending language
family resemble theory of categorization
members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member
prototype theory of categorization
people make category judgments by comparing new instances to the category’s prototype
echoic memory
fast-decaying store of auditory information
well-defined rules that guarantee a solution to a problem
algorithm
representative heuristic
making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event
sunk cost fallacy
people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
first step in means-ends analysis
process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal
When we solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution (and then apply it), we are engaged in ____
analogical problem solving
