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PSYCH 111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in ____

A

physiology and philosophy

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2
Q

tabula rosa philosopher

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

first laboratory devoted entirely to psychology as an independent field of study

A

Leipzig, 1879

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4
Q

Freud’s view of human nature

A

negative

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5
Q

humanistic view of human nature

A

positive

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6
Q

behavioral school of thought

A

think in terms of observables

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7
Q

Beyond Freedom and Dignity author

A

B.F. Skinner

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8
Q

The Animal Mind

A

Margaret Floyd Washburn

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9
Q

studied perceptual psychology…the errors of kids

A

Piaget

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10
Q

empricism

A

making direct observations of the world

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11
Q

dogmatism

A

relying on assumptions and beliefs about the world

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12
Q

minimum amount of groups for an experiment

A

two

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13
Q

double-blind study

A

an experiment where the true purpose is hidden from the researcher and the participant

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14
Q

external validity

A

the closer an experiment is to the real world

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15
Q

Professor Kim creates a frequency distribution of exam scores from her class of 300 students. Possible scores on the exam ranged from zero to 100. What should be displayed on the x axis?

A

numbers from 0 to 100

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16
Q

third-variable problem

A

there always exists the possibility of a third variable that’s affecting the results

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17
Q

two key features to an experiment

A

independent and dependent variable

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18
Q

two specialized extensions of a neuron that allow it to communicate

A

axon and dendrite

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19
Q

how many cells are in the human brain?

A

100 billion

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20
Q

support cells in the nervous system

A

glial cells

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21
Q

parts that make up CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

pons

A

brain structure that’s a bridge between the cerebellum and other brain structures

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23
Q

amygdala

A

emotions

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24
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

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25
Q

ontogeny

A

individual brain development

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26
Q

neurons that receive information from the external world and convey information through the spinal cord

A

sensory neurons

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27
Q

At rest, there is a higher concentration of ____ inside the cell membrane of the neuron and a higher concentration of ____ outside.

A

potassium, sodium

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28
Q

simple awareness due to the stimulation of a sense organ

A

sensation

29
Q

JND

A

minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

30
Q

you forget to take out the trash and then eventually don’t notice the smell

A

sensory adaptation

31
Q

length of a light wave determines its

A

color

32
Q

additive color mixing

A

to get pure white light

33
Q

outermost layer of the retina consists of ___

A

cones and rods?

34
Q

Gestalt principle

A

every stimulus is perceived in its most simple form…the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

35
Q

accommodation

A

the retina maintains a clear image on the retina

36
Q

change blindness

A

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

37
Q

Kevin correctly judged that his car was parked farther from his classroom than his friend’s car, because he perceived his car as smaller than his friend’s. His brain was making use of a monocular cue called:

A

binocular disparity

38
Q

The timbre of a sound is determined by its ___

A

frequency? a listener’s experience of sound quality or resonance

39
Q

The parts of the human ear in the order in which sound waves travel through them from the environment

A

auditory canal, eardrum (outer ear) / ossicles (middle ear) / cochlea, auditory nerve to brain

40
Q

specialized receptors in the skin that sense cold and warmth

A

thermoreceptors

41
Q

odorant molecules bind to ___

A

olfactory receptors

42
Q

Wundt

A

first psychological laboratory (in Germany)

43
Q

psychophysics

A

methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus

44
Q

operational definition

A

a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms

45
Q

reliability

A

the tendency of a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

46
Q

demand characteristics

A

those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should (ex: when you tell people what kind of survey you’re conducting)

47
Q

naturalistic observation

A

duh.

48
Q

negative skewed

A

outlier is at the lower end of the distribution (higher on the right)

49
Q

positive skewed

A

outlier is at the higher end of the distribution (higher on the left)

50
Q

When every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in a sample, what sampling process is being used?

A

random assignment?

51
Q

glutamate

A

primary excitatory, helps to speed up, promote neurocommunication

52
Q

gaba

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

53
Q

Know the difference between behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and evolutionary psych

A

behavioral neuroscience:
cognitive neuroscience:
evolutionary: explains the mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

54
Q

Kerrie wants to understand how perceptions, beliefs, and memories activate different regions in the brain. Which field of psychology would you suggest Kerrie explore?

A

cognitive psychology

55
Q

The American Psychological Association was originally made up of academic psychologists, whereas today nearly ________ of its members work in clinical and health-related settings.

A

70%

56
Q

branches of psychology

A

cognitive psychology

57
Q

behavioral

A

links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

58
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

59
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

explains the mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

60
Q

Role of potassium and sodium in an action potential

A

sodium enters the cell at the stimulation of the neuron and increases the positive charge inside the axon relative to the outside, triggering the action potential

61
Q

hysteria

A

a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

62
Q

electrical charge inside a neuron during an action potential

A

+40 millivolts

63
Q

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

A

lateralization…different parts of the brain control different things

64
Q

place code

A

where frequencies fire on a basilar membrane (works well for high frequencies)

65
Q

temporal code

A

how often frequencies fire (works well for low frequencies)

66
Q

rods

A

become active under low-light conditions for night vision

67
Q

cones

A

detect color and fine detail, operate under normal daylight conditions

68
Q

fovea

A

area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all (only cones)

69
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

non-painful input closes gates to painful input, which prevents the pain sensation from traveling to the CNS (spinal reflexes?)

PSYCH 111 (4 decks)

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