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Nutrition > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 main pathways in energy metabolism

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate–>acetyl CoA
  3. citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)
  4. electron transport chain
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2
Q

Glycolysis occurs occurs in the ___ of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

what needs to be present for pyruvate to enter Kreb’s cycle

A

CoA

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4
Q

produced when oxygen is not present with pyruvate

A

lactic acid

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5
Q

produced when pyruvate IS IN PRESENCE of oxygen

A

acetyl CoA

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6
Q

pyruvate joins with CoA

A

Krebs Cycle

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7
Q

after glycolysis, where does the next step occur?

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

what part of the cell produces the most ATP?

A

electron transport chain

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9
Q

what forms citric acid?

A

2-C acetyl CoA joins with 4-C axaloacetate

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10
Q

last step in energy production

A

electron transport chain

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11
Q

what is produced from 1 molecule of glucose?

A

36-38 ATP molecules

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12
Q

waste products of metabolism

A

CO2, H20, heat

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13
Q

what is the “Cori cycle?”

A

pyruvate forms lactic acid when oxygen is not available

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14
Q

what form of energy does NADH and FADH2 transport?

A

high energy hydrogen electrons

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15
Q

where is the energy from high energy hydrogen electrons transported?

A

to the electron transport chain

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16
Q

how is energy produced by triglycerides?

A

beta-oxidation

split into glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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17
Q

process by which fatty acid chains are “clipped” by 2 C at a time

A

beta-oxidation

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18
Q

a fatty acid can produce ___ ATP than carbs and proteins

A

more

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19
Q

substance necessary to carry fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy metabolism

A

carnitine

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20
Q

without carbs, what does acetyl CoA form?

A

ketones

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21
Q

process through which energy is made from protein

A

deamination

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22
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making new glucose

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23
Q

glycogenesis

A

making glycogen

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24
Q

glycogenolysis

A

removing glucose from glycogen stores

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25
Q

lypogenesis

A

making lipids

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26
Q

result of burning fat for energy when carbs are not available

A

buildup of toxic ketones in body

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27
Q

hours of fuel available from carbohydrates during fasting

A

12

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28
Q

when a person in is negative energy balance

A

anorexia nervosa, illness, preferred weight loss

29
Q

when a person is in positive energy balance

A

infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, overweight

30
Q

kcals in pound of adipose tissue

A

3500

31
Q

hypertrophic growth of fat cells

A

increase in size (up to 20x)

32
Q

hyperplastic growth of fat cells

A

increase in number when cells are full

33
Q

subcutaneous adipose tissue

A

found under skin, mostly in the thighs, hips, and buttocks

34
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of brain that controls hunger and satiety

35
Q

ways that make the body respond to hunger or satiety

A

gastric distention
GI hormones
stress and other emotions
circulating nutrient levels (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)

36
Q

TEE

A

total energy expenditures

of all the energy we take in, where is it used?

37
Q

components of TEE

A

basal metabolism*** most used
physical activity–>only one we have control of
thermic effect of food (TEF)

38
Q

BMI for underweight, normal, overweight, obese

A

underweight: 30

39
Q

criticisms of using BMI

A
  • doesn’t consider muscle
  • doesn’t show all aspects of health
  • doesn’t show fat distribution
  • hydration level changes weight
40
Q

% of U.S. adults considered to be obese

A

35

41
Q

hunger

A

physiological drive to consume food

42
Q

satiety

A

satiety physiological response to having eaten enough; feel

43
Q

visceral adipose tissue

A

found between internal organs in abdomen

44
Q

energy nutrients used to make energy

A

proteins, fats, carbs

45
Q

metabolic fuel

A

glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

46
Q

Catabolic

A

Catabolic pathway that releases energy through the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones

47
Q

what does the citric acid cycle end with

A

oxaloacetate

48
Q

proteolysis is the break down of

A

proteins

49
Q

what is the second step of proteolysis

A

transamination and deamination

50
Q

what is the second step of glycogenolysis

A

glycolysis

51
Q

what is the second step of lipolysis

A

beta-oxidation

52
Q

lipolysis is the break down of

A

fats

53
Q

what starts the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

54
Q

When glucose occurs in the liver and pyruvate has to form lactate due to limited (or no) oxygen

A

Cori Cycle

55
Q

Anabolic pathway and when we make new glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and amino acids

A

Gluconeogenesis

56
Q

Amphibolic

A

anabolic and catabolic can use both these pathways

57
Q

When is the most ATP made

A

lipolysis

58
Q

36-38 ATP is made when

A

glycogenolysis

59
Q

When does Metabolism happen

A

all of the time

60
Q

When there is inadequate amount of glucose in your body

A

ketotones

61
Q

What is positive energy balance

A

when you gain weight

62
Q

What is negative energy balance

A

when you lose weight

63
Q

What is the most dangerous Adipose Tissue

A

Visceral

64
Q

What is Transamination

A

Transfer of amino group

65
Q

Deamination

A

Using amino acid as energy to get out

66
Q

how it cellular metabolism regulated

A

by hormones

67
Q

whats the first priority of fasting

A

provide glucose for red blood cells, brain and central nervous system

68
Q

whats the second priority of fasting

A

maintain muscle mass

69
Q

resting energy expenditure (REE)

A

resting metabolism is expressed over a 24-hour day

Nutrition (8 decks)

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