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A & P 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Four things that make up the lymphatic system

A

Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphoid Organs
Lymphoid Tissue Throughout Body

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2
Q

Lymphoid Tissue Throughout the Body (M.A.L.T.)

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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3
Q

Three functions of the lymphatic system

A

Returns tissue to blood stream
Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from intestine
Defends body against disease

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4
Q

Clear fluid that resembles plasma

A

Lymph

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5
Q

Process of plasma –> tissue fluid –> lymph

A

Plasma in blood gets absorbed by tissue to become tissue fluid and then gets absorbed by lymphatic tissue to become lymph

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6
Q

Approximately __L/day of lymph filtered from __________ (tissue space)

A

20L/day

Interstitium

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7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries contain ______ and _______.

A

pores and valves

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8
Q

Capillaries drain into larger vessels that eventually drain into the left and right __________ _____.

A

Subclavian Veins

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9
Q

Lymphatic vessel that drains 3/4 of the body?

Which side of the body?

A

Thoracic Duct

Left Side

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10
Q

Lymphatic vessel that drains remaining 1/4 of the body?

A

Right lymphatic duct

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11
Q

Region of the body that is drained by the right lymphatic duct

A

upper right quadrant

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12
Q

Three mechanisms that the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels depends on.

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles
Changes in intrathoracic pressure - breathing
Contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

Small, pea shaped patches of lymphatic tissue; filter lymph as it flows through lymph vessels

A

Lymph Nodes

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14
Q

Three locations of clusters of lymph nodes

A

Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal

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15
Q

________ vessels carry lymph TOWARD the lymph node

A

Afferent

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16
Q

________ vessels carry lymph AWAY from the lymph node

A

Efferent

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17
Q

Outer shell that encases the lymph node

A

Capsule

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18
Q

Three internal components of a lymph node.

A

Reticular Fibers
Lymphatic Nodules
Phagocytes

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19
Q

Lymphatic nodules are _______ __ ___________

A

Clusters of lymphocytes

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20
Q

Phagocytes are composed of _________.

A

Macrophagia

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21
Q

Partially encapsulated lymph nodes located in area of nose and mouth.

A

Tonsils

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22
Q

Three sets of tonsils and location

A

Palatine - back of mouth/throat
Pharyngeal - back of nose
Lingual - back of tongue

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23
Q

The _______ gland is located in the upper mediastinum.

A

Thymus

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24
Q

The thymus gland is involved in the development of the ________ _______ before birth and shortly after birth.

A

immune system

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25
Q

Hormones secreted by thymus

A

Thymosins

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26
Q

Thymosins promote proliferation and maturation of _-____ in ______ ______

A

T-cells

lymphoid tissue

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27
Q

The thymus gland _______ following puberty

A

Involutes

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28
Q

What does it mean for the thymus to INVOLUTE?

A

shrink

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29
Q

Largest lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

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30
Q

Main purpose of spleen

A

filter and clean blood

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31
Q

Two tissue types spleen is composed of

A

White Pulp

Red Pulp

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32
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

lymphoid tissue surrounding blood vessels

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33
Q

Red pulp of spleen

A

blood-filled venous sinuses

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34
Q

Four additional functions of the spleen

A

blood storage
destroy old RBCs
Erythropoiesis
Lymphocyte production

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35
Q

Lymphoid tissue reaches peak development at ________

A

puberty

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36
Q

Lymphoid tissue gradually _______ in size following _______

A

decreases

puberty

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37
Q

Thymus gland _______ with age. Gland tissue is replaced with ___________ tissue.

A

involutes

connective tissue

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38
Q

The involution of the thymus gland with age results with… (2 things)

A

thymosins decrease in production

decreased defense mechanisms

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39
Q

Three types of non-specific first-line immune defenses

A

Mechanical Barriers
Chemical Barriers
Reflex

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40
Q

Two first-line-defense mechanical barriers

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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41
Q

Five first-line-defense chemical barriers

A 
Tears (Lysozymes)
Saliva
Sweat
Stomach Acid
Mucus
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42
Q

Four first-line-defense reflexes

A

Sneezing
Coughing
Vomiting
Diarrhea

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43
Q

Five non-specific second lines of defense

A 
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
Protective Proteins
Natural Killer Cells
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44
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Surrounding and destroying foreign cells

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45
Q

Three different phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages

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46
Q

Chemical signaling to attract phagocytes to area of tissue damage/infection

A

Chemotaxis

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47
Q

The movement of WBCs through endothelium of blood vessels into the tissue space

A

Diapedesis

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48
Q

Movement/deformation of the phagocytes through a capillary wall

A

Diapedesis

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49
Q

Four symptoms of inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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50
Q

Chemical responsible for inflammation

A

Histamine

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51
Q

Histamine causes _________ and increased _________ _________.

A

Vasodilation

Capillary Permeability

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52
Q

Fever occurs due to the release of _________ by _________

A

Pyrogens

Phagocytes

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53
Q

The release of pyrogens by phagocytes…
Increases ________ ______
Decreases ability of some ________ to multiply
Resets the ___________

A

Phagocytic activity
Pathogens
Hypothalamus

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54
Q

We reset the hypothalamus by ________ to increase temperature or ________ to decrease temperature

A

Shivering

Sweating

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55
Q

Protective proteins

A

Interferons

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56
Q

Interferons are secreted by cells _______ __ ______ to interfere with ________

A

infected by virus

replication

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57
Q

Protective protein complements (4)

A

Lysis
Agglutination
Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis

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58
Q

Natural killer cells are a type of _________ and kill a _______ __ _____

A

lymphocyte

variety of cells

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59
Q

3rd line of defense

A

Specific Immunity

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60
Q

Specific immunity is an _______ response

A

adaptive

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61
Q

Body’s ability to distinguish self from non-self

A

Immunotolerance

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62
Q

Technical term for “non-self”

A

antigenic

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63
Q

Specific immunity involves _________ and __________

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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64
Q

Lymphocytes are formed in _______ ______

A

bone marrow

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65
Q

__ lymphocytes mature and differentiate in the ______

A

T lymphocytes

thymus

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66
Q

T lymphocytes are involved in _____ ________ immunity

A

cell mediated immunity

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67
Q

__ lymphocytes mature and differentiate in _____ _______

A

bone marrow

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68
Q

B lymphocytes are involved in ________ _________ immunity

A

antibody mediated immunity

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69
Q

Three steps of cell mediated immunity

A

Macrophage presentation
T-cell activation
Formation of clone

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70
Q

Macrophage presentation…
Macrophages engulfs ______ containing ________
________ is pushed to surface

A

antigen containing pathogen

Antigen

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71
Q

T-cell activation…

A

T-cell receptors bind to antigen and become activated

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72
Q

Formation of clones…

A

Activated T-cell divides repeatedly creating clones

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73
Q

Four T-cell clones

A

Killer
Helper
Suppressor
Memory

74
Q

Killer T cells destroy pathogens by ___(5 words)____ or secreting _______

A

punching holes in cell membrane

lymphokines

75
Q

Helper T cells enhance ________ _______ by stimulating __ and __ cells

A

immune response

T and B cells

76
Q

Suppressor T cells ______ immune response following the destruction of the ________

A

inhibit

pathogen

77
Q

Three steps of Antibody-Mediated immunity…
_________ ________
________ bind to receptors on _ and _ ___
Activated T cells secrete ________ causing B cells to reproduce forming clones

A

Macrophage presentation
Antigens… T and B cells
Lymphokine

78
Q

B cell clones (2)

A

Plasma cells

Memory B cells

79
Q

Plasma cells are filled with ______ ________ __________

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

80
Q

Plasma cells produce ________

A

antibodies

81
Q

What makes the endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells “rough?”

A

ribosomes

82
Q

Antibodies aka ____________

A

immunoglobulins

83
Q

Antibodies are secreted by _ ____ to destroy ______

A

B cells

antigens

84
Q

4 types of immunoglobulins

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
(GAME)
85
Q

Most abundant immunoglobulin and found in ______ and body fluid.

A

IgG

plasma

86
Q

Immunoglobulin found in secretion of exocrine glands

A

IgA

87
Q

3 exocrine gland secretions containing ___ (immunoglobulin)

A

Tears, breast milk, gastric juice

IgA

88
Q

Immunoglobulin found in blood plasma

A

IgM

89
Q

IgM is presented as ____-_ and ____-_ ________ in blood plasma

A

anti-A and anti-B antibody

90
Q

Immunoglobulin involved in allergic response

A

IgE

91
Q

Direct methods (2) antibodies destroy antigens

A

Antigen-antibody reaction

Agglutination

92
Q

Indirect method antibodies destroy antigens

A

Activation of compliment proteins

93
Q

Four aspects of activating complement proteins

A

stimulate chemotaxis
promote agglutination
enhance phagocytosis
encourage lysis

94
Q

Primary response…
______ response to ______
_____ __________ (ref. to process speed)
____ plasma level of antibodies.

A

Initial response to antigen
Slow developing
Low plasma level in antibodies

95
Q

Secondary response…
______ exposure to ____ _____
_____ _______ (ref. to process speed)
______ plasma level of antibodies

A

Second exposure to same antigen
Fast acting
Higher plasma level of antibodies

96
Q

Term for level of antibodies in blood

A

Antibody Titer

97
Q

ACTIVE naturally acquired immunity…

Produces ________ after exposure to _______

A

Produces antibodies after exposure to antigen

98
Q

PASSIVE naturally acquired immunity…

Receive antibodies from ________ via _______ or _____ ____.

A

Receive antibodies from mother via placenta (IgG) or breast milk (IgA)

99
Q

Two types of active vaccine…
Solution of _____ or ________ _______
________ - vaccine made from the altered _____ of a pathogen

A

Solution of dead or attenuated pathogens

Toxoid - vaccine made from the altered toxins of a pathogen

100
Q

Passive acquired immunity…

Immune _______ - _________ produced by a donor are injected into an individual

A

Immunity globulin - antibodies produced by a donor are injected into an individual

101
Q

Effect of passive acquired immunity…

Provides _________, _____-____ protection agains a certain antigen/pathogen

A

Immediate, short-term protection

102
Q

Delayed-reaction allergy usually takes __ _____ to occur

A

48 hours

103
Q

Delayed-reaction allergy typically occurs following ________ ________ of ____ to certain chemicals/irritants - __________ _______

A

repeated exposure of skin…

Contact Dermatitis

104
Q

Immediate-reaction allergy…

  1. Allergens activate __ _____
  2. Activated __ _____ form clone _____ ____
  3. ______ ____ secretes ___ against allergen
  4. ___ antibodies bind to ____ ____ in _____
  5. _____ _____ release ________, _________
A
  1. Allergen activates B cell
  2. Activated B cell forms clone of plasma cell
  3. Plasma cell secretes IgE against allergen
  4. IgE antibodies bind to mast cells in tissue
  5. Mass cells release histamine, leukotrienes
105
Q

Two aspects of anaphylactic shock

A

widespread vasodilation - decreased BP

Bronchoconstriction - difficulty breathing

106
Q

Disease in which T cells attack own body

A

Autoimmune Disease

107
Q

S.L.E. (autoimmune disease)

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosis

108
Q

Two symptoms of S.L.E.

A

Butterfly rash

Photosensitivity

109
Q

M.G. (autoimmune disease)

A

Myasthenia Gravis

110
Q

Symptom and cause of Myasthenia Gravis

A

Drooping eye lid due to

Loss of nerve-to-small-muscle connection

111
Q

Autoimmune disease related to joints

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

112
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is an _________ response

A

Inflammatory response

113
Q

Two prevention methods of organ rejection

A

Immunologically similar donor

Immunosuppressants

114
Q

5 parts of upper respiratory tract

A 
Nose
Nasal Cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Upper Trachea
115
Q

5 parts of lower respiratory tract

A 
Lower Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
116
Q

4 parts of respiratory epithelium

A

Mucus membrane
Mucus ceil
Cilia
Vascular

117
Q

Air enters through the nostrils or nares which _____, ______ and _______ incoming air

A

warms
filters
moistens

118
Q

The _____ and _____ _____ cavities are separated by the _______ ______

A

RIGHT and LEFT NASAL cavities are separated by the NASAL SEPTUM

119
Q

The nasal cavities contain ________ receptors

A

Olfactory receptors

120
Q

Three pieces of tissue contained in the nasal cavity, which are line a _______ ______

A

superior, middle and inferior conchae

mucus membrane

121
Q

_______ sinuses drain into the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal

122
Q

4 paranasal sinuses

A

Sphenoid
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid

123
Q

Three regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

124
Q

Pharynx contains _______ and openings for _________ _____

A

tonsils

eustachian tubes

125
Q

Eustachian tubes are located in the ________.
They connect the _______ and _______ ____.
Function - ________ ________

A

pharynx
connect the pharynx and middle ear
pressure balance

126
Q

Three cartilage pieces of the larynx

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

127
Q

Adam’s Apple

A

Thyroid

128
Q

Function of true vocal cords

A

Sound production

129
Q

Function of false vocal cords

A

Helps close airway during swallowing

130
Q

Function of epiglottis

A

Prevent food from entering the larynx

131
Q

__________ causes the ______ ____ to thicken, lengthen and the ______ to increase in size thereby causing the voice to deepen.

A

Testosterone
vocal cords
larynx

132
Q

Dimensions of the trachea

A

1” dia. x 4”-5” long

133
Q

The trachea ends by bifurcating into primary (right and left) bronchi at the _______

A

carina

134
Q

Primary bronchi…
Right - oriented _________
Left - oriented more _________ due to the ______

A

Right - oriented vertically

Left - oriented more horizontally due to the heart

135
Q

The secondary bronchi extend into individual _____ __ _____.
__ to the right
__ to the left

A

lobes of lungs
3 to the right
2 to the left

136
Q

Bronchi divide repeatedly into smaller structures termed _______

A

bronchioles

137
Q

Bronchioles contain ______ _____ that allow them to change diameter

A

smooth muscle

138
Q

Bronchioles extend to ______ ____

A

alveolar ducts

139
Q

Alveolar ducts end in small sac-like structures called ______

A

alveoli

140
Q

Each alveoli is surrounded by ________ _______

A

pulmonary capillary

141
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the pulmonary capillaries due to _______

A

diffusion

142
Q

The lungs are located within the _______ cavities

A

pleural cavities

143
Q

_______ membranes line the lungs and inner chest wall.

A

Pleural Membranes

144
Q

________ pleura lines the lungs.

________ pleura lines the chest wall.

A

Visceral (lungs)

Parietal (chest wall)

145
Q

Space between the visceral and parietal pleura

A

Pleural Cavity

146
Q

_______ fluid secreted by pleural membranes decreases friction during respiration

A

Serous fluid

147
Q

Excess accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity

A

Pleural Effusion

148
Q

Lungs secrete pulmonary ________ which decreases the surface tension within the lung

A

Surfactant

149
Q

Puncture in the chest wall/Rupture in lung

A

Pneumothorax

150
Q

The measure of elastic recoil in the lungs

A

Compliance

151
Q

Decreased compliance:
Lung tissue is _____ ______
Increased level of _______ _____
Lungs have difficulty fully inflating

A

Lung tissue is more “stiff”

Increased level of elastic recoil

152
Q

Increased compliance:
Lung tissue is _____ ______
Decreased level of _______ ______
Lungs unable to fully expel air

A

Lung tissue is less “stiff”

Decreased level of elastic recoil

153
Q

Barrel chest

A

Emphysema

154
Q

Three steps during respiration

A

Ventilation
Exchange of carbon dioxide & oxygen
Transport of carbon dioxide & oxygen

155
Q

Boyles Law

A

PV = k

Pressure x Volume = constant

156
Q

Diaphragm is innervated by the ______ nerve.

A

Phrenic Nerve

157
Q

_______ intercostals are muscles of inhalation

_______ intercostals are muscles of exhalation

A

External - inhalation

Internal - exhalation

158
Q

_______: an active process requiring ATP
______ _______: Passive - does not require ATP
_______ _______: An active process requiring ATP

A

Inhalation - ATP
Quiet exhalation - NO ATP
Forced exhalation - ATP

159
Q

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged between the ________ of the ______ and ________ _______

A

between the MEMBRANES of the ALVEOLI and PULMONARY CAPILLARIES

160
Q

Three characteristics that make lungs effective exchangers of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Large surface area
Thin walled alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
Close proximity of alveoli to pulmonary capillaries

161
Q

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depends on __________ ________ and ______ pressure

A

concentration gradients

partial pressure

162
Q

The pressure exerted by one gas in a gas mixture

A

Partial Pressure

163
Q

Most oxygen in blood binds with _________ of RBC to be transported to cells

A

hemoglobin

oxyhemoglobin

164
Q

Carbon dioxide transport:
__% is dossilved in _______
__% binds with ________ of RBC to be transported to lungs
__% is converted to __________ (HCO3-)

A

10% is dissolved in PLASMA
20% binds with hemoglobin…. (carbaminohemoglobin)
70% is converted to BICARBONATE (HCO3-)

165
Q

Amount of air moved in or out of lungs with each breath

A

Tidal Volume

166
Q

The additional amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal breath

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

167
Q

The additional amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal breath

A

Expiratory reserve volume

168
Q

Amount of air remaining in lungs following maximal exhalation. There is always some air remaining in the lungs.

A

Residual Volume

169
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation

A

Vital Capacity

170
Q

Vital capacity = ______ reserve volume + ______ volume + _______ reserve volume

A

Vital capacity = INSPIRATORY reserve volume + TIDAL volume + EXPIRATORY reserve volume

171
Q

Two conditions that result in decreased vital capacity

A

Asthma & Emphysema

172
Q

Air within conducting system during inhalation

A

Anatomical dead space

173
Q

Three parts of anatomical dead space

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

174
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

12 - 20 breaths/min

175
Q

4 parts of brain that control respiration

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebrum
Hypothalamus (emotion)

176
Q

Reflex that works with lungs in respiration

A

Hearing-Breuer Reflex

177
Q

Three chemicals involved in respiration

A

H+
CO2
O2

178
Q

Neuronal control centers for respiration (primary and modifier)

A

Primary - Medulla

Modifier - Pons

179
Q

Chemical control of respiration:
________ _________
Located in CNS (medulla oblongata)
Detect changes on CO2 & H+

A

Central Chemoreceptors

180
Q

Chemical control of respiration:
_________ ________
Located OUTSIDE of CNS
Respond primarily to decreased O2 levels and increased H+ levels

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

181
Q

_____ is a major regulator of respiration

A

PCO2

182
Q

Decreased levels of CO2 in blood

A

Hypocapnia

A & P 2 (4 decks)

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