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A & P 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Location of heart

A

Within mediastinum
2/3 of heart to left of midline
Apex between ribs 5 and 6

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2
Q

Area of chest wall overlying the heart

A

Precordium

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3
Q

Inner most layer of heart continuous with vessels entering/exiting heart

A

Endocardium

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4
Q

Middle layer of heart made of contractile cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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5
Q

Thin, outermost layer of heart that forms part of pericardium

A

Epicardium

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6
Q

Pericardium is a sling-like structure composed of _______ membranes.

A

Serous Membranes

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7
Q

Three layers of pericardium from inside-out.

A 
Visceral Pericardium (innermost)
Parietal Pericardium (middle)
Fibrous Pericardium (outermost)
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8
Q

Space between visceral and parietal layers of pericardium.

A

Pericardial Space or Cavity

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9
Q

Compression of heart due to effusion - life threatening

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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10
Q

Type of circulation in right heart.

Type of circulation in left heart.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

Systemic Circulation

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11
Q

Separates right and left atrium.

A

Interatrial Septum

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12
Q

Separates right and left ventricle

A

Interventricular Septum

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13
Q

Enlargement of ventricles due to over working of the heart. Caused by high blood pressure.

A

Ventricular Hypertrophy

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14
Q

Cusps of valves attached to ventricle wall by ________ muscle and ________ ______

A

Papillary Muscle

Chordae Tendineae

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15
Q

Narrowing of valve forcing heart to pump harder.

A

Stenosis

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16
Q

“Leaky” valve allowing blood to flow backward

A

Incompetence

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17
Q

Path of blood - Rt. atrium to pulmonary capillaries. (7 steps)

A 
Rt Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Rt Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Rt/Lt Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Capillaries in Lungs
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18
Q

Path of blood - Pulmonary capillaries in lungs to Aorta. (7 steps)

A 
Pulmonary Capillaries in Lungs
Four Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
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19
Q

A passage that diverts blood from tis normal flow

A

Shunt

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20
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Left ventricle pumps blood both to aorta (normal) and through defect in right ventricle.

A

Left to Right Shunt

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21
Q

Left to right shunt is _______ because oxygenated blood is still being pumped by left ventricle.

A

Acyanotic

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22
Q

Right to left shunt is _______ because deoxygenated blood is entering left ventricle and systemic circulation

A

Cyanotic

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23
Q

Blood supply of myocardium - comes from ________ ______.

A

Coronary arteries

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24
Q

Blood supply of myocardium - leaves thru _______ ____ to ______ ______ ______ and back to ______ _____

A

Coronary Veins
Coronary Venous Sinus
Right Atrium

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25
Q

Coronary blood supply - blood flow can increase __ - __ times with exercise.

A

4 - 5

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26
Q

Coronary blood flow is greatest when…

A

heart is at rest

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27
Q

Coronary arteries can form __________ (connections between vessels)

A

Anastomoses

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28
Q

Decreased oxygen to myocardium

A

Ischemia

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29
Q

Chest pain due to ischemia of heart muscle

A

Angina Pectoris

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30
Q

Death of myocardial cells due to coronary artery occlusion

A

Myocardial Infraction (heart attack)

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31
Q

Heart attack symptoms (7)

A 
Crushing chest pain
Nausea
Sweating
Fatigue
Heartburn
Upset Stomach
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32
Q

Pacemaker & location

A

Sinoatrial node - upper, posterior wall of right atrium

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33
Q

_____ _____ fibers transmit impulse thru atria.

A

Atrial Conducting Fibers

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34
Q

__________ ____ slows impulse to give time for ventricle to fill before signal continues and stimulates ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

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35
Q

Three parts of His-Purkinje System

A

Bundle of His - inter ventricular septum
Right and left bundle branches - thru interventricular septum
Purkinje Fibers - transmit cardiac impulse through myocardium of ventricles

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36
Q

Heart’s ability to generate the cardiac impulse

A

Automaticity

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37
Q

The heart conducts the cardiac impulse at regular intervals

A

Rhythmicity

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38
Q

Disturbance is heart’s normal rhythm.

A

Dysrhythmia (Arhythmia)

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39
Q

Uncoordinated contraction of myocardium causing the heart muscle to quiver.

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

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40
Q

Result of ventricular fibrillation

A

heart unable to pump blood

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41
Q

Cardiac impulses generated from cardiac tissue other than SA node.

A

Ectopic Focus

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42
Q

ECG measures…

A

The electrical activity of the heart

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43
Q

ECG - Atrial depolarization

A

P-wave

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44
Q

ECG - QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

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45
Q

ECG - T-wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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46
Q

Cardiac Cycle - Contraction of heart muscle

A

Systole

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47
Q

Cardiac Cycle - Relation of heart muscle

A

Diastole

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48
Q

The events that occur in the heart during one heartbeat.

A

Cardiac Cycle

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49
Q

Atria contract pumping blood into ventricles.

A

Atrial Systole

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50
Q

Ventricle contract pumping blood into pulmonary trunk and aorta.

A

Ventricular Systole

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51
Q

Heart relaxes allowing blood to fill chambers.

A

Diastole

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52
Q

Three ways the autonomic nervous system can affect heart activity.

A

Alter the rate at which the cardiac impulse is fired.
Change the speed at which it travels through the heart.
Increase the force of myocardial contraction.

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53
Q

Increased SA node activity –> increased HR
Increased speed of impulse through conduction system
Increased force of myocardial contraction

A

SYMPATHETIC stimulation of heart

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54
Q

Potential clinical results (3) of excessive sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

A

Racing heart due to “fight or flight” response
Circulatory shock; heart failure
Tachydysrhythmia (rhythm of too fast HR)

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55
Q

Term for too slow of heart rate? Less than __bpm.

A

Bradycardia

60

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56
Q

Decreased SA node activity –> decreased HR
Decreased speed through conduction system
NO effect on FORCE of heart contraction

A

PARASYMPATHETIC stimulation of heart

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57
Q

Potential clinical results of excessive parasympathetic stimulation of heart.

A

Bradycardia - HR less than 60bmp (too slow)

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58
Q

Term for too fast of heart rate?

A

Tachycardia

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59
Q

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.

A

Cardiac output

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60
Q

Cardiac output = ____ ____ x ____ _____

A

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

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61
Q

Amount of blood pumped by ventricle in each heart beat.

A

Stroke Volume

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62
Q

Normal HR

A

60-100 bpm

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63
Q

Average HR

A

72 bpm

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64
Q

Resting HR differs according to: (8)

A 
size
gender
age
exercise
autonomic NS control
hormone influence
pathology
medications
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65
Q

Average resting SV

A

60 - 80 ml per beat

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66
Q

Ventricles normally only pump approximately ___% of blood

A

67

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67
Q

Starling Law of the heart

A

The greater the stretch on myocardial fibers, the greater the force of contraction (the more blood in the ventricle, the more forceful the contraction, the greater the SV)

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68
Q

A positive ______ effect can increase the force of contraction without stretching myocardial fibers. (sympathetic stimulation)

A

Inotropic effect

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69
Q

Amount of blood in ventricle at the end of resting phase (aka preload)

A

End Diastolic Volume

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70
Q

The percentage of blood pumped from ventricle following contraction? Typically ___%

A

Ejection Fraction

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71
Q

Resistance to blood flow from the ventricles

A

Afterload

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72
Q

A change in myocardial contraction not related to stretch of myocardium

A

Inotropic Effect

73
Q

Positive inotropic effect

A

increases the force of myocardial contraction

74
Q

Negative inotropic effect

A

decreases the force of myocardial contraction

75
Q

Chronotropic Effect

A

A change in HR

76
Q

Positive chronotropic effect comes from _______ stimulation

A

sympathetic

77
Q

Negative chronotropic effect comes from _______ stimulation.

A

parasympathetic

78
Q

A change in speed of the transmission of the cardiac impulse

A

Dromotropic Effect

79
Q

Left ventricle fails to pump blood to the aorta.

A

left heart failure

80
Q

Left heart failure is usually due to _______ ______ or ______ ________.

A

Myocardial Infarction

Chronic Hypertension

81
Q

Backward Failure (left heart failure)

A

Blood backs up in pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary Edema - fluid build-up in lungs

82
Q

Forward Failure (left heart failure)

A

Systemic circulation does not effectively receive oxygenated blood
Increased sympathetic stimulation

83
Q

Right heart failure

A

Right ventricle fails to pump blood into pulmonary arteries

Usually due to left-sided heart failure or chronic lung disease

84
Q

Pulmonary Circulation (3 parts)

A

Rt Ventricle –> Lungs –> Lt Atrium

85
Q

Systemic Circulation (3 parts)

A

Lt Ventricle –> rest of body –> Rt Atrium

86
Q

Arteries branch until they become smaller and smaller vessels called ________.

A

arterioles

87
Q

Smallest vessels
Connect arterioles with venules
Exchange of oxygen

A

Capillaries

88
Q

Small _______ converge to form larger veins.

A

venules

89
Q

Blood vessel layers from inside-out

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia

90
Q

Tunica Media - which layer and what it’s made of.

A

Middle layer - elastic tissue and smooth muscle

91
Q

Smooth muscle is ________ in arteries to support _______ ______.

A

thicker

higher pressure

92
Q

Tunica Adventitia - which layer and what it’s made of.

A

Outermost - connective tissue

93
Q

Vessels that conduct blood from larger arteries to arterioles

A

Conductance Vessels

94
Q

Vessels that constrict and dilate to alter blood flow.

A

Resistance Vessels

95
Q

Vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste.

A

Exchange Vessels

96
Q

Type of vessel - Storage of blood. Approximately 70% of blood volume is found in venous circulation.

A

Capacitance Vessels

97
Q

Veins contain ___-___ ______ to prevent the back-flow of blood

A

one-way valves

98
Q

Brachiocephalic artery or trunk branches to… (2 parts)

A

Right Common Carotid Artery

Right Subclavian Artery

99
Q

Three main branches of Aortic Arch

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery

100
Q

Descending Aorta –> _______ Aorta –> ________ Aorta

A

Thoracic Aorta

Abdominal Aorta

101
Q

_______ _______ arteries branch off of the thoracic aorta.

A

Posterior Intercostal Arteries

102
Q

6 branches off of abdominal aorta.

A 
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Renal Arteries (right and left)
Gonadal Arteries (ovarian and testicular)
Lumbar Arteries
103
Q

The aorta ends at the __ _____ by branching into a right and left ________ ____ artery.

A

L4 Level

Common Iliac Artery

104
Q

Veins can be classified and either ____ or ________.

A

deep or superficial

105
Q

Two veins that drain directly into SVC.

A 
Brachiocephalic Veins (right and left)
Azygos Vein - drains thorax
106
Q

Three veins that drain directly into IVC

A

Rt/Lt common iliac veins
Renal Veins
Hepatic Veins

107
Q

Four major superficial veins

thumbs up… thumb towards ______, pinky towards _______, “V” in elbow pit, longest vein in body

A

Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Great Saphenous Vein

108
Q

Since the brain requires a continuous supply of oxygen, it receives dual blood supply from….

A 
Vertebral Arteries (left and right)
Internal Carotid Arteries (left and right)
109
Q

External Carotid Arteries supply ____, ____ and _____

A

neck, face and scalp

110
Q

Supply most of the blood to the brain.

A

Internal Carotid Arteries

111
Q

A dilated region at the origin of the internal carotid that functions as a baroreceptor.

A

Carotid Sinus

112
Q

Baroreceptor

A

Pressure receptor

Monitors blood pressure to the brain

113
Q

Left and right _______ arteries join together on the brain stem to form the ______ ______.

A

Vertebral Arteries

Basilar Artery

114
Q

The ______ carotids and _______ arteries connect to form the circle of ______

A

Internal Carotids
Basilar Arteries
Circle of Willis

115
Q

Occlusion of the blood supply to the brain can result in ________, ________ and/or _______.

A

Dizziness
Confusion
Stroke

116
Q

(2) Venous drainage of head and brain.

A

External Jugular Veins

Internal Jugular Veins

117
Q

External Jugular Veins drain _______ head and neck and empty in __________ veins.

A

Posterior

Subclavian

118
Q

Internal Jugular Veins drain ______ head, neck and _____.

A

Anterior

Face

119
Q

Internal Jugular Veins join with __________ veins to form ____________ veins.

A

Subclavian

Brachiocephalic

120
Q

Which jugulars drains most of the blood from the venous sinuses of brain?

A

Internal Jugular Veins

121
Q

Hepatic Circulation

A

Blood supply to liver

122
Q

Three groups of vessels associated with hepatic circulation.

A

Portal Vein
Hepatic Veins
Hepatic Artery

123
Q

The portal vein is formed by the joining of the ________ ________ and ______ veins.

A

Superior Mesenteric

Splenic

124
Q

The portal vein carries blood rich in digestive end products from the ________ _____ to the ______.

A

Digestive Organs

Liver

125
Q

Hepatic Artery - branch of ______ _____ and supplies _______ to the ______.

A

Celiac Trunk

Oxygen to the liver

126
Q

Hepatic Veins - drain deoxygenated blood from _____ and empties into the ___ (abbreviation)

A

Liver

IVC

127
Q

The umbilical cord has one large _____ and two smaller umbilical ______.

A

Vein

Arteries

128
Q

Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus.

A

Umbilical Vein

129
Q

Umbilical Arteries originate from the right and left ________ ______ arteries of the fetus.

A

Common Iliac

130
Q

Carries deoxygenated blood and waste products to the placenta.

A

Umbilical arteries

131
Q

Fetal Modification - Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava.

A

Ductus Venosus

132
Q

Opening within intertribal septum which allows blood to flow from right to atrium thereby bypassing fetal lungs.

A

Foramen Ovale

133
Q

Allows blood to flow from pulmonary artery to aorta bypassing fetal lungs.

A

Ductus Arteriosus

134
Q

Wave traveling thru the arteries with each beat of the heart.

A

Pulse

135
Q

Information a pulse provides (4)

A

Heart Rate
Regularity of heart beat
Strength of heart beat
Occlusion or blockage of artery

136
Q

Failure of vessels to transport blood results in…

A

Ischemia

137
Q

“5 cool Ps” symptoms of ischemia

A 
Pain
Pulselessness
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Coolness
138
Q

Pallor

A

Coloration of skin (pale)

139
Q

Paresthesia

A

Altered sensation (tingling)

140
Q

5 functions of blood vessels

A 
Delivery
Blood Pressure Regulation
Exchange of nutrients and waste
Redistribution of blood
Temperature regulation
141
Q

The pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction.

A

Systolic Pressure

142
Q

The pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation.

A

Diastolic Pressure

143
Q

Blood pressure for normal adult…

A

120/80

144
Q

Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure = ______

A

Pulse Pressure

145
Q

Instruments used measuring blood pressure.

A

Sphygmomanometer

Stethoscope

146
Q

Artery compressed until blood flow is stopped to measure blood pressure.

A

Brachial Artery

147
Q

Sounds heard through stethoscope.

A

Korotkoff Sounds

148
Q

First sound heard when taking blood pressure.

A

Systolic Pressure

149
Q

Recorded when Kotfkoff sounds disappear

A

Diastolic Pressure

150
Q

Elevation of blood pressure

A

Hypertension

151
Q

Blood vessel with highest blood pressure

A

Aorta

152
Q

Blood vessel with lowest blood pressure

A

Vena cavae

153
Q

7 generalized vessels between aorta and vena cavae (highest to lowest in terms of blood pressure)

A 
Aorta
Large arteries
Small arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Small veins
Large veins
Vena Cavae
154
Q

Three mechanisms that return blood back to heart.

A

Skeletal Muscle Pump
Respiratory Pump
Venoconstriction

155
Q

Increase in vessel diameter causes a decrease in resistance and decrease in BP

A

Vasodilation

156
Q

Vasodilation - relaxation of ______ _____ in vessels

A

smooth muscle

157
Q

Decrease in vessel diameter causes an increased resistance and an increase in BP

A

Vasoconstriction

158
Q

BP = ______ ______ x _______ _______

A

Cardiac Output

Vascular Resistance

159
Q

Cardiac Output = __ x __

A

SV x HR

160
Q

Most important factor in vascular resistance.

A

Diameter of vessel

161
Q

Rapidly acting mechanism for maintaining blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptor Reflex

162
Q

4 parts of baroreceptor reflex

“C.A.B Glo’s MO Motor”

A

Carotid and Aortic Baroreceptors –> Glossopharyngeal –> Medulla Oblongata –> Motor Nerves

163
Q

Slowly Acting Mechanism for maintaining blood pressure.

A

Hormone regulated long-term maintenance

164
Q

Four elements that move out of the blood stream at the capillary level

A

Oxygen
Water
Electrolytes
Glucose

165
Q

% of materials that return to blood stream after exiting at capillary level.

A

85%

166
Q

Three characteristics of capillaries

A

Thin walled with pores
Numerous
Slow blood flow

167
Q

Three forces involved in the exchange of substances across the capillary wall.

A

Diffusion
Filtration
Osmosis

168
Q

Particles move from high concentration to low concentration

A

Diffusion

169
Q

Substance moves/separates from high pressure to low pressure.

A

Filtration

170
Q

Diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

171
Q

The accumulation of fluid in interstitial space.

A

Edema

172
Q

Four mechanisms of edema formation.

A

Heart Failure
Sever Burn
Kidney Disease
Blocked Lymphatic Drainage

173
Q

Five characteristics of vessels and circulation as you age.

B.R.A.V.I.

A

Baroreceptors become less effective
Roughening of endothelial lining of vessels
Artery walls thicken
Valves become less effective
Increased Capillary membrane permeability

174
Q

Two consequences of thickening artery walls.

A

Decreased blood flow

Increased blood pressure

175
Q

Consequences of roughening of endothelial lining of vessels.

A

Increased blood clot formation

176
Q

Consequence of valves becoming less effective.

A

More susceptible to varicosities (varicose veins)

177
Q

Consequences of baroreceptors becoming less effective.

A

Dizziness

Falls

178
Q

Consequence of increased capillary membrane permeability.

A

Increased edema formation

A & P 2 (4 decks)

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