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A & P 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of glands are ductless and use the bloodstream to transport production?

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

Endocrine gland effects are typically _______ acting and _______ lived than those of the nervous system

A

Slower/Longer

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3
Q

________ and _________ of physiological process via the production of chemicals called __________.

A

Communication/coordination

hormones

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4
Q

Chemical messengers that influence the activities of other tissues and/or organs.

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Hormones regulate ________, ______, _________, ______/______ balance.

A

metabolism, growth, reproduction, water/electrolyte

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6
Q

Two classifications of hormones.

A

Protein hormones

Steroid hormones

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7
Q

Steroid hormones are produced in ________, _______ and ______.

A

adrenal cortex, ovaries and testes

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8
Q

Many target tissues/organs

A

wide-spread effects

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9
Q

Fewer target tissues/organs

A

limited effects

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10
Q

very specific ______ on the tissue/organ make it the _______.

A

receptors

target

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11
Q

Hormones bind to very specific receptors like “______ and _____”

A

Lock and Key

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12
Q

Type of hormone that only activates with receptors on the MEMBRANE.

A

Protein hormones

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13
Q

________ hormones are ______-based which does not mix well with ______ found in the membrane. So, there are specific receptors in the membrane which activate them.

A

Protein…. water-based…. Lipids

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14
Q

Second messenger activated after receptor accepts protein hormone

A

c-AMP

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15
Q

Activation of c-AMP alter _______ activity

A

enzyme

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16
Q

_______ hormones are cholesterol-based (lipid). So, they pass through the ________ to reach the complimentary receptor in the ________.

A

Steroid… membrane… nucleus

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17
Q

Steroid hormones reach the complimentary receptors in the nuclei and tell ____/_ ___ to produce the complimentary ______.

A

DNA/a gene… protein

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18
Q

Negative feedback loop for cortisol:

A

hypothalamus releases hormone –> pituitary gland releases ACT H –> adrenal cortex produces cortisol.

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19
Q

Biorhythms (and time frame)

A 
Circadian rhythm (1 day)
Menstrual Cycle (1 month)
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20
Q

CNS Control (part of brain and a system)

A

hypothalamus/sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

The ______ ____ sits in the hypophysial fossa on the skull

A

Pituitary gland

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22
Q

Pituitary gland consists of two primary parts:

A

Anterior and Posterior lobe

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23
Q

Third lobe (of pituitary gland) -

A

FETAL pituitary gland

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24
Q

The pituitary gland sits in the _________ ______ of the skull

A

Hypophysial Fossa

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25
Q

Anterior Pituitary is composed of _________ tissue.

A

glandular

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26
Q

Hypothalamus secretes releasing or release-inhibiting hormones that reach the anterior pituitary via the _________ - ________ portal system (origin-destination)

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal

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27
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes ___ hormones.

A

Six

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28
Q

Growth hormone primarily effects ______, _______ and ______ muscle

A

bones, cartilage and skeletal muscle

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29
Q

Growth hormone increases metabolism which forces the body to use ___ as fuel instead of _____. This raises ______-_____ levels.

A

fat… sugar… blood-sugar

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30
Q

Hyper secretion of GH during childhood

A

gigantism

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31
Q

hyper secretion of GH during adulthood

A

acromegaly

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32
Q

Hypo secretion of GH

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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33
Q

Target tissue of prolactin

A

mammary glands

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34
Q

Hormone that stimulates milk production after childbirth

A

Lactogenic hormone

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35
Q

Tropic hormones (control other glands) - TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

A

-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (adrenal cortex)
Gonadotropic Hormones:
-Follicle Stimulating Hormone (egg/sperm maturation - gametes)
-Luteinizing Hormone (sex - testosterone/estrogen)

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36
Q

Posterior pituitary composed of _______ tissue.

A

Nerve

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37
Q

Posterior pituitary is and extension of the _________

A

hypothalamus

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38
Q

Posterior pituitary is a _______ ____ for the hypothalamus.

A

storage unit

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39
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes two hormones:

A

ADH and oxytocin

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40
Q

ADH(?) - target organ

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Kidney

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41
Q

Antidiuretic hormone responds to increased blood _________ and decreased blood _____

A

concentration… volume

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42
Q

Antidiuretic hormone _______ water by decreasing ______ ______.

A

conserves….. urine volume

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43
Q

Lack of Antidiuretic hormone secretion

A

diabetes insipidus (excess urination)

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44
Q

Oxytocin target organs

A

uterus and mammary glands

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45
Q

“Bonding” hormone

A

Oxytocin

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46
Q

MSH(?) and function

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone - causes skin to darken

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47
Q

POMC

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin

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48
Q

Located in the anterior neck (two lobes)

A

Thyroid gland (right and left lobes)

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49
Q

Thyroid is made of two cell types

A 
Follicular cells (larger)
Parafollicular (smaller)
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50
Q

Two hormones secreted by follicular cells of thyroid(?) and function

A

T3 - Triiodothyronine
T4 - Tetraiodothyronine
Regulate metabolism

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51
Q

Disorders of T3/T4 secretion: (decreased secretion)

A

Hypothyroidism:
Adults - Myxedema ( decreased metabolism, peristalsis, temp. and thickened skin
Infants - Cretinism (failure to develop physically and mentally)

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52
Q

Disorders of T3/T4 secretion: (increased secretion)

A 
Hyperthyroidism:
Graves disease (increased metabolism, heart rate, peristalsis, temp and exophthalmia
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53
Q

Exophthalmia

A

protruding eyes

54
Q

_____ required to produce T3/T4. Deficiency of this may cause development of ______

A

Iodine

Goiter

55
Q

The secretion of the thyroid gland is regulated by the __________. (______ –> ______–> _______–>______)

A

Hypothalamus
hypothalamus secretes releasing hormone –> stimulate pituitary to secrete TSH –> stimulates thyroid to produce T3/T4 –> Levels maintained via negative feedback

56
Q

Hormone secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid.

A

Calcitonin

57
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

regulate blood-calcium levels

58
Q

Four smaller glands located on posterior of thyroid gland (PTH)

A

parathyroid glands (parathyroid hormone)

59
Q

Target organs of PTH

A

bone, digestive tract and kidneys

60
Q

PTH increases _____ _______ in three ways:

A

Blood calcium

  1. Stimulates osteoclasts
  2. Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium from urine
  3. Increases absorption of calcium by digestive tract
61
Q

Hypocalcemia (symptoms)

A

Tetany (sustained muscle spasms)

62
Q

Hypercalcemia symptoms

A

Kidney stones and depressed cardiac/GI activity

63
Q

“Suprarenal” glands(?) located above _______

A

Adrenal glands

Kidneys

64
Q

Two regions of adrenal glands

A

Inner adrenal medulla

Outer adrenal cortex

65
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes ___________ (_______ / ________)

A

catecholamines

epinephrine/norepinephrine

66
Q

Catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) are ones “________ or _______” hormones

A

Fight or Flight

67
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes _______ hormones.

three hormones “….oids”

A

Steroid hormones:
Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Sex hormones

68
Q

Glucocorticoids (three) functions

A

Increase blood pressure
cortisol - secreted during times of stress
control - hypothalamus –> Ant. Pituitary (ACTH) –> adrenal cortex –> negative feedback

69
Q

Mineralcorticoids (two) functions

A

Aldosterone - reabsorption of sodium and water

Involved in regulation of blood volume and BP

70
Q

Sex hormones (two)

A

androgens and estrogens

71
Q

(one) disorder of adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma - hyper secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

72
Q

(two) disorders of adrenal cortex

A

Hypo secretion of cortisol - Addison’s disease (muscle atrophy, bronzing of skin and fluid loss (JFK had this))
Hyper secretion of cortisol - Cushing’s syndrome (moon face, buffalo hump)

73
Q

The _______ is both an ________ and ________ gland.

A

Pancreas… endocrine… exocrine

74
Q

Pancreas secretes two hormones from ______ of _________.

A

Islets of Langerhans

75
Q

Two hormones secreted by pancreas

A

Insulin and Glucagon

76
Q

Disorder - insulin dependent/juvenile

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

77
Q

Disorder - not insulin dependent/adult

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

78
Q

Three symptoms of diabetes mellitus (three “polys)

A

Polydipsia (excess thirst)
Polyuria (excess urine)
Polyphagia (excessive hunger)

79
Q

Function of glucagon

A

Increase blood glucose

80
Q

Glucagon increase blood glucose by two processes.

A

Gluconeogenesis - stimulates conversion of proteins to glucose
Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver

81
Q

Gonads (endocrine glands)

A

Ovaries - estrogens and progesterone

Testes - testosterone

82
Q

Thymosins are produced in the _____ gland and are an _______ response.

A

Thymus

Immune

83
Q

“Pinecone shaped” gland that produces ________ which makes you sleepy.

A 
Pineal Gland (pie-neal)
Melatonin
84
Q

Other hormones:
Cholecystokinin, Gastrin - secreted by ___ ___
Erythropoietin - secreted by ___ _______
Prostaglandins - _______ _______

A

digestive tract
RBC production
inflammatory process

85
Q

Three functions of blood

A

Transport
Regulation
Protection

86
Q

Blood is ______ tissue with an average pH level of .

A

connective… 7.4

87
Q

Two basic components of blood and % of make up

A

plasma 55% and blood cells (formed elements) 45%

88
Q

______ make-up:

straw colored, mostly water, contains clotting proteins, ion, nutrients, gases, waste

A

Plasma

89
Q

Make up the majority of bloods cells

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

90
Q

“Buffy coat” of blood cells (two parts)

A

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Thrombocytes (platelets)

91
Q

The percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood

A

Hematocrit

92
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs and Thrombocytes (platelets) produced in ___ ____ ______ and _______ ______

A

red bone marrow (primarily flat bones)

lymphoid tissue

93
Q

Myelosuppression

A

decreased production of blood cells

94
Q

Decreased production of RBCs

A

Anemia

95
Q

Decreased production of WBCs

A

Leukopenia

96
Q

Decreased production of thrombocytes

A

Thrombocytopenia

97
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased production of blood cells

98
Q

Immature RBCs

A

Reticulocytes

99
Q

_______ transport oxygen and CO2

A

Hemoglobin

100
Q

Require iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and protein

A

hemoglobin

101
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted by ______, stimulated by decreased ______ _____ level. It increases ___ production

A

Kidney
blood oxygen
RBC

102
Q

Disease that may result in polycythemia

A

Emphysema - lack of oxygen in the blood triggers the production of RBCs

103
Q

Worn RBCs are destroyed by ________ in the ______.

A

macrophages

spleen

104
Q

Global gets broken down to ____ ____.

A

amino acids

105
Q

Heme is broken down to ____ and ____ ______ (bilirubin)

A

iron

bile pigments

106
Q

____ gets stored in the liver and ________ is excreted

A

Iron

bilirubin

107
Q

Yellowing of the skin due to excess bilirubin in blood

A

Jaundice

108
Q

_,000 - __,000 leukocytes (WBCs)/ microliter of blood.

A

5,000 - 10,000

109
Q

Primary function of leukocytes

A

defense and phagocytosis

110
Q

Five types of WBCs
(3 granulocytes “phils”)
(2 agranulocytes “cytes”)

A 
Granulocytes:
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
111
Q

_____phils make up 55-70% of WBCs

A

Nuetrophils

112
Q

____phils (dark blue) make up less than 1% of WBCs and help with inflammation

A

Basophils

113
Q

____phils make up 1-3% of WBCs and help with parastic infection and allergies

A

Eosinophils

114
Q

____cytes make up 25-38% of WBCs and are part of immune response

A

Lymphocytes

115
Q

____cytes make up 3-8% of WBCs and consists of phagocytes that differentiate into macrophages

A

Monocytes

116
Q

Nemonic for five types of WBCs

A

Naughty Little Monkeys Eat Bananas (most to least abundant)

117
Q

Function of platelets

A

blood clotting

118
Q

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A

RBCs: hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocytes
WBCs: % of each type of WBC

119
Q

Prevention of blood loss

A

hemostasis

120
Q

Three part process of hemostasis

A

Vasospasm, platelet plug, blood clot

121
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in vein or artery to stop excessive blood loss

A

Vasospasm

122
Q

Platelets become sticky - _______ ____.

This activates ______ factors.

A

Platelet Plug

clotting

123
Q

Activated clotting factors produce PTA

A

Prothrombin Activator

124
Q

PTFF

A

Prothrombin (+calcium and PTA) –>
Thrombin (activates) –>
Fibrinogen (which forms) –>
Fibrin (net)

125
Q

A blood clot

A

Thrombus

126
Q

A traveling clot

A

Embolus

127
Q

Process of getting rid of a clot.

A

Fibrinolysis

128
Q

TPA (clot buster)

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

129
Q

Plasminogen –> (activated by ___) –> _______ –> clot dissolved

A

TPA –> Plasmin

130
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping as a result of antigen-antibody interaction

131
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of blood cells

132
Q

Hemolysis leads to ______ _____ and, ultimately, _____.

A

Kidney failure

Death

A & P 2 (4 decks)

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