Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Diagnostic criteria for hominids
A
bipedalism
non-honing canine complex
thicker enamel
2
Q
Identify bipedalism
A
pelvis knees feet bicondylar angle of femur foramen magnum spinal column limb proportions
3
Q
Trends from Austral. to Homo
A
foramen magnum moves inferior
increased cranial capacity
facial reduction
dental reduction
4
Q
Theories of bipedalism
A
for tool use patchy forest (quad. not efficient) efficient locomotion bipedalism better for scoping out predators scavenging carrying stuff male provisioning (Lovejoy) temperature regulation
5
Q
Variability selection hypothesis
A
key events in human evolution were shaped by environmentally instability, adaptability
6
Q
Pliocene climate fluctuations
A
cooler/drier to more seasonal climate
7
Q
Broca’s area
A
issues with this area = cannot produce language
8
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
issues with this area = cannot understand spoken language
9
Q
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
A
7-6mya
350cc
thick enamel
found in Chad
10
Q
Orrin tugenensis
A
6mya
tugen hills, Kenya
possibly bipedal
11
Q
Ardipithecus Ramidus
A
Middle Awash, Ethiopia
4.4mya
primitive hominid, noon-honing, possibly bipedal
12
Q
A. Afarensis
A
3.9-2.8mya East Africa Famous specimens = Lucy, Selam, Kadanuumuu 400cc sexual dimorphism
13
Q
A. Africanus
A
3.3-2.5mya
Taung Child, Sterkfontein
South Africa
Anterior foramen magnum, reduced canines, nasal pillars
14
Q
P. Aethiopicus
A
2.5mya
Lake Turkana, Kenya
sagittal crest, temporal nuchal crest, dished face, crest on back of skull
15
Q
P. Boisei
A
2.3-1.2mya
Olduvai, Koobie Fora, Omo, Malawi
size variation between sexes in mandibles
16
Q
P. Robustus
A
1.7-1.2mya Kromdraii, Swartkrans, Drimolen, Gondolin first robust discovered small incisors, large premolars/molars anterior dental crowding
17
Q
H. Habilis
A
2.5-1.6mya South Africa *first hominid found in east and south africa (transitional hominid) 610cc reduced dentition and face size *olduwan tools
18
Q
H. Rudolfensis
A
2.5-2mya Lake Turkana, Kenya contemporaneous with H. habilis 750cc similar features to Kenya man *olduwan tools
19
Q
H. Erectus
A
1.8mya-100kya the wanderer *first found outside of africa diverged from erg aster *Achulean tools 1000cc
20
Q
H. Ergaster
A
1.9mya-300kya "african erectus" South Africa 700-880cc increasing less sexual dimorphism and thinner skull bones
21
Q
Nariokotome/Turkana Boy
A
1.6mya
~9 years old erectus
*grew up quicker than modern humans
22
Q
Taung Child
A
Africanus
*matured 20-50% faster than modern humans
possible bipedal
23
Q
Atapuerca, Spain
A
500kya
30+ erectus/heidlberensis individuals
*burial chamber?
*evidence for cannibalism, cut marks on bones
24
Q
Neanderthals
A
100-30kya
Europe
possibly some cannibalsum
*cold-adapted
*mouseterian tools
*viscious hunting, injuries of bull riders
Possibly used symbols, spoken language, and buried dead
25
Neanderthals cold adaptations
large nasal aperture
large infraorbital foramina
short limbs, long torso, large body (bergmanns and aliens rules)
26
Anatomically Modern Humans
```
160-40kya
*aurignacian tools/ compound tools
1350cc
only 2 molars
*chin
gracile post cranial skeleton
```
27
Multiregional/Regional Continuity Model
genetic flow between populations allowed us all to grow into homo sapiens simultaneously
- neanderthals and sapiens interbred, neanderthal DNA in ours
28
Out of Africa Model
single origin in Africa, spread out and took over
| - correct place of origin, wouldn't explain neanderthal DNA
29
H. Floresiensis
```
60-80kya
380cc
*pygmy human, 1m tall
not early but primitive
*fire, stone, and bone tools; butchery
```
30
Earliest to use tools
A. Ghari
31
Olduwan tools
2.5mya
| habilis and rudolfensis
32
Achulean
1.5mya
| erectus and ergaster
33
Mouseterian
100kya
neanderthals
levallois technique
34
3 key changes in olduwan and achulean
1. bifacial
2. entire stone worked into repeated model
3. variation in forms for different uses
35
Movius Line
no chulean tools found in East Asia/ Indonesia
36
Earliest evidence for fire control
1.4-1 mya at Swartkrans cave
| also seen with robustus and erectus
37
Fire consequences
cooking!
| first artificial day, extended into darker hours
38
Wrangham hypothesis on fire
cooking lead to sexual selection on females, males had to protect food
39
Origins of AMHS
highly possibly interbreeding with neanderthals
1 - 4% neanderthal DNA in modern humans
multiregional/assimilation hypothesis most likely
40
Shift to agriculture
1. climate change (dry/cool to warm/wet)
| 2. population pressure
41
Domestication centers
Levant
Jordan Valley
Jericho, Israel
Catallhoyuk, Turkey
42
First domestication of agriculture
11,500 bc
43
Crops domesticated
wheat and barley first
44
Catallhoyuk, Turkey
7,500 - 5,700 bc
population: 7,000 - 10,000
graves inside houses, trash and waste outside
spiritual practice in home
gender and class equality: nutritionally and housing wise
45
Channel Islands, CA
increase in marine resources
sedentary lifestyle: increase in pop. size and density
therefore, increase in disease, decrease in stature
interpersonal violence increase, compression fractures
46
Pro Agriculture
creation of surplus
longer term food storage
population increase
47
Con Agriculture
conflict
decrease in species diversity (plant and animal)
health costs
environmental costs
48
Agriculture and facial structure
reduction in face, decreased chewing demands
| tooth crowding
49
Health costs of agriculture
```
thinner bones
periosteal reaction
syphilis, tuberculosis, measles, mumps, cholera, flu, smallpox
tooth decay
nutritional deficiencies
```
50
Periosteal reaction
swelling of bone from staph infection
51
Hypoplasis
lines on teeth from nutritional deficiencies
52
This boundary delineates the range of Achulean technology
Movius Line
53
Bone tools associated with P. robustus have been experimentally demonstrated to be consistent with this activity.
termite fishing
54
The earliest members of the genus homo have been found at this time
2.5mya homo habilis
55
Robust australopithecines show enlargement of these teeth and adaptation for grinding food
Molars and Premolars
56
This is the person responsible for the discovery of the famous A. Afarensis fossil named Lucy
Donald Johanson
57
This manufacturing technique was used to produce the mouseterian tools used by neandertals
Levalloi
58
Good evidence for this behaviors in Hedilebergensis at the site in Atapuerca has been shown via comparison of cut marks on animal and archaic human bones
Cannibalism
59
The fossils from Dmansisi, Georgia are members of this species
Ergaster/erectus
60
This hypothesis posits that enhanced food processing techniques enabled gut reduction and brain expansion
expensive tissue hypothesis
61
This was the first hominid species to be found in both eastern African and South African sites
homo habilis
62
Scattered evidence exists for this technology, which might had enabled H. erectus to have easier access to easily digestible food.
fire
63
Contemporary human populations share this much of our genetic make-up with the extinct neandertals
1 - 4%
64
The first composite tools appear with this species
homo sapiens
65
This fossil of an approximately 9 year old shows that H. erectus grew up more quickly than modern humans
Turkana boy/Nariokotome boy
66
This hypothesis states that modern H. spaiens evolved in Africa than spread to Asia and Europe, replacing all archaic populations
Out of Africa hypothesis
67
This tool complex emerged around 1.5mya
Achulean
68
The first stone tool type to appear in the fossil record
Olduwan
69
Homo habilis is associated with this tool complex
Olduwan
70
Neandertals appear in the fossil record of Europe until this date
30-32kya
71
40-50 H. erectus individuals were discovered at this site in China
Zhoukoudian
72
This fossil was found in ethipopia and is associated with bovid bones displaying cutmarks
A. ghari
73
The thickening of bone that can be found along the sagittal suture of Homo erectus fossils found in Asia
sagittal keel
74
The first neandertal fossil was found in this country
germany
75
The Taung child is a member of this species
A. africanus
76
Homo rudolfensis is morphologically most similar to this species
homo habilis
77
South Africa environment
3-2mya: drying, increase in bovids
| ~2.5mya. gracile replaced by robust and homo
78
Laetoli footprints
3.75mya
79
Shared, derived traits w/ h. sapiens
low broad illium
large calcaneus
long femoral neck and bocondrylar angle
S shaped spine
80
Primitive traits
```
funnel shaped thorax
cranial orientation of scapula
curved metacarpals and metatarsals
short femur, hindlimb
small lumbar vertebrae
```
81
Ensiphillization quotient
brain relative to body size
82
Querying sites
harvesting raw materials to make tools
83
Expensive Tissue hypothesis
increase in brain size can decrease 'gut', use more brain for brain energy then other organs, the 'feedback loop'
84
Peking Man
Zhoukoudian: 600-400kya
40-50 individuals
marrow extraction, fire in cave site
back up your data story
85
Agriculture in Asia
Rice at 10,000kya
rice and grapes fermented at 9,000kya
Yam and taro roots at 7,000kya
86
Agriculture in Africa
2,000-4,000kya
87
Neolithic demographic transition
wean children sooner, women then produce more children, increase in pop.
competition for resources = stratification, violence and warfare
evolution of health and disease
88
Wolffs Law
bone changes in response to mechanical pressures
89
Hunter-gatherers
Osteoarthritis
| excess bony growth, bony spurs
90
Iron deficiency
Anemia
lack of meat, corn reduces iron absorption
hook worm causes iron loss
91
Skeletal indicators of anemia
```
Porotic hyperostosis (ports top of skull)
Cribra orbitali (porus orbital bone)
```
92
Shanidar, Iraq
45kya
elderly male
heavy wear on teeth, eye injury, arm amputation, foot with arthritis
healing is present, able to survive to old age
evidence for altruistic behavior in neanderthals
93
Krajina Rock Shelter, Croatia
130kya
hundreds of fossils
cannibalism evidence
94
Denisovans
interbred with ancestors of Melanesians and Chinese
