Exam 3 Flashcards
Diagnostic criteria for hominids
bipedalism
non-honing canine complex
thicker enamel
Identify bipedalism
pelvis knees feet bicondylar angle of femur foramen magnum spinal column limb proportions
Trends from Austral. to Homo
foramen magnum moves inferior
increased cranial capacity
facial reduction
dental reduction
Theories of bipedalism
for tool use patchy forest (quad. not efficient) efficient locomotion bipedalism better for scoping out predators scavenging carrying stuff male provisioning (Lovejoy) temperature regulation
Variability selection hypothesis
key events in human evolution were shaped by environmentally instability, adaptability
Pliocene climate fluctuations
cooler/drier to more seasonal climate
Broca’s area
issues with this area = cannot produce language
Wernicke’s area
issues with this area = cannot understand spoken language
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
7-6mya
350cc
thick enamel
found in Chad
Orrin tugenensis
6mya
tugen hills, Kenya
possibly bipedal
Ardipithecus Ramidus
Middle Awash, Ethiopia
4.4mya
primitive hominid, noon-honing, possibly bipedal
A. Afarensis
3.9-2.8mya East Africa Famous specimens = Lucy, Selam, Kadanuumuu 400cc sexual dimorphism
A. Africanus
3.3-2.5mya
Taung Child, Sterkfontein
South Africa
Anterior foramen magnum, reduced canines, nasal pillars
P. Aethiopicus
2.5mya
Lake Turkana, Kenya
sagittal crest, temporal nuchal crest, dished face, crest on back of skull
P. Boisei
2.3-1.2mya
Olduvai, Koobie Fora, Omo, Malawi
size variation between sexes in mandibles
P. Robustus
1.7-1.2mya Kromdraii, Swartkrans, Drimolen, Gondolin first robust discovered small incisors, large premolars/molars anterior dental crowding
H. Habilis
2.5-1.6mya South Africa *first hominid found in east and south africa (transitional hominid) 610cc reduced dentition and face size *olduwan tools
H. Rudolfensis
2.5-2mya Lake Turkana, Kenya contemporaneous with H. habilis 750cc similar features to Kenya man *olduwan tools
H. Erectus
1.8mya-100kya the wanderer *first found outside of africa diverged from erg aster *Achulean tools 1000cc
H. Ergaster
1.9mya-300kya "african erectus" South Africa 700-880cc increasing less sexual dimorphism and thinner skull bones
Nariokotome/Turkana Boy
1.6mya
~9 years old erectus
*grew up quicker than modern humans
Taung Child
Africanus
*matured 20-50% faster than modern humans
possible bipedal
Atapuerca, Spain
500kya
30+ erectus/heidlberensis individuals
*burial chamber?
*evidence for cannibalism, cut marks on bones
Neanderthals
100-30kya
Europe
possibly some cannibalsum
*cold-adapted
*mouseterian tools
*viscious hunting, injuries of bull riders
Possibly used symbols, spoken language, and buried dead
Neanderthals cold adaptations
large nasal aperture
large infraorbital foramina
short limbs, long torso, large body (bergmanns and aliens rules)
Anatomically Modern Humans
160-40kya *aurignacian tools/ compound tools 1350cc only 2 molars *chin gracile post cranial skeleton
Multiregional/Regional Continuity Model
genetic flow between populations allowed us all to grow into homo sapiens simultaneously
- neanderthals and sapiens interbred, neanderthal DNA in ours
Out of Africa Model
single origin in Africa, spread out and took over
- correct place of origin, wouldn’t explain neanderthal DNA
H. Floresiensis
60-80kya 380cc *pygmy human, 1m tall not early but primitive *fire, stone, and bone tools; butchery
Earliest to use tools
A. Ghari
Olduwan tools
2.5mya
habilis and rudolfensis
Achulean
1.5mya
erectus and ergaster
Mouseterian
100kya
neanderthals
levallois technique
3 key changes in olduwan and achulean
- bifacial
- entire stone worked into repeated model
- variation in forms for different uses
Movius Line
no chulean tools found in East Asia/ Indonesia
Earliest evidence for fire control
1.4-1 mya at Swartkrans cave
also seen with robustus and erectus
Fire consequences
cooking!
first artificial day, extended into darker hours
Wrangham hypothesis on fire
cooking lead to sexual selection on females, males had to protect food
Origins of AMHS
highly possibly interbreeding with neanderthals
1 - 4% neanderthal DNA in modern humans
multiregional/assimilation hypothesis most likely
Shift to agriculture
- climate change (dry/cool to warm/wet)
2. population pressure
Domestication centers
Levant
Jordan Valley
Jericho, Israel
Catallhoyuk, Turkey
First domestication of agriculture
11,500 bc
Crops domesticated
wheat and barley first
Catallhoyuk, Turkey
7,500 - 5,700 bc
population: 7,000 - 10,000
graves inside houses, trash and waste outside
spiritual practice in home
gender and class equality: nutritionally and housing wise
Channel Islands, CA
increase in marine resources
sedentary lifestyle: increase in pop. size and density
therefore, increase in disease, decrease in stature
interpersonal violence increase, compression fractures
Pro Agriculture
creation of surplus
longer term food storage
population increase
Con Agriculture
conflict
decrease in species diversity (plant and animal)
health costs
environmental costs
Agriculture and facial structure
reduction in face, decreased chewing demands
tooth crowding
Health costs of agriculture
thinner bones periosteal reaction syphilis, tuberculosis, measles, mumps, cholera, flu, smallpox tooth decay nutritional deficiencies
Periosteal reaction
swelling of bone from staph infection
Hypoplasis
lines on teeth from nutritional deficiencies
This boundary delineates the range of Achulean technology
Movius Line
Bone tools associated with P. robustus have been experimentally demonstrated to be consistent with this activity.
termite fishing
The earliest members of the genus homo have been found at this time
2.5mya homo habilis
Robust australopithecines show enlargement of these teeth and adaptation for grinding food
Molars and Premolars
This is the person responsible for the discovery of the famous A. Afarensis fossil named Lucy
Donald Johanson
This manufacturing technique was used to produce the mouseterian tools used by neandertals
Levalloi
Good evidence for this behaviors in Hedilebergensis at the site in Atapuerca has been shown via comparison of cut marks on animal and archaic human bones
Cannibalism
The fossils from Dmansisi, Georgia are members of this species
Ergaster/erectus
This hypothesis posits that enhanced food processing techniques enabled gut reduction and brain expansion
expensive tissue hypothesis
This was the first hominid species to be found in both eastern African and South African sites
homo habilis
Scattered evidence exists for this technology, which might had enabled H. erectus to have easier access to easily digestible food.
fire
Contemporary human populations share this much of our genetic make-up with the extinct neandertals
1 - 4%
The first composite tools appear with this species
homo sapiens
This fossil of an approximately 9 year old shows that H. erectus grew up more quickly than modern humans
Turkana boy/Nariokotome boy
This hypothesis states that modern H. spaiens evolved in Africa than spread to Asia and Europe, replacing all archaic populations
Out of Africa hypothesis
This tool complex emerged around 1.5mya
Achulean
The first stone tool type to appear in the fossil record
Olduwan
Homo habilis is associated with this tool complex
Olduwan
Neandertals appear in the fossil record of Europe until this date
30-32kya
40-50 H. erectus individuals were discovered at this site in China
Zhoukoudian
This fossil was found in ethipopia and is associated with bovid bones displaying cutmarks
A. ghari
The thickening of bone that can be found along the sagittal suture of Homo erectus fossils found in Asia
sagittal keel
The first neandertal fossil was found in this country
germany
The Taung child is a member of this species
A. africanus
Homo rudolfensis is morphologically most similar to this species
homo habilis
South Africa environment
3-2mya: drying, increase in bovids
~2.5mya. gracile replaced by robust and homo
Laetoli footprints
3.75mya
Shared, derived traits w/ h. sapiens
low broad illium
large calcaneus
long femoral neck and bocondrylar angle
S shaped spine
Primitive traits
funnel shaped thorax cranial orientation of scapula curved metacarpals and metatarsals short femur, hindlimb small lumbar vertebrae
Ensiphillization quotient
brain relative to body size
Querying sites
harvesting raw materials to make tools
Expensive Tissue hypothesis
increase in brain size can decrease ‘gut’, use more brain for brain energy then other organs, the ‘feedback loop’
Peking Man
Zhoukoudian: 600-400kya
40-50 individuals
marrow extraction, fire in cave site
back up your data story
Agriculture in Asia
Rice at 10,000kya
rice and grapes fermented at 9,000kya
Yam and taro roots at 7,000kya
Agriculture in Africa
2,000-4,000kya
Neolithic demographic transition
wean children sooner, women then produce more children, increase in pop.
competition for resources = stratification, violence and warfare
evolution of health and disease
Wolffs Law
bone changes in response to mechanical pressures
Hunter-gatherers
Osteoarthritis
excess bony growth, bony spurs
Iron deficiency
Anemia
lack of meat, corn reduces iron absorption
hook worm causes iron loss
Skeletal indicators of anemia
Porotic hyperostosis (ports top of skull) Cribra orbitali (porus orbital bone)
Shanidar, Iraq
45kya
elderly male
heavy wear on teeth, eye injury, arm amputation, foot with arthritis
healing is present, able to survive to old age
evidence for altruistic behavior in neanderthals
Krajina Rock Shelter, Croatia
130kya
hundreds of fossils
cannibalism evidence
Denisovans
interbred with ancestors of Melanesians and Chinese
