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Anth 242 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnostic criteria for hominids

A

bipedalism
non-honing canine complex
thicker enamel

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2
Q

Identify bipedalism

A 
pelvis
knees
feet
bicondylar angle of femur 
foramen magnum 
spinal column 
limb proportions
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3
Q

Trends from Austral. to Homo

A

foramen magnum moves inferior
increased cranial capacity
facial reduction
dental reduction

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4
Q

Theories of bipedalism

A 
for tool use
patchy forest (quad. not efficient)
efficient locomotion 
bipedalism better for scoping out predators
scavenging 
carrying stuff
male provisioning (Lovejoy)
temperature regulation
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5
Q

Variability selection hypothesis

A

key events in human evolution were shaped by environmentally instability, adaptability

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6
Q

Pliocene climate fluctuations

A

cooler/drier to more seasonal climate

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7
Q

Broca’s area

A

issues with this area = cannot produce language

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8
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

issues with this area = cannot understand spoken language

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9
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

7-6mya
350cc
thick enamel
found in Chad

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10
Q

Orrin tugenensis

A

6mya
tugen hills, Kenya
possibly bipedal

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11
Q

Ardipithecus Ramidus

A

Middle Awash, Ethiopia
4.4mya
primitive hominid, noon-honing, possibly bipedal

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12
Q

A. Afarensis

A 
3.9-2.8mya 
East Africa 
Famous specimens = Lucy, Selam, Kadanuumuu
400cc
sexual dimorphism
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13
Q

A. Africanus

A

3.3-2.5mya
Taung Child, Sterkfontein
South Africa
Anterior foramen magnum, reduced canines, nasal pillars

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14
Q

P. Aethiopicus

A

2.5mya
Lake Turkana, Kenya
sagittal crest, temporal nuchal crest, dished face, crest on back of skull

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15
Q

P. Boisei

A

2.3-1.2mya
Olduvai, Koobie Fora, Omo, Malawi
size variation between sexes in mandibles

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16
Q

P. Robustus

A 
1.7-1.2mya 
Kromdraii, Swartkrans, Drimolen, Gondolin
first robust discovered 
small incisors, large premolars/molars
anterior dental crowding
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17
Q

H. Habilis

A 
2.5-1.6mya
South Africa 
*first hominid found in east and south africa (transitional hominid)
610cc
reduced dentition and face size
*olduwan tools
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18
Q

H. Rudolfensis

A 
2.5-2mya 
Lake Turkana, Kenya 
contemporaneous with H. habilis
750cc
similar features to Kenya man 
*olduwan tools
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19
Q

H. Erectus

A 
1.8mya-100kya 
the wanderer
*first found outside of africa 
diverged from erg aster
*Achulean tools 
1000cc
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20
Q

H. Ergaster

A 
1.9mya-300kya
"african erectus"
South Africa
700-880cc increasing
less sexual dimorphism and thinner skull bones
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21
Q

Nariokotome/Turkana Boy

A

1.6mya
~9 years old erectus
*grew up quicker than modern humans

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22
Q

Taung Child

A

Africanus
*matured 20-50% faster than modern humans
possible bipedal

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23
Q

Atapuerca, Spain

A

500kya
30+ erectus/heidlberensis individuals
*burial chamber?
*evidence for cannibalism, cut marks on bones

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24
Q

Neanderthals

A

100-30kya
Europe
possibly some cannibalsum
*cold-adapted
*mouseterian tools
*viscious hunting, injuries of bull riders
Possibly used symbols, spoken language, and buried dead

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25
Q

Neanderthals cold adaptations

A

large nasal aperture
large infraorbital foramina
short limbs, long torso, large body (bergmanns and aliens rules)

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26
Q

Anatomically Modern Humans

A 
160-40kya 
*aurignacian tools/ compound tools 
1350cc
only 2 molars 
*chin 
gracile post cranial skeleton
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27
Q

Multiregional/Regional Continuity Model

A

genetic flow between populations allowed us all to grow into homo sapiens simultaneously
- neanderthals and sapiens interbred, neanderthal DNA in ours

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28
Q

Out of Africa Model

A

single origin in Africa, spread out and took over

- correct place of origin, wouldn’t explain neanderthal DNA

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29
Q

H. Floresiensis

A 
60-80kya 
380cc
*pygmy human, 1m tall
not early but primitive 
*fire, stone, and bone tools; butchery
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30
Q

Earliest to use tools

A

A. Ghari

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31
Q

Olduwan tools

A

2.5mya

habilis and rudolfensis

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32
Q

Achulean

A

1.5mya

erectus and ergaster

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33
Q

Mouseterian

A

100kya
neanderthals
levallois technique

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34
Q

3 key changes in olduwan and achulean

A
  1. bifacial
  2. entire stone worked into repeated model
  3. variation in forms for different uses
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35
Q

Movius Line

A

no chulean tools found in East Asia/ Indonesia

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36
Q

Earliest evidence for fire control

A

1.4-1 mya at Swartkrans cave

also seen with robustus and erectus

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37
Q

Fire consequences

A

cooking!

first artificial day, extended into darker hours

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38
Q

Wrangham hypothesis on fire

A

cooking lead to sexual selection on females, males had to protect food

39
Q

Origins of AMHS

A

highly possibly interbreeding with neanderthals
1 - 4% neanderthal DNA in modern humans
multiregional/assimilation hypothesis most likely

40
Q

Shift to agriculture

A
  1. climate change (dry/cool to warm/wet)

2. population pressure

41
Q

Domestication centers

A

Levant
Jordan Valley
Jericho, Israel
Catallhoyuk, Turkey

42
Q

First domestication of agriculture

A

11,500 bc

43
Q

Crops domesticated

A

wheat and barley first

44
Q

Catallhoyuk, Turkey

A

7,500 - 5,700 bc
population: 7,000 - 10,000
graves inside houses, trash and waste outside
spiritual practice in home
gender and class equality: nutritionally and housing wise

45
Q

Channel Islands, CA

A

increase in marine resources
sedentary lifestyle: increase in pop. size and density
therefore, increase in disease, decrease in stature
interpersonal violence increase, compression fractures

46
Q

Pro Agriculture

A

creation of surplus
longer term food storage
population increase

47
Q

Con Agriculture

A

conflict
decrease in species diversity (plant and animal)
health costs
environmental costs

48
Q

Agriculture and facial structure

A

reduction in face, decreased chewing demands

tooth crowding

49
Q

Health costs of agriculture

A 
thinner bones
periosteal reaction 
syphilis, tuberculosis, measles, mumps, cholera, flu, smallpox
tooth decay 
nutritional deficiencies
50
Q

Periosteal reaction

A

swelling of bone from staph infection

51
Q

Hypoplasis

A

lines on teeth from nutritional deficiencies

52
Q

This boundary delineates the range of Achulean technology

A

Movius Line

53
Q

Bone tools associated with P. robustus have been experimentally demonstrated to be consistent with this activity.

A

termite fishing

54
Q

The earliest members of the genus homo have been found at this time

A

2.5mya homo habilis

55
Q

Robust australopithecines show enlargement of these teeth and adaptation for grinding food

A

Molars and Premolars

56
Q

This is the person responsible for the discovery of the famous A. Afarensis fossil named Lucy

A

Donald Johanson

57
Q

This manufacturing technique was used to produce the mouseterian tools used by neandertals

A

Levalloi

58
Q

Good evidence for this behaviors in Hedilebergensis at the site in Atapuerca has been shown via comparison of cut marks on animal and archaic human bones

A

Cannibalism

59
Q

The fossils from Dmansisi, Georgia are members of this species

A

Ergaster/erectus

60
Q

This hypothesis posits that enhanced food processing techniques enabled gut reduction and brain expansion

A

expensive tissue hypothesis

61
Q

This was the first hominid species to be found in both eastern African and South African sites

A

homo habilis

62
Q

Scattered evidence exists for this technology, which might had enabled H. erectus to have easier access to easily digestible food.

A

fire

63
Q

Contemporary human populations share this much of our genetic make-up with the extinct neandertals

A

1 - 4%

64
Q

The first composite tools appear with this species

A

homo sapiens

65
Q

This fossil of an approximately 9 year old shows that H. erectus grew up more quickly than modern humans

A

Turkana boy/Nariokotome boy

66
Q

This hypothesis states that modern H. spaiens evolved in Africa than spread to Asia and Europe, replacing all archaic populations

A

Out of Africa hypothesis

67
Q

This tool complex emerged around 1.5mya

A

Achulean

68
Q

The first stone tool type to appear in the fossil record

A

Olduwan

69
Q

Homo habilis is associated with this tool complex

A

Olduwan

70
Q

Neandertals appear in the fossil record of Europe until this date

A

30-32kya

71
Q

40-50 H. erectus individuals were discovered at this site in China

A

Zhoukoudian

72
Q

This fossil was found in ethipopia and is associated with bovid bones displaying cutmarks

A

A. ghari

73
Q

The thickening of bone that can be found along the sagittal suture of Homo erectus fossils found in Asia

A

sagittal keel

74
Q

The first neandertal fossil was found in this country

A

germany

75
Q

The Taung child is a member of this species

A

A. africanus

76
Q

Homo rudolfensis is morphologically most similar to this species

A

homo habilis

77
Q

South Africa environment

A

3-2mya: drying, increase in bovids

~2.5mya. gracile replaced by robust and homo

78
Q

Laetoli footprints

A

3.75mya

79
Q

Shared, derived traits w/ h. sapiens

A

low broad illium
large calcaneus
long femoral neck and bocondrylar angle
S shaped spine

80
Q

Primitive traits

A 
funnel shaped thorax
cranial orientation of scapula 
curved metacarpals and metatarsals 
short femur, hindlimb
small lumbar vertebrae
81
Q

Ensiphillization quotient

A

brain relative to body size

82
Q

Querying sites

A

harvesting raw materials to make tools

83
Q

Expensive Tissue hypothesis

A

increase in brain size can decrease ‘gut’, use more brain for brain energy then other organs, the ‘feedback loop’

84
Q

Peking Man

A

Zhoukoudian: 600-400kya
40-50 individuals
marrow extraction, fire in cave site
back up your data story

85
Q

Agriculture in Asia

A

Rice at 10,000kya
rice and grapes fermented at 9,000kya
Yam and taro roots at 7,000kya

86
Q

Agriculture in Africa

A

2,000-4,000kya

87
Q

Neolithic demographic transition

A

wean children sooner, women then produce more children, increase in pop.
competition for resources = stratification, violence and warfare
evolution of health and disease

88
Q

Wolffs Law

A

bone changes in response to mechanical pressures

89
Q

Hunter-gatherers

A

Osteoarthritis

excess bony growth, bony spurs

90
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Anemia
lack of meat, corn reduces iron absorption
hook worm causes iron loss

91
Q

Skeletal indicators of anemia

A 
Porotic hyperostosis (ports top of skull)
Cribra orbitali (porus orbital bone)
92
Q

Shanidar, Iraq

A

45kya
elderly male
heavy wear on teeth, eye injury, arm amputation, foot with arthritis
healing is present, able to survive to old age
evidence for altruistic behavior in neanderthals

93
Q

Krajina Rock Shelter, Croatia

A

130kya
hundreds of fossils
cannibalism evidence

94
Q

Denisovans

A

interbred with ancestors of Melanesians and Chinese

Anth 242 (10 decks)

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