Exam 2

Question 1

LeGros Clark primate tendencies

Answer 1

arboreal adaptation
dietary plasticity
increased parental investment

Question 2

Traits that define Primates

Answer 2

Vision over scent 
unspecialized skeleton 
grasping hands/feet, opposable first digits
postorbital closure/bar
larger brain for body size 
dental reduction
prolonged gestation and life span
social groups
dietary plasticity

Question 3

r/K selection

Answer 3

r - risky environments, best to pop out a lot as quickly as possible
K - caring cap acting of the land (how many offspring can enviro withstand over time) 1 or 2 high quality

Question 4

Locomotor strategies

Answer 4

bipedalism
quadrapedalism
knuckle walking
brachiation 
vertical clinging and leaping

Question 5

derived vs. primitive traits

Answer 5

distinct from common ancestor - same as common ancestor

Question 6

homologous vs. analogous

Answer 6

same due to common ancestor - same due to environmental adaptation

Question 7

male vs female reproductive strategy

Answer 7

Male - physical competition fro access to females, infanticide
Female - competition with other females for resources, female dominance hierarchies (who gets resources)

Question 8

Dominance Hierarchies

Answer 8

males - higher dominance higher reproductive strategies

females - higher dominance better access to resources

Question 9

Life History Theory

Answer 9

optimal fitness is lifetime reproductive fitness, allocation of time and energy
- growth & reproductive tradeoffs

Question 10

Life History Theory: Present vs. Future

Answer 10

young females often allow infanticide as it is not within their best interest to risk their own fitness for that of the young childs

Question 11

Group living and Cooperation

Answer 11

Benefits: Predation (ward off predators) Hunting (group hunting) Grooming (groom each other creates relational bond)
Detriments: Hunting (not enough food for all who hunt)

Question 12

Alturism and Kin Selection

Answer 12

altruism that increased an individuals inclusive fitness, warning calls are altruist,

Question 13

Culture in Apes

Answer 13

innovation: tool use, making new tools
transmission: transmit culture, orangutans, observation

Question 14

Process of Fossilization

Answer 14

remains are transformed into a rock, calcium replaced with hard minerals like iron and silica

• oxygen free enviro
• immediate burial necessary

Question 15

Sampling issues

Answer 15

only most common taxa represented

how well are we really identifying rare species

Question 16

FAD and LAD estimates

Answer 16

First appearance datum

Last appearance datum

Question 17

Relative Dating

Answer 17

= establishes age based on comparisons to other sites/formations
Stratigraphic, fluorine, biostratigraphy, cultural dating

Question 18

Absolute Dating

Answer 18

=provides chronological age

dendrochronology, argon dating, paleomagnetic dating

Question 19

Stratigraphic

Answer 19

looking at layers, higher layers younger than others

Question 20

Fluorine dating

Answer 20

data at a specific site that has been tested, cannot compare between sites, only organic materials

Question 21

Biostratigraphy

Answer 21

requires prior absolute dating of a species morphology

Question 22

Cultural dating

Answer 22

different tools

Question 23

Radiocarbon dating

Answer 23

organic materials only, measures decay of C14 into N14 by looking at ratio of C14/C13, 40kya - 1500 AD

Question 24

Argon dating

Answer 24

Potassium, K40 into AR40, can give date on inorganic materials (volcanic rock) 2billion +/- 100kya

Question 25

Paleomagnetic dating

Answer 25

shifts in earths magnetic fields are recorded in igneous rock

Question 26

Cenozoic Era Epochs

Answer 26

Paleocene 65 mya 
Eocene 55 mya
Oligocene 34 mya
Miocene 23 mya
Pliocene 5 mya 
Pleistocene 1.8 mya
Holocene .01 mya

Question 27

Non-Human Primate Evolution: Arboreal Model

Answer 27

Primate features were elected in early mammals for life in trees, eyes over ears, grasping hands and feet, flowering plants present same time primates are

Question 28

Non-Human Primate Evolution: Visual Predation Hypothesis

Answer 28

other species are tree-dwelling, primate features adapted to allow capture of insects, does not explain fruit eating primates

Question 29

Non-Human Primate Evolution: Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis

Answer 29

primate traits response to fit bearing angiosperm plants, primates are adaptable

Question 30

New World Monkeys

Answer 30

Bolivia 27 mya
Branisella
Late oligocene

Question 31

NWM in South America

Answer 31

1. evolve from NA anthropoids and migrate in oligocene, but no primates in NA during eocene or oligocene
2. Africa, SA via rafting
3. Through Antartica
4. separate origins, but DNA is pretty tight

Question 32

Diagnostic criteria for Hominids

Answer 32

Bipedalism
Honing canine complex
ThickerEnamel

Question 33

Identify Bipedality

Answer 33

pelvis
limb proportions
knees
feet
biocondylar angle of femur 
foramen magnum
spinal column

Question 34

Skull trends

Answer 34

brain capacity generally larger, former magnum moves more inferior

Question 35

Hominid vs. Hominoid

Answer 35

• oid: superfamily of apes and humans (includes others)

- id: humans and ancestors

Question 36

IMI

Answer 36

intermembral index = forelimb length/ hindlimb length x 100

Question 37

Lovejoy Hypothesis

Answer 37

Male Provisioning
- males providing resourced to females could have selected for bipedalism, females better able to manage overlapping offspring
BUT it requires monogamy, no monogamous primates where males provision females

Question 38

Main site for the oligocene period

Answer 38

Fayum, Egypt. Aegypotopithecus

Question 39

Occasional Bipeds

Answer 39

Orrin, sahelanthropus, ardipithecus

Question 40

First clear cattarhine?

Answer 40

Victoriapithecus

Question 41

Prehensile tale primates

Answer 41

live in South America