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Anth 242 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

medial

A

closer to midline

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2
Q

lateral

A

farther from midline

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3
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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4
Q

posterior

A

toward the back

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5
Q

superior

A

above

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6
Q

inferior

A

below

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7
Q

superficial

A

near bodies surface

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8
Q

deep

A

internal

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9
Q

proximal

A

closer to attachment of the limb to trunk of body

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10
Q

distal

A

farther from the attachment of the limb to trunk of body

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11
Q

ventral

A

closer to belly

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12
Q

dorsal

A

closer to back

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13
Q

cranial

A

closer to head

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14
Q

caudal

A

closer to tip of the tail

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15
Q

microevolution

A

change in frequencies of alleles within a population

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16
Q

genetic drift

A

random changes in allele freq. in population because of random sampling of organisms

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17
Q

gene flow

A

movement of genes between populations

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18
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) assumptions

A
  1. infinite pop. size
  2. no mutation
  3. no gene flow
  4. no natural selection
  5. random mating
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19
Q

HWE

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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20
Q

HWE: genotype and allele frequencies

A

freq. of dominant allele (E): p
freq. of recessive allele (e): q

homozygous dominant (EE): p^2
heterozygous (Ee): 2pq
homozygous recessive (ee): q^2
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21
Q

Six distinguishing features of hominims

A
  1. bipedalism
  2. non-honing canines
  3. material culture and tools
  4. speech
  5. hunting
  6. domesticated foods
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22
Q

hominim

A

all human ancestors since split with chimps

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23
Q

primatology

A

disease ecology, learned transmitted behavior, conservations

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24
Q

prokaryote

A

1 cell

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25
Q

eukaryote

A

many cells

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26
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

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27
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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28
Q

DNA structure

A

phosphate - sugar - bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

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29
Q

Mitosis

A

produces diploid, for growth and repair of cells

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30
Q

Meiosis

A

produces haploid

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31
Q

diploid

A

2 copies of each chromosome

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32
Q

haploid

A

1 copy of each chromosome

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33
Q

gene linkage

A

closer genes are on chromosome, higher likelihood they will cross over together

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34
Q

allele

A

form of a gene

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35
Q

haplotypes

A

alleles likely to be inherited together based on strength of linkage

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36
Q

Four fields of Anthropology

A

Cultural
Archaeology
Linguistic
Physical/Biological

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37
Q

Branches of Bio anthropology

A 
forensic
genetics
human biology
paleoanthropology 
primatology
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38
Q

Distinguishing features of Hominins

A 
Bipedalism 
Non-honing canines
Material culture and tools
Speech
Hunting
Domesticated foods
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39
Q

Linneaus

A

taxonomy and binomial nomenclature - classification of humans based on geography, customs and skin color

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40
Q

Cuvier

A

father of paleontology
Catastrophism - theory that all geo change occurs suddenly
Immutability of species - no evolutionary changes

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41
Q

Lamarck

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

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42
Q

Lyell

A

embraced antiquity of the earth

uniformitarianism - same gradual process that shapes earth today operated in the past

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43
Q

Malthus

A

political economist
gave Darwin the idea of a struggle for survival
modes of production provide finite resources that lead to a point of crisis

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44
Q

Blumenbach

A

father of biological anthropology
monogenist
craniometrics - measured craniums of humans, 5 groupings.

45
Q

Darwin

A

galapagos islands - tortoises and finches
Adaptive Radiation - diversification of one species into multiple species
Natural Selection

46
Q

Wallace

A

independently arrived at similar conclusions as Darwin

Wallace’s Line - Sunda shelf (agnatic species) and Sahul shelf (polynesian species)

47
Q

evolution

A

a change in population in the frequency of a trait or gene from one generation to the next

48
Q

Natural Selection preconditions

A

inheritance, variation, and environmental pressure

49
Q

Mutation

A

only new source of variation; increases variation in populations results on the success of the outcome vary (can be good or bad)

50
Q

Natural Selection

A

those organisms best adapted to their environment will survive, thrive, and reproduce

51
Q

Genetic Drift

A

random changes in allele frequency, reduces within population diversity; increase between population variation. greater impact on small, isolated populations.

52
Q

Founders effects

A

allele frequency in an isolated population are greatly affected by the alleles their ancestors brought into the population

53
Q

population bottleneck

A

due to some stochastic event, a portion of the population dies off

54
Q

gene flow

A

movement of genes between populations
increases within population variation
decreases variation between populations

55
Q

Microevolution

A

occurs within a single population

56
Q

Macroevolution

A

happens on a scale that transcends a single species

57
Q

Prokaryotes

A

1 cell

58
Q

Eukaryote

A

many cels

59
Q

Somatic cells

A

body cells

60
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells

61
Q

Diploid

A

2 copies of each chromosome, 46 chromes.

62
Q

Haploid

A

1 copy of each chrome. 23 chromes.

63
Q

Allele

A

form of a gene

64
Q

gene linkage

A

based on location on the chromosome - closer together on chromosome means they have higher gene linkage

65
Q

haplotypes

A

alleles likely to be inherited together base on the strength of their linkage

66
Q

Mitochondria DNA

A

Inherited from the mother

67
Q

Nucleotide bases

A

adenine - thymine

cytosine - guanine

68
Q

karyotype

A

all chromosomes into a diagram, shows all the pairs and the X or Y chromosomes

69
Q

Mitosis

A

for growth and repair of cells

two identical diploid cells with 46 chromosomes each

70
Q

Meiosis

A

produces haploid gametes

results in unique daughter cells due to cross over and recombination

71
Q

Process of DNA replication

A

DNA unzips to form template - nucleotide bonds break between bases: 2 parental strands - templates plus nucleotides equal daughters: free floating nucleotides match up to the template

72
Q

Protein Synthesis process

A

transcription - in nucleus, section of DNA opens, mRNA creates strand and moves out of nucleus
translation - in cytoplasm, mRNA binds to ribosome, ribosome translates and tRNA attaches amino acids together forming a polypeptide chain, this completed chain is a protein

73
Q

three types of genes

A

structural
regulatory
homeobox (hox) = regulate regional embryonic development (spine development different in snakes then humans)

74
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

pea experiments

Mendelian traits: simple traits, 1 gene, two alleles, trait has 2 forms

75
Q

Principle of of segregation

A

within a pair of alleles which specific allele is passed on, is random

76
Q

Principle of independent assortment

A

alleles for different traits are transmitted to the gametes independently of one another

77
Q

homozygous genotype

A

same alleles TT or tt

78
Q

heterozygous genotype

A

different alleles, Tt

79
Q

Autosomal recessive conditions

A 
Cystic Fibrosis (damages lungs and digestive system 
Tay Sachs (death in childhood from lipid accumulation in brain)
Albinism
80
Q

Autosomal dominant conditions

A 
Marfan syndrome (Ab lincoln) 
Achondroplastic dwarfism (little people big world)
Polydactyly (lots of fingers or toes)
81
Q

Sex-Linked conditions

A

X-linked: hemophilia (blood clotting disorder), colorblindness (males usually)

82
Q

Complex traits

A

polygenic - many genes make up a trait

83
Q

Heritability Quotient

A

variation caused by genetics/ (genetic variation + environmental variation)

84
Q

Genotype

A

alleles present

85
Q

Phenotype

A

outward expression

86
Q

Modes of speciation

A

Cladogenesis - happens when a geographic boundary is introduced within a population (african rivers and chimps - separation of eastern chimps and bonobos)
Anagenesis - time & environmental change

87
Q

Cases of selection

A

stabilizing (selection against extremes, birth weight)
directional (hominid brain size)
sexual (breeding patterns can conflict with natural selection, preferential traits to mates)

88
Q

Handicap principle

A

some preferential traits for matting are non beneficial for survival.

89
Q

Founders Effect

A

allele frequency in an isolated population greatly affected by alleles ancestors brought in

90
Q

Population Bottleneck

A

due to some stochastic event, a portion of the population dies off

91
Q

Race as biological classification

A 
what criteria do you use to classify by?
how many divisions do you make?
discordant variation (no groups of traits that go together)
92
Q

influences on human variation

A

Cultural
Physiological - non genetic changes within an individual
environmental - example, climate

93
Q

Clinal Model

A

distance between populations to help explain similarities and differences

94
Q

Acclimatization

A

occurs after a short exposure to a situation (shivering)

95
Q

Adaptation

A

individual has been exposed to a condition their entire life; change usually occurs during growth

96
Q

Lewis’ hunting phenomenon

A

physiological adaptation to cold stress, vasoconstriction/vasodilation. hot-cold-hot-cold hand experiment

97
Q

Bergmanns’s rule

A

Average body size is larger in colder climate (short, stout)
More linear body shapes are better adapted to warmer climates
All related to surface area and volume, smaller surface area to volume ratio = lose heat less rapidly

98
Q

Allen’s rule

A

colder climates = shorter appendages

warmer climates= longer appendages (bunnies)

99
Q

Cephalic index

A

cranial breadth/cranial length

100
Q

nasal index

A

nasal width/nasal height
cold enviro - tall and narrow
warm enviro - wide and short (taking in hot humid vs cold aired air)

101
Q

Hypoxia adaptation

A

short term: increase in respiration
long term: RBC count increases, hemoglobin increases, weight loss
growth development: low birth weight, shorter, delayed menses, chest and lung growth broader

variance between populations in how they adapt: Quechua higher RBC while Ethiopia high hemoglobin and tibet high Carbon dioxide

102
Q

BMR - Basal Metabolic Requirement

A

calories you need to just survive

103
Q

TDEE - total Day Energy Expenditure

A

work, exercise, etc.

104
Q

Macronutrients

A

chemical nutrients: fats, proteins, carbs etc.

105
Q

Micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

106
Q

Micronutrient deficiencies

A

B1 - Berberi (thiamine)
B3 - Pellagra (niacin) (when corn is main grain)
D - Rickets
C - Scurvy

107
Q

Macronutrient deficiencies

A

Kwashiorkor (lack of protein)

Marasmus (lack of protein and calories)

108
Q

Thrifty Gene Hypothesis

A

in times of food scarcity, advantageous to store excess nutrition.
Salt Shaker Curse for african americans

109
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

bone grows in response to mechanical stress

bone can eat to lack of or increase in activity, changes shape of the bone

Anth 242 (10 decks)

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