Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
medial
A
closer to midline
2
Q
lateral
A
farther from midline
3
Q
anterior
A
toward the front
4
Q
posterior
A
toward the back
5
Q
superior
A
above
6
Q
inferior
A
below
7
Q
superficial
A
near bodies surface
8
Q
deep
A
internal
9
Q
proximal
A
closer to attachment of the limb to trunk of body
10
Q
distal
A
farther from the attachment of the limb to trunk of body
11
Q
ventral
A
closer to belly
12
Q
dorsal
A
closer to back
13
Q
cranial
A
closer to head
14
Q
caudal
A
closer to tip of the tail
15
Q
microevolution
A
change in frequencies of alleles within a population
16
Q
genetic drift
A
random changes in allele freq. in population because of random sampling of organisms
17
Q
gene flow
A
movement of genes between populations
18
Q
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) assumptions
A
- infinite pop. size
- no mutation
- no gene flow
- no natural selection
- random mating
19
Q
HWE
A
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
20
Q
HWE: genotype and allele frequencies
A
freq. of dominant allele (E): p
freq. of recessive allele (e): q
homozygous dominant (EE): p^2 heterozygous (Ee): 2pq homozygous recessive (ee): q^2
21
Q
Six distinguishing features of hominims
A
- bipedalism
- non-honing canines
- material culture and tools
- speech
- hunting
- domesticated foods
22
Q
hominim
A
all human ancestors since split with chimps
23
Q
primatology
A
disease ecology, learned transmitted behavior, conservations
24
Q
prokaryote
A
1 cell
25
eukaryote
many cells
26
somatic cells
body cells
27
gametes
sex cells
28
DNA structure
phosphate - sugar - bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
29
Mitosis
produces diploid, for growth and repair of cells
30
Meiosis
produces haploid
31
diploid
2 copies of each chromosome
32
haploid
1 copy of each chromosome
33
gene linkage
closer genes are on chromosome, higher likelihood they will cross over together
34
allele
form of a gene
35
haplotypes
alleles likely to be inherited together based on strength of linkage
36
Four fields of Anthropology
Cultural
Archaeology
Linguistic
Physical/Biological
37
Branches of Bio anthropology
```
forensic
genetics
human biology
paleoanthropology
primatology
```
38
Distinguishing features of Hominins
```
Bipedalism
Non-honing canines
Material culture and tools
Speech
Hunting
Domesticated foods
```
39
Linneaus
taxonomy and binomial nomenclature - classification of humans based on geography, customs and skin color
40
Cuvier
father of paleontology
Catastrophism - theory that all geo change occurs suddenly
Immutability of species - no evolutionary changes
41
Lamarck
inheritance of acquired characteristics
42
Lyell
embraced antiquity of the earth
| uniformitarianism - same gradual process that shapes earth today operated in the past
43
Malthus
political economist
gave Darwin the idea of a struggle for survival
modes of production provide finite resources that lead to a point of crisis
44
Blumenbach
father of biological anthropology
monogenist
craniometrics - measured craniums of humans, 5 groupings.
45
Darwin
galapagos islands - tortoises and finches
Adaptive Radiation - diversification of one species into multiple species
Natural Selection
46
Wallace
independently arrived at similar conclusions as Darwin
| Wallace's Line - Sunda shelf (agnatic species) and Sahul shelf (polynesian species)
47
evolution
a change in population in the frequency of a trait or gene from one generation to the next
48
Natural Selection preconditions
inheritance, variation, and environmental pressure
49
Mutation
only new source of variation; increases variation in populations results on the success of the outcome vary (can be good or bad)
50
Natural Selection
those organisms best adapted to their environment will survive, thrive, and reproduce
51
Genetic Drift
random changes in allele frequency, reduces within population diversity; increase between population variation. greater impact on small, isolated populations.
52
Founders effects
allele frequency in an isolated population are greatly affected by the alleles their ancestors brought into the population
53
population bottleneck
due to some stochastic event, a portion of the population dies off
54
gene flow
movement of genes between populations
increases within population variation
decreases variation between populations
55
Microevolution
occurs within a single population
56
Macroevolution
happens on a scale that transcends a single species
57
Prokaryotes
1 cell
58
Eukaryote
many cels
59
Somatic cells
body cells
60
Gametes
sex cells
61
Diploid
2 copies of each chromosome, 46 chromes.
62
Haploid
1 copy of each chrome. 23 chromes.
63
Allele
form of a gene
64
gene linkage
based on location on the chromosome - closer together on chromosome means they have higher gene linkage
65
haplotypes
alleles likely to be inherited together base on the strength of their linkage
66
Mitochondria DNA
Inherited from the mother
67
Nucleotide bases
adenine - thymine
| cytosine - guanine
68
karyotype
all chromosomes into a diagram, shows all the pairs and the X or Y chromosomes
69
Mitosis
for growth and repair of cells
| two identical diploid cells with 46 chromosomes each
70
Meiosis
produces haploid gametes
| results in unique daughter cells due to cross over and recombination
71
Process of DNA replication
DNA unzips to form template - nucleotide bonds break between bases: 2 parental strands - templates plus nucleotides equal daughters: free floating nucleotides match up to the template
72
Protein Synthesis process
transcription - in nucleus, section of DNA opens, mRNA creates strand and moves out of nucleus
translation - in cytoplasm, mRNA binds to ribosome, ribosome translates and tRNA attaches amino acids together forming a polypeptide chain, this completed chain is a protein
73
three types of genes
structural
regulatory
homeobox (hox) = regulate regional embryonic development (spine development different in snakes then humans)
74
Gregor Mendel
pea experiments
| Mendelian traits: simple traits, 1 gene, two alleles, trait has 2 forms
75
Principle of of segregation
within a pair of alleles which specific allele is passed on, is random
76
Principle of independent assortment
alleles for different traits are transmitted to the gametes independently of one another
77
homozygous genotype
same alleles TT or tt
78
heterozygous genotype
different alleles, Tt
79
Autosomal recessive conditions
```
Cystic Fibrosis (damages lungs and digestive system
Tay Sachs (death in childhood from lipid accumulation in brain)
Albinism
```
80
Autosomal dominant conditions
```
Marfan syndrome (Ab lincoln)
Achondroplastic dwarfism (little people big world)
Polydactyly (lots of fingers or toes)
```
81
Sex-Linked conditions
X-linked: hemophilia (blood clotting disorder), colorblindness (males usually)
82
Complex traits
polygenic - many genes make up a trait
83
Heritability Quotient
variation caused by genetics/ (genetic variation + environmental variation)
84
Genotype
alleles present
85
Phenotype
outward expression
86
Modes of speciation
Cladogenesis - happens when a geographic boundary is introduced within a population (african rivers and chimps - separation of eastern chimps and bonobos)
Anagenesis - time & environmental change
87
Cases of selection
stabilizing (selection against extremes, birth weight)
directional (hominid brain size)
sexual (breeding patterns can conflict with natural selection, preferential traits to mates)
88
Handicap principle
some preferential traits for matting are non beneficial for survival.
89
Founders Effect
allele frequency in an isolated population greatly affected by alleles ancestors brought in
90
Population Bottleneck
due to some stochastic event, a portion of the population dies off
91
Race as biological classification
```
what criteria do you use to classify by?
how many divisions do you make?
discordant variation (no groups of traits that go together)
```
92
influences on human variation
Cultural
Physiological - non genetic changes within an individual
environmental - example, climate
93
Clinal Model
distance between populations to help explain similarities and differences
94
Acclimatization
occurs after a short exposure to a situation (shivering)
95
Adaptation
individual has been exposed to a condition their entire life; change usually occurs during growth
96
Lewis' hunting phenomenon
physiological adaptation to cold stress, vasoconstriction/vasodilation. hot-cold-hot-cold hand experiment
97
Bergmanns's rule
Average body size is larger in colder climate (short, stout)
More linear body shapes are better adapted to warmer climates
All related to surface area and volume, smaller surface area to volume ratio = lose heat less rapidly
98
Allen's rule
colder climates = shorter appendages
| warmer climates= longer appendages (bunnies)
99
Cephalic index
cranial breadth/cranial length
100
nasal index
nasal width/nasal height
cold enviro - tall and narrow
warm enviro - wide and short (taking in hot humid vs cold aired air)
101
Hypoxia adaptation
short term: increase in respiration
long term: RBC count increases, hemoglobin increases, weight loss
growth development: low birth weight, shorter, delayed menses, chest and lung growth broader
variance between populations in how they adapt: Quechua higher RBC while Ethiopia high hemoglobin and tibet high Carbon dioxide
102
BMR - Basal Metabolic Requirement
calories you need to just survive
103
TDEE - total Day Energy Expenditure
work, exercise, etc.
104
Macronutrients
chemical nutrients: fats, proteins, carbs etc.
105
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
106
Micronutrient deficiencies
B1 - Berberi (thiamine)
B3 - Pellagra (niacin) (when corn is main grain)
D - Rickets
C - Scurvy
107
Macronutrient deficiencies
Kwashiorkor (lack of protein)
| Marasmus (lack of protein and calories)
108
Thrifty Gene Hypothesis
in times of food scarcity, advantageous to store excess nutrition.
Salt Shaker Curse for african americans
109
Wolff's Law
bone grows in response to mechanical stress
| bone can eat to lack of or increase in activity, changes shape of the bone
