Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the defining characteristic of E woodlands
deciduous trees
onset of the holocene marked the ecological shift to
modern plant and animal communities
joseph caldwell
primary forest efficiency
diverse economies due to efficient exploitation if diverse deciduous forest foods and natural resources
primary forest efficiency
diverse forest resources allowed archaic people to create
economic surplus and become more sedentary
“unilineal evolution,” caldwell assumes that hunter-gatherers
evolve toward social complexity
ecological approaches 1960s
optimal foraging theory
OFT- archaic hunter-gatherers began as
simple egalitarian societies
OFT as pop density increased, mobility becomes restricted, forcing people to
exploit smaller territories
OFT- which then necessitated
more intensive and specialized exploitation of more limited sets or more narrow spectrum of food and material sources
earliest archaic pattern?
central mississippian valleys and tributaries
variations on the same dart point style
Dalton tradition (8500-8000 bc)
used adzes, among the first woodworking tools in the americas, adapted to rivers and bottomlands-fishing, cemeteries and caches of dart points
Dalton tradition
deeply stratified archaic campsite, illinois bottomlands, 8000 bc- ad 1200
Koster site
Horizon 11 at the koster site, 7500 bc
cooking facility, dart points, charred hickory nuts and grinding stone
burials at the koster site
early archaic flexed burials, Atlatl “totem”, dog burials, grooved axes
late archaic shell midden and cemetery 3000-2000 bc, green river culture
Indian Knoll
found at Indian knoll:
objects with holes bored in them, shell midden, atlatl counter weights, antler hooks
intensive, semi-sedentary riverine adaption,
fairly egalitarian, some status ascribed,
some burials with exotic goods,
some burials with trauma
green river culture
found on the coast from south carolina to florida, 3000-1000 bc Late Archaic,
1-4 m in height
50-250 m in diameter
represent development of more complex social arrangements
Late archaic shell rings
ideas of what the shell rings could be
feasting ritual monuments?
Domestic villages with houses on rings?
oldest pottery in N America, south atlantic coast, 2500-1200 bc, some are textured and decorated
spanish moss tempered ware
indigenous cultigens of north america
by 2500bc
marsh elder, sunflower, goosefoot, squash gourd
indigenous cultigens of eastern north america, weedy camp followers lead to cultivated crops, horticulture/gardening, supplement hunter-gathering
eastern agricultural complex
characteristics of late archaic-terminal archaic 2500-1000 bc
first production and use of pottery
first horticulture
elaboration of mound centered rituals
local and regional networks, social and economic
1700-700 bc, six concentric ridges, five mounds within and outside ridges, one very large mound, around an extremely large plaza
poverty point
mound A at poverty point
built all at once, 2nd largest to monks mound,
evidence shows it was not a burial mound, probably a monument itself
all lithics from poverty point came from
Arkansas, the Ozarks
the was a — and — industry at poverty point
bead making and lapidary
pieces of fired clay shaped in different ways, , substitute for rocks, would hold heat, used in cooking
poverty point objects
poverty point had the first
complex lower mississippi valley culture
would could be antecedents to poverty point
lower jackson mound, watson brake
NE Louisiana, middle archaic, 3500 bc, series of mounds around an open plaza, riverine adaptation
watson brake
there is occuptational debris at watson brake on the
mounds, but little in the plaza
there is a 1000 year gap
in louisiana, no mounds in lower mississippi valley
woodland period
1000 bc- ad 1000
woodland period economy
locally intensified foraging strategies increasingly supplemented by horticulture
describe the pottery of the woodland period
grit tempered, cord marked, conical bases, increasingly sophisticated and multi-purpose
woodland cultures- mortuary
elaborate mortuary ritual with large cemeteries and burial mounds
largest adena mound complex found by squier and davis
wolf plains group
some 70-80 feet high, built over a long time with burials and layers of earth added at intervals
adena mounds
graves creek mound
miamisburg mound
williamsburg mound
adena mounds
adena settlement
small hamlets and villages 30-50 people. scattered along rivers and tributaries
adena mortuary ritual, after 500 bc
burial mounds increase in ritual significance
variety and complexity of grave goods indicate a developing
stratified society
burial mounds typically covered
burial log structures, charnal houses?
highly stylized human and bird figures, bilateral symmetry totemic designs, perhaps clan emblems
adena engravings
religious beliefs and rituals of the adena reflected by
increasingly elaborate treatment of the dead
adena society was not one united society, but
numerous small scale interacting societies
artifact bearing transformative were the focus of
adena shamanistic societies
middle woodland period
ca 200 bc - ad 500
trade/exchange of exotic materials, standardized ritual objects, and shared ritual practices
hopewell interaction sphere
in ohio, 3 km of earthworks enclosing 130 acres and 40 mounds,
hopewell site
largest burial mound in NA, found cut pounded copper, mica figurines, copper antler plate
mound 25 hopewell
recorded by squier and davis, great mica grave, crematory basin
mound city, ohio
