Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the defining characteristic of E woodlands
deciduous trees
onset of the holocene marked the ecological shift to
modern plant and animal communities
joseph caldwell
primary forest efficiency
diverse economies due to efficient exploitation if diverse deciduous forest foods and natural resources
primary forest efficiency
diverse forest resources allowed archaic people to create
economic surplus and become more sedentary
“unilineal evolution,” caldwell assumes that hunter-gatherers
evolve toward social complexity
ecological approaches 1960s
optimal foraging theory
OFT- archaic hunter-gatherers began as
simple egalitarian societies
OFT as pop density increased, mobility becomes restricted, forcing people to
exploit smaller territories
OFT- which then necessitated
more intensive and specialized exploitation of more limited sets or more narrow spectrum of food and material sources
earliest archaic pattern?
central mississippian valleys and tributaries
variations on the same dart point style
Dalton tradition (8500-8000 bc)
used adzes, among the first woodworking tools in the americas, adapted to rivers and bottomlands-fishing, cemeteries and caches of dart points
Dalton tradition
deeply stratified archaic campsite, illinois bottomlands, 8000 bc- ad 1200
Koster site
Horizon 11 at the koster site, 7500 bc
cooking facility, dart points, charred hickory nuts and grinding stone
burials at the koster site
early archaic flexed burials, Atlatl “totem”, dog burials, grooved axes
late archaic shell midden and cemetery 3000-2000 bc, green river culture
Indian Knoll
found at Indian knoll:
objects with holes bored in them, shell midden, atlatl counter weights, antler hooks
intensive, semi-sedentary riverine adaption,
fairly egalitarian, some status ascribed,
some burials with exotic goods,
some burials with trauma
green river culture
found on the coast from south carolina to florida, 3000-1000 bc Late Archaic,
1-4 m in height
50-250 m in diameter
represent development of more complex social arrangements
Late archaic shell rings
ideas of what the shell rings could be
feasting ritual monuments?
Domestic villages with houses on rings?
oldest pottery in N America, south atlantic coast, 2500-1200 bc, some are textured and decorated
spanish moss tempered ware
indigenous cultigens of north america
by 2500bc
marsh elder, sunflower, goosefoot, squash gourd
indigenous cultigens of eastern north america, weedy camp followers lead to cultivated crops, horticulture/gardening, supplement hunter-gathering
eastern agricultural complex
characteristics of late archaic-terminal archaic 2500-1000 bc
first production and use of pottery
first horticulture
elaboration of mound centered rituals
local and regional networks, social and economic
1700-700 bc, six concentric ridges, five mounds within and outside ridges, one very large mound, around an extremely large plaza
poverty point
mound A at poverty point
built all at once, 2nd largest to monks mound,
evidence shows it was not a burial mound, probably a monument itself
all lithics from poverty point came from
Arkansas, the Ozarks
the was a — and — industry at poverty point
bead making and lapidary
pieces of fired clay shaped in different ways, , substitute for rocks, would hold heat, used in cooking
poverty point objects
poverty point had the first
complex lower mississippi valley culture
would could be antecedents to poverty point
lower jackson mound, watson brake
NE Louisiana, middle archaic, 3500 bc, series of mounds around an open plaza, riverine adaptation
watson brake
there is occuptational debris at watson brake on the
mounds, but little in the plaza
there is a 1000 year gap
in louisiana, no mounds in lower mississippi valley
woodland period
1000 bc- ad 1000
woodland period economy
locally intensified foraging strategies increasingly supplemented by horticulture
describe the pottery of the woodland period
grit tempered, cord marked, conical bases, increasingly sophisticated and multi-purpose
woodland cultures- mortuary
elaborate mortuary ritual with large cemeteries and burial mounds
largest adena mound complex found by squier and davis
wolf plains group
some 70-80 feet high, built over a long time with burials and layers of earth added at intervals
adena mounds
graves creek mound
miamisburg mound
williamsburg mound
adena mounds
adena settlement
small hamlets and villages 30-50 people. scattered along rivers and tributaries
adena mortuary ritual, after 500 bc
burial mounds increase in ritual significance
variety and complexity of grave goods indicate a developing
stratified society
burial mounds typically covered
burial log structures, charnal houses?
highly stylized human and bird figures, bilateral symmetry totemic designs, perhaps clan emblems
adena engravings
religious beliefs and rituals of the adena reflected by
increasingly elaborate treatment of the dead
adena society was not one united society, but
numerous small scale interacting societies
artifact bearing transformative were the focus of
adena shamanistic societies
middle woodland period
ca 200 bc - ad 500
trade/exchange of exotic materials, standardized ritual objects, and shared ritual practices
hopewell interaction sphere
in ohio, 3 km of earthworks enclosing 130 acres and 40 mounds,
hopewell site
largest burial mound in NA, found cut pounded copper, mica figurines, copper antler plate
mound 25 hopewell
recorded by squier and davis, great mica grave, crematory basin
mound city, ohio
fagan: symbolic geography, circular with square offshoot. s
major geometric earthworks
traces of this, uplifted between major sites
great hopewell road
most “spectacular” hopewell earthworks, octagon as lunar observatory
newark earthworks
new evidence suggests that these are later, but they are attributed to adena and hopewell
effigy mounds
these were found at hopewell sites
exotic materials: ceramic figurines, gorgets, bifaces, effigy pipes, obsidian
these have feet, elaborate designs, held off the ground,
ceremonial vessels, consistent form and decoration
hopewell pottery
from mound city, bear canine effigy
mica sheet figurines
this metal was found as pendants, plates, etc
copper
here they found timber tombs and burial chambers, around 170 graves, ceremonial “big house”
edwin harness mound
hopewell clan house? kept sacred items and carried out ceremonies
brown’s bottom
shamanistic transformation shown in these, through trance and vision
hopewell figurines
the hopewell interaction sphere wasn’t just socially connected but
genetically
caddo confderacies
Kadohadacho
hasinai
mr moon high priest
xinesi
village leaders
caddi
enforcers
tammas
elders
canahas
environment of the caddo
piney woods with cutout prairies
hardwoods with nuts
caddo villages were
dispersed in hamlets, expected of farmers, platform mounds, beehive with thatch
middle woodland ad 100-200, related to hopewell, but not hopwell per se, boat stones, possibly a rattle, copper from lake superior
Jonas Short Mound
middle woodland, southwestern frontier, hopewell interaction sphere, represents the southwestern frontier of hopwell interaction sphere
coral snake mound
SW Arkansas ad 600-1100, “emerging caddo” red river and ouachita river drainage, black middens, large tombs with sacrifice burials, plaza of the skulls,
crenshaw site
“mother culture” of the caddo, recognized as a lack midden archaeologically, mass burials
fourche maline
WPA 1930s, and then UT, Mound A, C, found dozens of outlines for temple/residences, “ceremonial maze” shaft tomb,
George C Davis site
at the george c davis site, filled with selective colors of clay, intrusion, shaft tomb
mound C
at the george c davis site, platform mound, “inner precinct”
mound A
george c davis site dates
ad 800-1300
track the rise and fal of the george c davis site
ritual center, mounds renewed and rebuilt, community expanded, connected to parallel communities, abandoned orderly, intentionally buried mounds
example of middle caddo village
oak hill village 1200-1400
early caddo houses were—, middle caddo were—, late caddo villages had
rectangular, circular, “special building” presumably for caddi
this time of the caddo had distinct territories, allied social groups, bound by kinship, dialect, ritual, economy, intentionally smashed bowls,
late caddo
what stone did the caddo mine from the ouachita mtns near hot springs
novaculite
compared to other mississippian villages, the caddo were
less nucleated, dispersed settlements, no fortification
compared to other mississippian societies the caddo were
cohesive societies bound by language, kinship, and alliances, they quickly and effectively gathered people for aid
all major sites of the mississippian world were
on water, possibly for moving goods and people, a lot of them are fortified
miss site in southwest illinois, built on a high floddplain of the miss, contains monks mound
cahokia
believed that cahokia was the center of a theater state, a state directed towards drama and ritual
Julie Holt
this site had 120 earthen mounds over 6 sq miles, major center built quickly ca ad 1050-1150
cahokia
enormous mortuary structure, originally 3 mounds but then covered as one, lots of different burials, chunky stones,
mound 72
this took thousands of trees, possibly not purely defensive
log palisade at cahokia
giant posts in a circle, astronomical orientations
“woodhenge” at cahokia
cahokia experienced rapid decline by
1300
this miss site was most powerful after 1200
moundville
this site has the largest burial occupation in any site in north america, known for elaborate iconography
moundville
it is argued hat the layout of moundville reflects
social hierarchy
dates of etowah mounds
950-1400s
describe the layout of etowah mounds
high density settlement outside of the walls, nucleated, compacted, fortified
a node of ritual intensification within an existing religious system
cult
part of the miss ritual, found at etowah, social order was “ranked: and governed by “divine chiefs”
chiefly warfare
the leader at etowah was a
paramount chief
for the southeast ceremonial complex, elite status was publically validated through
ritual objects
caddo site in oklahoma, craig mound, heavily looted
spiro
dates of spiro
1400
what was one of the most used mediums of the southeastern ceremonial complex
lightning whelk
Mississippian cultures emerge
ad 900
mississippian climax in
1200-1400
mississippian culture lingers into
the 1600s
“people of the first light”
wampanoag, Tisquantum, met the pilgrims in 1620
describe the subsistence patterns of some of the groups living along the atlantic coast
split existence: essentially hunter-gatherer-fishers, but were practicing maize agriculture
“conditional sedentism”
when things were going well they could stay in a place longer
northeastern algonquian fishing technologies
used weirs, spears, canoes, hook and line to hunt in marine, estuaries, riverine, lakes/ponds, marshes
prep and preservation used by algonquians
boiling, steaming pits, drying racks, storage pits
these were found in boston, about 30 ft down, from 3000-1500 bc
boylston street fishweirs
related central algonquian language groups
anishanaabe
people of the longhouse
haudenosaunee
dates of the Owasco
ca 1000
what materials were preferred by the owasco
onondaga chert
iroquois pottery
collared, peaked, decorated around the rim
secret medicine society that revolved around healing
false face society
idea that the iroquois developed from the point peninsula to the Owasco and then into the 5 nations
classic in situ model, dean smith
cherokee and iroquois split language wise by–, which supports the —- hypothesis
900
migration
one of the most impactful expeditions in the us
de soto
earliest spanish and continuously occupied europeam established settlement in america,
St. Augustine
st augustine was founded near the center of the — people
Timucua
the Timucua vanished by the early
1800s
charms against the evil eye found at st augustine
figas
In maine, established by the english and abandoned in 1608
ft st george
popham colony, competitor of jamestown, founded near the
kennebic river
the popham colony/ft st george was found using a map drawn by
john hunt
what was found on board the la belle
a french colony “kit”
18th century capital of spanish texas, some of the soldiers here were recruited out of jails in new spain
Los Adaes
at los adaes, part of a large cooking pit, four cow jaws,
house of the Curandera
the house of the curandera was a part of
Curanderismo, the art of folk healing
