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North American Archaeology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered Greenland in AD 982

A

Erik the Red

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2
Q

early viking site, established in N america around 1000 AD, Newfoundlandon a spit surrounded by water on all three sides

A

L’anse aux meadow

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3
Q

excavated L’anse aux meadow in 1961-1968

A

anne stine and helge ingstad

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4
Q

1528, landed at galveston, failed miserably, spent years with the natives with the other few survivors, did women’s work and was able to move between groups

A

cabeza de vaca

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5
Q

landed in florida with livestock and firearms, caused a tremendous amount of conflict and damage

A

hernando de soto

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6
Q

went in search of cibola, 1540-1542, encountered a mix of settled farmers and nomadic hunters, had some conflict with the pueblos

A

francisco vasquez de coronado

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7
Q

myth of moundbuilders

A

the people in the americas thought that the native americans couldnt have built the mounds, they must be the lost tribes of israel or something

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8
Q

excavated on his property in 1782, trenched the mounds, found women and children burials, tested his hypothesis that the mounds had burials.

A

thomas jefferson

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9
Q

ancient monuments of the mississippi valley 1848, recognized that the mounds were being destoryed, drew pictures and maps of them.

A

squier and davis

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10
Q

a government response to the realization that the native american culture was disappearing, and the sites were being destroyed, John Wesley Powell, cyrus thomas

A

bureau of ethnology

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11
Q

decided that the people who built the mounds were not a “separate race,” but the ancient indiands.

A

cyrus thomas

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12
Q

george mcjunkin 1927, found a folsom point with a bison antiguus bone

A

folsom, new mexico

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13
Q

1907, found skeletal remains and suggested they were early, said they came here only 4000 years ago

A

ales hrdlicka

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14
Q

nels nelson excavated with the stratigraphic approach,

A

pueblo san cristobal

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15
Q

excavated pecos pueblo, using stratigraphy and chronology, brought a bunch of archaeologists together and looked at the pottery.

A

av kidder

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16
Q

the product of a bunch of archaeologists looking at ceramics and putting them in a chronology, put together by AV kidder.

A

pecos classification

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17
Q

AE douglass, 1930s, tree ring dating,

A

dendrochronology

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18
Q

william libby in 1949, need organic material such as wood, bone, etc.

A

radiocarbon dating

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19
Q

rcybp

A

radio carbon years before present

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20
Q

wpa era

A

.

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21
Q

who came up with he conjunctive approach, rejected the culture history approach, moved away from temples and description, toward testing hypotheses

A

walter taylor

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22
Q

original intent was to survey to build highway systems, fairly small scale salvage operations, missouri river basin.

A

smithsonian river basin studies

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23
Q

intent was to take what they could before the structures were built, dams and highways, federal recognition of adverse impacts, led to preservation laws

A

salvage archaeology

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24
Q

.

A

processual archaeology

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25
Q

the angry young man of 1960s archaeology, processual archaeology, should understand how things changed, made arch more scientific, hypotheses

A

lewis binford

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26
Q

.

A

post processual archaeology

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27
Q

.

A

crm

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28
Q

start of crm archaeology

A

national historic preservation act 1966

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29
Q

dictated that the archaeologists must consult with native groups when they encounter sacred remains

A

nagpra

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30
Q

period/epoch/era of the colonization and settlement of n america, 11,500-7000 bc

A

paleoindian

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31
Q

by 12,500 rcybp first widespread, recognizable culture, elephant and bison hunters an highly mobile, not really valid anymore

A

clovis first model

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32
Q

.

A

bering strait/sea level

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33
Q

the land between north america and siberia

A

beringia

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34
Q

“kelp highway” people adapted to and followed the marine way of life, minimal direct archaeological evidence

A

pacific coastal route

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35
Q

.came to north america via the ice from europe to north america, dennis stanford, bruce bradley

A

solutrean hypothesis

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36
Q

developed the solutrean hypothesis

A

dennis stanford and bruce bradley

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37
Q

monte verde, meadowcroft shelter, cactus hill, buttermilk creek, manis mastodon

A

pre clovis

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38
Q

pennsylvania, james adovasio, 16,000 calbp widely accepted

A

meadowcroft shelter

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39
Q

olympic peninsula in washington, bone projectile embedded in tip, 13,800 bp

A

manis mastodon

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40
Q

cascade range, oregon, ice age pleistocene bones, found stone tools, coprolites with mDNA, 12,750-14,300

A

paisley cave

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41
Q

debra friedkin site, lithics, below clovis, 14,350-16,200

A

buttermilk creek

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42
Q

formal stone tools not essential, expedient flake tools work well to make other tool making materials, bone ivor or wood

A

bone technology

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43
Q

felt that there was linguistic evidence for ealier occupation, looked at the language groups in the americas, argued for three waves of migration.

A

j greenberg

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44
Q

montana, clovis child’s burial, overlain by bone, stone, and red ochre, reconstructed genome says he is related to all indigenous amerinds

A

anzick 1

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45
Q

6,000-10,000 year occupation of the land bridge followed by rapid occupation

A

beringia incubation

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46
Q

2015 genomic evidence

A

by 23 kya ancestral americans are separate from east asian ancestors

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47
Q

1933-37, EB Howard, John Cother, was a quarry site that went down deep and exposed paleoindian layers, clearly associated with mammoths

A

blackwater draw

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48
Q

widespread colonization of the eastern 2/3 of the US, highly modile bands of hunter gatherers, distinctive fluted points.

A

clovis

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49
Q

well over 50% of clovis artifacts that have been well documented come from this site, small valley with permanent springs, chert outcrops, found evidence for lots of grass cutting, incised stones, inconsistent with clovis first model.

A

gault

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50
Q

gault site excavator.

A

mike collins

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51
Q

this technology found at gault is associated with knocking off blades, used for cutting grass, engravers with small points at the tops.

A

clovis blade technology

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52
Q

distinctive groupings that were purposefully put in place, anzick, fenn, east wenatchee.

A

clovis caches

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53
Q

this was caused by environmental change, overkill, or both. Paul S Martin thinks it was overkill

A

megafuana extinction

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54
Q

fewer sites, sparse popoulation, mostly surface, few stratified, early maritime pattern, inland patterns poorly known.

A

western paleoindian

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55
Q

.11,200-12,200 calBP, crescents, transversely mounted projetile “points” for waterfowl hunting, seafaring, island colonized, diversified marine economy,

A

paleocoastal channel islands

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56
Q

characterized by obsidian found at paisley cave, oregon, fewer sites

A

western stemmed tradition

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57
Q

bison hunting pattern, directly after clovis, highly mobile, looked for the highest quality flint, folsom

A

plains paleoindian

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58
Q

directly after clovis, ca 10,800-9,900 bc, plains bison hunting, moved around looking for high quality flint

A

folsom

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59
Q

more varied styles of points, more sites but relatively few stratified, early there was a rapid expansion to the north, later they were more settled and adapted to foraging

A

eastern woodlands paleoindian

60
Q

ca 10,000-7000 bc, greater diversity of styles, varied/localized adaptations to holocene conditions, growing contingent population, language and cultural diversification, dalton culture focused on deer,

A

late paleoindian

61
Q

the bison like the — and — grass prairies more than the eastern — prairie

A

short
mixed
tall

62
Q

southernmost jump site, bone bed II, earlier than 10,000 bc, bone bed III 800 bc

A

bonfire shelter

63
Q

take advantage of arroyos like the cooper site, parabolic sanddunes like the casper site,

A

natural landscape trap sites

64
Q

7500-2500 bc, very poor archaeological record, coincides with the altithermal, poor bison conditions, prehistoric wells date to this period

A

plains archaic

65
Q

major climatic change in 5500-3200 bc, hot dry dusty and poor bison conditions.

A

altithermal

66
Q

alberta, cliffs used for bison kill site, would have involved several groups, rows of small baricades leading from th egathering basin, variety of projectile points show that different groups were involved.

A

head smashed in

67
Q

eastern wyoming, late archaic, 300 bc, buffalo pound site, row of posts, inside is a bone bed, several different types of projectile points, found pits with only certain kinds of bones in them, associated drive lines, oval ceremonial structure

A

ruby corral site

68
Q

.

A

george frison

69
Q

NE wyoming, 60 ft high, natural sinkhole, estimated 20,000 bison killed here ad 1300-1850, 20 plus layers of bison bones

A

vore buffalo jumps

70
Q

woodland cultures AD 1-1000, then moved to the plains ad 1000

A

plains villager

71
Q

a common item of plains villagers, would rough up the surface which created more surface area to conduct heat, rounded or pointed bottoms, placed into depressions or fires

A

cordmarked pottery

72
Q

built from and within the earth, plains villagers, constructed of wood beams, grass, and sod, rectangular and circular, some multi household, took many days to construct

A

earthlodge

73
Q

the rectangular earthlodges were —- and the circular were —-

A

mostly early

mostly later

74
Q

,defining element of plains villagers, especially eastern n american cultigens like squash an sunflower

A

gardening farming

75
Q

used the scalpula to till the soil for maize agriculture

A

bison bone hoes

76
Q

.usually store the cobs with the corn still on them, small at the top where the opening was, arranged what was stored in it specifically

A

bell shaped storage pits

77
Q

made this way so that they would sit in pits or fires

A

round bottom pottery

78
Q

AD 1000-1400, ancestral to mandan (siouan speaking), large rectangular houses, lived in large river valleys, places that have large flood plains

A

middle missouri tradition

79
Q

crow creek, circular to earth lodges, ancestors of the arikara, fortifiation of a ditch and a plaisade.

A

coalescent tradition

80
Q

500 killed, scalped and mutillated, 1325, were arikara ancestors, the villages knew danger was coming, there were unfinished fortifications. the village was very crowded

A

crow creek massacre

81
Q

ad 1500-1550, overlooking the missouri, mandan, late 1400s-1785, bastions on the palisade, went through a lot of modification, smaller through time,

A

double ditch village

82
Q

established in 1800s, when natives were decimated by disease and american settlers, 1837 siouan, mandan hidatsa, 1862. historically enemies but now cooperating

A

like-a-fishhook

83
Q

./

A

siouan-mandan

84
Q

.

A

caddoan-arikara

85
Q

semi sedentary, farmers and hunters, cordmarked pottery, elaborate bone technology, musical instruments, alibates flint, long distance trade southwest and beyond

A

southern plains

86
Q

ad 1250-1450, WPA works, on a terrace overlooking the creek, multiple rooms right beside each other, southern plains.

A

antelope creek

87
Q

along canadian river, burned area, layer in a creek bed, chopped the village in half, found a central hearth, posts, frameowrk burned and fell to the floor, intentionally burned and adandoned, part of small dispersed village amid agricultural fields.

A

hank’s house

88
Q

volcanic island chain of alaska, had interesting parallels with earth lodges, turf covered, elaborate basketry

A

aleuts

89
Q

for these people, ringed seals were a valuable resource, later groups developed tech to hunt whales, had specialized clothing, watercaft, ulu knives, .

A

inuit/eskimo

90
Q

barbed and toggling, consisted of shaft, foreshaft (loose or fixed), line, and head, can find hundreds of different points

A

arctic harpoon technology

91
Q

.atabaskan and algonquian speakers, lived in arboreal forests

A

subarctic

92
Q

9000-5000 bc, microblade technology, would set into the sides of spears, can be traced to siberia, nenana complex, a biface tradition, long lived and poorly known,

A

paleo-arctic tradition

93
Q

north slope, brooks mtn, 9000 bc, lanceolate points, “paleoindian hunting lookout” similarities with the agate basin complex of the northern plains

A

mesa site

94
Q

small blades, put into composite tools, into sides of spears

A

microblade technology

95
Q

2500-800 bc, microliths, cm in length, for carving bone and wood, spread east across the arctic, mainly inland but also coastal,

A

arctic small tool tradition

96
Q

primarily alaska, iputiak culture: goggles, death masks, carved ivory, used whale bones for structures, some of the best preserved sites are on peninsula, 1000-800 bc, permanent villages with substantial houses

A

norton tradition

97
Q

500bc- ad 1300, eastern arctic, chipped stone artifacts, harpoons, carvings, very elaborate, successful arctic maritime, specialized in hunting sea mammals in ice holes, coastal settlement, dramatic decline in AD 800 warming conditions,

A

dorset culture

98
Q

ancestors of inuit, ca 200 bc- ad 1600, similar tech, but better defined, ulus, specialized sea mammal hunters, kayaks and umiaks, soapstone lamps, houses multi layered and semi subterranean, spread east, displacing and replacing the dorset

A

thule tradition

99
Q

wooden framed boats with seal skins, many passengers, used to hunt large sea mammals

A

umiak

100
Q

early site in Greenland, est AD 986, right on the coast, dug a depression, piled rocks, and covered with earth to survive the cold

A

Brattahlid

101
Q

traversed the tip of greenland, crossed the davis strait, and landed in N america, AD 1000

A

Leif Erikson

102
Q

what was found at l’anse aux meadows that established it as viking

A

iron smitting furnace, sod houses similar to those in greenland, copper pins, carved boat pieces,

103
Q

what was the viking word for the native americans

A

skaeling

104
Q

what was found at the thule inuit site on baffin island that relates to the vikings

A

a carved figurine that looks like the cospin of a priest

105
Q

what was found at naskeag point, maine, 1003

A

viking penny, viking chord?

106
Q

when was the little ice age

A

AD 1400-1850

107
Q

first bishop of canterbury, thought they native americans had been here a along time

A

Bartolome de los Casas

108
Q

curator at the peabody, early professor of anthropology, professionalized american anthropology

A

frederick ward putnam

109
Q

southeastern us, would take a paddleboat up rivers and excavate mounds he found

A

CB Moore

110
Q

smithsonian archaeology, zuni pueblo, southwest 1880s, ethnology of the zuni tribe

A

frank hamilton cushing

111
Q

southwest 1880’s, survey of pueblos, recorded ruins, saw himself as working back from the known to the unknown

A

adolf bandelier

112
Q

mammoth engraving, greater than 13,000 years?

A

vero beach, fl

113
Q

strongest argument against the atlantic route is

A

genetics

114
Q

cache with red ochre, child burial

A

anzick montana

115
Q

cache with high quality obsidian chert

A

fenn cache

116
Q

cache with 14 clovis points, 12 mammoth bone reeds

A

east wenatchee cache

117
Q

cumberland point up in the mountains, sipson and suwanee points closer to the coast, shows specialization of cultures

A

paleo southeast

118
Q

site in NW nebraska, huge bison bonebed

A

hudson-meng site

119
Q

bison kill site near san angelo, were putting in a pieline, hit a large bone bed, found ash bed, used ceramics for bone boiling, bone fractured for marrow, Toyah culture

A

rush site

120
Q

defining charcateristics of plains villagers

A

gardening, pottery, bows and arrows, pit houses forming hamlets and small villages, cordmarked pottery

121
Q

interior storage pits, for storing crops to last past the fall,

A

woodland pithouses

122
Q

what was the limiting factor of earthlodges

A

wood to build it

123
Q

when did the initial coalescnt tradition start replacing and displacing the middle missouri tradition

A

1300s

124
Q

upper missouri, ad 1443-1465, nucleated, fortifies, ancestors of mandan, ditches, walls, square/rectangular village, square shaoed houses inside, used gpr to map the houses

A

huff village

125
Q

when was the paleoindian era

A

11,500-7000 bc

126
Q

the widley accepted dates of meadowcroft shelter

A

16,000 calbp

127
Q

approximate dates of manis mastodon

A

13,800 bp

128
Q

dates of paisley cave

A

12,750-14,300

129
Q

dates of buttermilk creek complex

A

14,350-16,200

130
Q

paleocoastal channel islands dates

A

11,200-12,200 calBP

131
Q

dtaes for folsom

A

ca 10,800-9,900 bc

132
Q

when was the late paleoindian eras and what did it entail

A

ca 10,000-7000 bc, greater diversity of styles, varied/localized adaptations to holocene conditions, growing contingent population, language and cultural diversification, dalton culture focused on deer,

133
Q

when was the plains archaic era and what did it coincide with

A

7500-2500 bc

altithermal

134
Q

what is the approximate date for the ruby corral site

A

300 bc

135
Q

what were the dates for the middle missouri tradition

A

AD 1000-1400

136
Q

when was the crow creek massacre

A

1325

137
Q

when was double ditch village occupied

A

late 1400-1785

138
Q

when was like a fish hook founded

A

1800s

139
Q

when was antelope creek occupied

A

ad 1250-1450

140
Q

when was the paleo-arctic tradition

A

9000-5000 bc

141
Q

when was the mesa site occupied

A

9000 bc

142
Q

when was the arctic small tool tradition

A

2500-800 bc

143
Q

when was the norton tradition in alaska

A

1000-800 bc

144
Q

when was the dorset culture in the eastern arctic

A

500bc- ad 1300

145
Q

when was the thule in the arctic

A

ca 200 bc- ad 1600

North American Archaeology (5 decks)

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