Exam 1 Flashcards
who discovered Greenland in AD 982
Erik the Red
early viking site, established in N america around 1000 AD, Newfoundlandon a spit surrounded by water on all three sides
L’anse aux meadow
excavated L’anse aux meadow in 1961-1968
anne stine and helge ingstad
1528, landed at galveston, failed miserably, spent years with the natives with the other few survivors, did women’s work and was able to move between groups
cabeza de vaca
landed in florida with livestock and firearms, caused a tremendous amount of conflict and damage
hernando de soto
went in search of cibola, 1540-1542, encountered a mix of settled farmers and nomadic hunters, had some conflict with the pueblos
francisco vasquez de coronado
myth of moundbuilders
the people in the americas thought that the native americans couldnt have built the mounds, they must be the lost tribes of israel or something
excavated on his property in 1782, trenched the mounds, found women and children burials, tested his hypothesis that the mounds had burials.
thomas jefferson
ancient monuments of the mississippi valley 1848, recognized that the mounds were being destoryed, drew pictures and maps of them.
squier and davis
a government response to the realization that the native american culture was disappearing, and the sites were being destroyed, John Wesley Powell, cyrus thomas
bureau of ethnology
decided that the people who built the mounds were not a “separate race,” but the ancient indiands.
cyrus thomas
george mcjunkin 1927, found a folsom point with a bison antiguus bone
folsom, new mexico
1907, found skeletal remains and suggested they were early, said they came here only 4000 years ago
ales hrdlicka
nels nelson excavated with the stratigraphic approach,
pueblo san cristobal
excavated pecos pueblo, using stratigraphy and chronology, brought a bunch of archaeologists together and looked at the pottery.
av kidder
the product of a bunch of archaeologists looking at ceramics and putting them in a chronology, put together by AV kidder.
pecos classification
AE douglass, 1930s, tree ring dating,
dendrochronology
william libby in 1949, need organic material such as wood, bone, etc.
radiocarbon dating
rcybp
radio carbon years before present
wpa era
.
who came up with he conjunctive approach, rejected the culture history approach, moved away from temples and description, toward testing hypotheses
walter taylor
original intent was to survey to build highway systems, fairly small scale salvage operations, missouri river basin.
smithsonian river basin studies
intent was to take what they could before the structures were built, dams and highways, federal recognition of adverse impacts, led to preservation laws
salvage archaeology
.
processual archaeology
the angry young man of 1960s archaeology, processual archaeology, should understand how things changed, made arch more scientific, hypotheses
lewis binford
.
post processual archaeology
.
crm
start of crm archaeology
national historic preservation act 1966
dictated that the archaeologists must consult with native groups when they encounter sacred remains
nagpra
period/epoch/era of the colonization and settlement of n america, 11,500-7000 bc
paleoindian
by 12,500 rcybp first widespread, recognizable culture, elephant and bison hunters an highly mobile, not really valid anymore
clovis first model
.
bering strait/sea level
the land between north america and siberia
beringia
“kelp highway” people adapted to and followed the marine way of life, minimal direct archaeological evidence
pacific coastal route
.came to north america via the ice from europe to north america, dennis stanford, bruce bradley
solutrean hypothesis
developed the solutrean hypothesis
dennis stanford and bruce bradley
monte verde, meadowcroft shelter, cactus hill, buttermilk creek, manis mastodon
pre clovis
pennsylvania, james adovasio, 16,000 calbp widely accepted
meadowcroft shelter
olympic peninsula in washington, bone projectile embedded in tip, 13,800 bp
manis mastodon
cascade range, oregon, ice age pleistocene bones, found stone tools, coprolites with mDNA, 12,750-14,300
paisley cave
debra friedkin site, lithics, below clovis, 14,350-16,200
buttermilk creek
formal stone tools not essential, expedient flake tools work well to make other tool making materials, bone ivor or wood
bone technology
felt that there was linguistic evidence for ealier occupation, looked at the language groups in the americas, argued for three waves of migration.
j greenberg
montana, clovis child’s burial, overlain by bone, stone, and red ochre, reconstructed genome says he is related to all indigenous amerinds
anzick 1
6,000-10,000 year occupation of the land bridge followed by rapid occupation
beringia incubation
2015 genomic evidence
by 23 kya ancestral americans are separate from east asian ancestors
1933-37, EB Howard, John Cother, was a quarry site that went down deep and exposed paleoindian layers, clearly associated with mammoths
blackwater draw
widespread colonization of the eastern 2/3 of the US, highly modile bands of hunter gatherers, distinctive fluted points.
clovis
well over 50% of clovis artifacts that have been well documented come from this site, small valley with permanent springs, chert outcrops, found evidence for lots of grass cutting, incised stones, inconsistent with clovis first model.
gault
gault site excavator.
mike collins
this technology found at gault is associated with knocking off blades, used for cutting grass, engravers with small points at the tops.
clovis blade technology
distinctive groupings that were purposefully put in place, anzick, fenn, east wenatchee.
clovis caches
this was caused by environmental change, overkill, or both. Paul S Martin thinks it was overkill
megafuana extinction
fewer sites, sparse popoulation, mostly surface, few stratified, early maritime pattern, inland patterns poorly known.
western paleoindian
.11,200-12,200 calBP, crescents, transversely mounted projetile “points” for waterfowl hunting, seafaring, island colonized, diversified marine economy,
paleocoastal channel islands
characterized by obsidian found at paisley cave, oregon, fewer sites
western stemmed tradition
bison hunting pattern, directly after clovis, highly mobile, looked for the highest quality flint, folsom
plains paleoindian
directly after clovis, ca 10,800-9,900 bc, plains bison hunting, moved around looking for high quality flint
folsom
more varied styles of points, more sites but relatively few stratified, early there was a rapid expansion to the north, later they were more settled and adapted to foraging
eastern woodlands paleoindian
ca 10,000-7000 bc, greater diversity of styles, varied/localized adaptations to holocene conditions, growing contingent population, language and cultural diversification, dalton culture focused on deer,
late paleoindian
the bison like the — and — grass prairies more than the eastern — prairie
short
mixed
tall
southernmost jump site, bone bed II, earlier than 10,000 bc, bone bed III 800 bc
bonfire shelter
take advantage of arroyos like the cooper site, parabolic sanddunes like the casper site,
natural landscape trap sites
7500-2500 bc, very poor archaeological record, coincides with the altithermal, poor bison conditions, prehistoric wells date to this period
plains archaic
major climatic change in 5500-3200 bc, hot dry dusty and poor bison conditions.
altithermal
alberta, cliffs used for bison kill site, would have involved several groups, rows of small baricades leading from th egathering basin, variety of projectile points show that different groups were involved.
head smashed in
eastern wyoming, late archaic, 300 bc, buffalo pound site, row of posts, inside is a bone bed, several different types of projectile points, found pits with only certain kinds of bones in them, associated drive lines, oval ceremonial structure
ruby corral site
.
george frison
NE wyoming, 60 ft high, natural sinkhole, estimated 20,000 bison killed here ad 1300-1850, 20 plus layers of bison bones
vore buffalo jumps
woodland cultures AD 1-1000, then moved to the plains ad 1000
plains villager
a common item of plains villagers, would rough up the surface which created more surface area to conduct heat, rounded or pointed bottoms, placed into depressions or fires
cordmarked pottery
built from and within the earth, plains villagers, constructed of wood beams, grass, and sod, rectangular and circular, some multi household, took many days to construct
earthlodge
the rectangular earthlodges were —- and the circular were —-
mostly early
mostly later
,defining element of plains villagers, especially eastern n american cultigens like squash an sunflower
gardening farming
used the scalpula to till the soil for maize agriculture
bison bone hoes
.usually store the cobs with the corn still on them, small at the top where the opening was, arranged what was stored in it specifically
bell shaped storage pits
made this way so that they would sit in pits or fires
round bottom pottery
AD 1000-1400, ancestral to mandan (siouan speaking), large rectangular houses, lived in large river valleys, places that have large flood plains
middle missouri tradition
crow creek, circular to earth lodges, ancestors of the arikara, fortifiation of a ditch and a plaisade.
coalescent tradition
500 killed, scalped and mutillated, 1325, were arikara ancestors, the villages knew danger was coming, there were unfinished fortifications. the village was very crowded
crow creek massacre
ad 1500-1550, overlooking the missouri, mandan, late 1400s-1785, bastions on the palisade, went through a lot of modification, smaller through time,
double ditch village
established in 1800s, when natives were decimated by disease and american settlers, 1837 siouan, mandan hidatsa, 1862. historically enemies but now cooperating
like-a-fishhook
./
siouan-mandan
.
caddoan-arikara
semi sedentary, farmers and hunters, cordmarked pottery, elaborate bone technology, musical instruments, alibates flint, long distance trade southwest and beyond
southern plains
ad 1250-1450, WPA works, on a terrace overlooking the creek, multiple rooms right beside each other, southern plains.
antelope creek
along canadian river, burned area, layer in a creek bed, chopped the village in half, found a central hearth, posts, frameowrk burned and fell to the floor, intentionally burned and adandoned, part of small dispersed village amid agricultural fields.
hank’s house
volcanic island chain of alaska, had interesting parallels with earth lodges, turf covered, elaborate basketry
aleuts
for these people, ringed seals were a valuable resource, later groups developed tech to hunt whales, had specialized clothing, watercaft, ulu knives, .
inuit/eskimo
barbed and toggling, consisted of shaft, foreshaft (loose or fixed), line, and head, can find hundreds of different points
arctic harpoon technology
.atabaskan and algonquian speakers, lived in arboreal forests
subarctic
9000-5000 bc, microblade technology, would set into the sides of spears, can be traced to siberia, nenana complex, a biface tradition, long lived and poorly known,
paleo-arctic tradition
north slope, brooks mtn, 9000 bc, lanceolate points, “paleoindian hunting lookout” similarities with the agate basin complex of the northern plains
mesa site
small blades, put into composite tools, into sides of spears
microblade technology
2500-800 bc, microliths, cm in length, for carving bone and wood, spread east across the arctic, mainly inland but also coastal,
arctic small tool tradition
primarily alaska, iputiak culture: goggles, death masks, carved ivory, used whale bones for structures, some of the best preserved sites are on peninsula, 1000-800 bc, permanent villages with substantial houses
norton tradition
500bc- ad 1300, eastern arctic, chipped stone artifacts, harpoons, carvings, very elaborate, successful arctic maritime, specialized in hunting sea mammals in ice holes, coastal settlement, dramatic decline in AD 800 warming conditions,
dorset culture
ancestors of inuit, ca 200 bc- ad 1600, similar tech, but better defined, ulus, specialized sea mammal hunters, kayaks and umiaks, soapstone lamps, houses multi layered and semi subterranean, spread east, displacing and replacing the dorset
thule tradition
wooden framed boats with seal skins, many passengers, used to hunt large sea mammals
umiak
early site in Greenland, est AD 986, right on the coast, dug a depression, piled rocks, and covered with earth to survive the cold
Brattahlid
traversed the tip of greenland, crossed the davis strait, and landed in N america, AD 1000
Leif Erikson
what was found at l’anse aux meadows that established it as viking
iron smitting furnace, sod houses similar to those in greenland, copper pins, carved boat pieces,
what was the viking word for the native americans
skaeling
what was found at the thule inuit site on baffin island that relates to the vikings
a carved figurine that looks like the cospin of a priest
what was found at naskeag point, maine, 1003
viking penny, viking chord?
when was the little ice age
AD 1400-1850
first bishop of canterbury, thought they native americans had been here a along time
Bartolome de los Casas
curator at the peabody, early professor of anthropology, professionalized american anthropology
frederick ward putnam
southeastern us, would take a paddleboat up rivers and excavate mounds he found
CB Moore
smithsonian archaeology, zuni pueblo, southwest 1880s, ethnology of the zuni tribe
frank hamilton cushing
southwest 1880’s, survey of pueblos, recorded ruins, saw himself as working back from the known to the unknown
adolf bandelier
mammoth engraving, greater than 13,000 years?
vero beach, fl
strongest argument against the atlantic route is
genetics
cache with red ochre, child burial
anzick montana
cache with high quality obsidian chert
fenn cache
cache with 14 clovis points, 12 mammoth bone reeds
east wenatchee cache
cumberland point up in the mountains, sipson and suwanee points closer to the coast, shows specialization of cultures
paleo southeast
site in NW nebraska, huge bison bonebed
hudson-meng site
bison kill site near san angelo, were putting in a pieline, hit a large bone bed, found ash bed, used ceramics for bone boiling, bone fractured for marrow, Toyah culture
rush site
defining charcateristics of plains villagers
gardening, pottery, bows and arrows, pit houses forming hamlets and small villages, cordmarked pottery
interior storage pits, for storing crops to last past the fall,
woodland pithouses
what was the limiting factor of earthlodges
wood to build it
when did the initial coalescnt tradition start replacing and displacing the middle missouri tradition
1300s
upper missouri, ad 1443-1465, nucleated, fortifies, ancestors of mandan, ditches, walls, square/rectangular village, square shaoed houses inside, used gpr to map the houses
huff village
when was the paleoindian era
11,500-7000 bc
the widley accepted dates of meadowcroft shelter
16,000 calbp
approximate dates of manis mastodon
13,800 bp
dates of paisley cave
12,750-14,300
dates of buttermilk creek complex
14,350-16,200
paleocoastal channel islands dates
11,200-12,200 calBP
dtaes for folsom
ca 10,800-9,900 bc
when was the late paleoindian eras and what did it entail
ca 10,000-7000 bc, greater diversity of styles, varied/localized adaptations to holocene conditions, growing contingent population, language and cultural diversification, dalton culture focused on deer,
when was the plains archaic era and what did it coincide with
7500-2500 bc
altithermal
what is the approximate date for the ruby corral site
300 bc
what were the dates for the middle missouri tradition
AD 1000-1400
when was the crow creek massacre
1325
when was double ditch village occupied
late 1400-1785
when was like a fish hook founded
1800s
when was antelope creek occupied
ad 1250-1450
when was the paleo-arctic tradition
9000-5000 bc
when was the mesa site occupied
9000 bc
when was the arctic small tool tradition
2500-800 bc
when was the norton tradition in alaska
1000-800 bc
when was the dorset culture in the eastern arctic
500bc- ad 1300
when was the thule in the arctic
ca 200 bc- ad 1600
