Exam 2 Flashcards
NW coast large houses with large households, lots of wood
Nootka
group of people, most known for hunting whales
Makah
major multi-day events where one village led by one large family had a big party and the head gave away a lot of wealth
potlatch
what is the meaning of complex-fisher-hunter-gatherers
- sedentary/semi-sedentary
- economy based on stored processed foods
- household based societies
- relied on a few intensively exploited and highly productive resources
- actively manipulated their environment
- complex fishing and house tech
- large, high density pop
- social hierarchies with high-status, permanent leadership
major salmon run, many groups lived along this river
fraser river watershed
major resource, lots of tributariess, linked the coastal peoples to the interior
columbia river
defining resources of the NW, 7 different species, weirs with platforms, harpoons, nets, dried the surplus
salmon
find the vertebra of these in the same sites as herring, they have major migration times different than salmon
pacific herring
the best groups were those who had control over the streams that guaranteed fish because
the salmon migrations could fluctuate, needed a way to store surplus, needed inter-group relations
important wood in the culture, easier to work with now
western red cedar
didn’t think of their lives as north-south, but up and down the coast
ocean orientation
actively managed the landscape, arranged rocks parallel to beach, in the tidal zone, would trap sand
collecting and managing shellfish
a tuber that grows along marshes and rivers
wapato
when was the first settlement of the NW coast likely?
10,000-3500 BC
what cave contained coprolites with human dna
paisley cave
cave ca 8,300 bc, prince of wales island, embedded bone in matrix, found human skeleton, DNA sequenced from 2 teeth, found microblade and bifacial tech
on your knees cave
central coast, BC columbia, 10,000-1,000 BC, early historic stone fish trap,
namu
namu period 2
5000-4000 bc, microlith tech
namu period 4
3200-1800 bc, orientation toward marine animals, harpoon head
namu period 6
after ad 100, harpoon barbs, toggling, whale points
period, profound economic, societal, cultural developments, stabilization of sea level, greater salmon productivity, pop growth
middle pacific period 1800 BC- AD 500
developing tech to handle salmon caused
increased pop
what were the households like in the middle pacific
rectangular, long houses, first formally planned villages, layed out in rows, took planning, social organization, sophisticated ways of storing surplus
where and when was art first found on NW coast
middle pacific, as status markers, only in high status burials
what increased in intensity during the middle pacific
warfare, 48% of burials show some form of trauma, bone and stone clubs
middle pacific status and ritual
status was ascribed, north south distinctions of labret wear/cranial deformation, grave goods show ranking
occupied 1200-200 bc, first wet site using hydraulic excavation in NW, extraordinary preservation, evidence for deep water fishing, hafted microlith knives, offsgore halibut hooks
hoko river site
site occupied ad 1-1750 makah, one of 5 wintertime villages, 85% of the items excavated from this site are perishable, clubs, carved, whalers basket with harpoon head, carved wood orca fin, buried by landslide
ozette
the houses squashed by the landslide at ozette contained
all of their original contents
furtrade in the NW increased the amount of
warfare
what are the four critical fctors of NWC complexity
sedentism, concentrated resources, large, dense pop, strong social hierarchy
how many different dialects were in the california region
100s
smaller groups that had its own territory, several villages, and controlled the resources in that territory
“tribelets”
last of the yahi, the last surviving group of the yana tribe, emerged in 1911
ishi
the people in california developed tech to
maximize yields of resources, one example is baskets and threshers that brushed seeds off of plants
shells were an important
currency
a staple of the central valley, processing places owned by families, also mapped social relationships, developed granaries
acorns
in the late pleistocene early holocene, in california
warming, glaciers receded, basin lakes diminished, major ecosystem changes
in the middle holocene 6500- 2000 bc
warmer, drier (altithermal), interior lakes dried up, more modern ecoloical patterns
late holocene 2000 bc to present,
slightly cooler weather, but unstable climate, modern sea level established around 3000 years ago
area in california settled by 2500 bc, after AD 1400 greater social complexity
sacramento delta
people went back to the same place, discarding shells, nels nelson worked on these, 5-10 m high, formed over 4000 years, 100s to 1000s of burials
san francisco bay shell mounds
early occupation site, ca 6500 bc, woodworking tools presumably for boat making tech
Eel point, san clemente island
sewn plank canoe, ad 500 up to 9 meters long,
tomol
chumash groundstone tech, debris from making groundstone tools, pestle blanks that were discarded, argued the area was famous for manufacturing
Dr. Conlee’s research
what did the chumash use for shell currency
olivella
bead makers kit found at
daisy cave on san miguel island
the tomol route, chumash bead trade-
circulated between villages and islands
“anchum”
currency, status markers
the people of the great basin were what type of language family
numic languages, uto-axtecan branch
when did the numic speakers become culturally distinct
AD 500-700
late pleistocene in the great basin was
much cooler and wetter, large lakes in the basin
between 11,000-9,000 in the great basin was
drier but still cool, lakes shrink
the holocene in the great basin was characterized by
accelerated drying and adaptive species spread
the great basin is known for its patchy
resources
the patches of resources in the great basin are
highly productive, separated by large areas and periods of low productivity
the human adaptations to the patchy great basin were
varied, mobile and shifting, dependent on local ecology
the idea that people’s culture reflects the ecology of where they live
cultural ecology
who came up with the idea of cultural ecology and interviewed shoshone men and recounted what life was like in the late 1800s
julian steward
what is the assumption of evolutionary ecology
natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive fitness
“diet breadth” predictive models rank resources as energetic cost vs gain
optimal foraging theory
studied by david hearst thomas, in the winter it would settle on the escarpments because it would blow snow off of their houses, pinon and juniper woodlands on the mountains
reese river valley
how was the reese survey data interpreted
as generally consistent with steward’s model after about 2500 years ago, not before
describe the desert archaic
7500 bc- ad 1800, stable way of life, didn’t change much, danger cave, utah, bonneville basin
this site, excavated by david H thomas, with deeply stratiified deposits
Gatecliff shelter
how many episodic visits to the gatecliff shelter of sheep hunting parties
11
when was the longest gap between visits to gatecliff shelter
3315-2145
what did the large gap in gatecliff visits indicate a shift in
from temporary hunting groups to a family residential base
a cave excavated by david thomas 2050-50 bc, found fiber nets, awls, bone flute, hidden/stored things, “second harvest”
hidden cave, carson desert nevada
culture around 100 bc- ad 1300, eastern great basin and western colorado plateau
freemont culture
farmers in an area where there shouldn’t be farmers
freemont problem
freemont origins:
southwestern peoples pottery using agriculturalists interacting with indigenous archaic desert foragers
fremont demise
drought induced stress coinciding with spread of numic peoples, they disappear
100 bc- ad 200s freemont
maize, beans, pottery, grinding basins, storage pits
250- 750 freemont
shift to thick walled semi-subterranean pithouses, masonry and granaries recognizably fremont
ad 850-1200 freemont
peak, hamlets, villages, complexity
ad 1200-1400 fremont
demise
what was distinctive about freemont material goods
they wore mocasins, not sandals, they had different baskets, pottery was distinctive (thin walled, utilitarian)
the rock art of the freemont was mostly
pecked or incised
the freemont had an elaborate ritual life, as evidenced by
clay figurines found in caches and dry shelters
what do some people interpret the granaries as
conflict and competition, marking of territories
freemont relationship with anasazi
origin?
freemont relationship with numic peoples
demise?
archaic southwest and texas during the holocene shows shifts to
more intensive exploitation to animal and plant resources, diverse sets
According to willey and phillips the archaic stage included
variety of animals more plant food ground stone tools chipped stone tools stemmed and corner notched less mobility, stable pop systematic burials stone ovens
many of the resources in the archaic southwest and texas required
intense processing, like agave and sotol, middens, acorns, pinon
this site is on a Tohono O’odham reservation, excavated by emil early, found lanceolate point, then stemmed and notched points, increase in use of wild plants, ground stone tools, early stratigraphic excavation
ventana cave, arizona
SW archaeologist, recognized that the archaic cultures aren’t being studied, looked at geographical characteristic patterns
cynthia irwin williams
late archaic in the SW 1500 bc- ad 200
increase in pop, sites are larger, greater range of environmental zones, increased sedentism, development of agriculture
the SW archaic continuum represents
an adaptation to environment change, development of broad spectrum foraging economies
what is the traditional view of SW development
gradualistic
what is the current view of SW development
uneven mosaic, defies broad synthesis, lots of local variation
lower pecos canyonlands, excavated 1970s by AM, groups forged out and brought resources into the cave, used an explicitly ecological approach, detailed report on coprolites
hinds cave
what was the eating habit of the hinds cave people
grab it and gulp
bottom part of chewed lechugia
quids
what was found in hinds cave
line of latrines and hearths, grass sleeping mats, prickly pears possibly discarded from earth ovens parching tray with burnt basket for nuts
what was found in the antechamber of hinds cave
a child burial, 200 bc, wrapped in a woven mat
the clay figurines at hinds cave were
unfired
what tools did they find at hinds cave
sequent flake knife, ulu style, for cutting plants? dirty tools, organic materials on blades,
what kind of water facilitates rangia clam middens
brackish water
site on the guadalupe river central coast, around 9000 bc and throughout prehistory, wpa project, found early archaic groundstones, dart points, tools for working wood, conch shell adzes, 204 burials
morhiss mound
what was life like for morhiss mound peoples
relatively healthy, diverse diet, riverine, some marine, modest evidence of violence
shoreline camp between river and sea, thatched huts, fishing nets, fish drying, pottery, deer hunting, clams, probably ancestor of karankawa
guadalupe bay site
used tar to decorate pottery, with natural asphaltum
rockport black on grey
how was the chronology of the guadalupe bay site worked out
arrow point seriation
what was found at the guadalupe bay site
bone points, shell net sinkers, ornaments, fishing nets, shellfish collecting, hunting
the guadalupe site was mainly occupied during the
fall and spring
upper coast, camp and burial ground near galveston, on a stabilized sand ridge, freshwater in a swale pond, had a main occupation area and small discrete cemetaries
mitchell ridge
they were able to figure out a sequence at mitchell ridge based on
the digging of the storage pits and carbon stained soil
preceramic burial at mitchell ridge, preceramic bone points, container of asphaltum
burial 10
two juveniles at mitchell ridge, symbolized connections to the area, musicall instruments
token burials
the 4-8 year old child at mitchell ridge had
red and yellow ochre, necklace
the shaman at mitchell ridge had
rat teeth, scarring, shark teeth
this type of instrument was found at mitchell ridge, late pre and proto carved, the early historic is plain
whooping crane whistles
sustained use of mitchell ridge was during
ad 700-18th century
there was an extensive shell industry here on the southern coast, before ad 700 to contact, shell ornaments found, projectile points, huasteca water jug, lots of interaction along the coast
rio grande delta
period in the SW, increasing pop, sites larger and in more ecological zones, increased sedentism, pithouse villages start to appear, beginnings of ag and pottery in precocious areas, spread
early agricultural period 2100 bc- ad 50
site early agricultural period SW, overlooking a playa, excavations in early 6os, able to precisely date the maize developmental sequence
bat cave
site in the early ag period of SW, along the santa cruz river, earliest pithouses, date to same time as early maize, earliest pottery in the SW (2100 bc)
Tuscon basin
site in tuscon basin, early irrigation farming, were maintained, relined, reexcavated, 12 canals with bordered fields, 15+ acres,
las capas 1500-900
site in tuscon basin, pithouses, some successive, storage pits in house, communal structure “large integrative”
santa cruz bend 800 bc- ad 50
succession of santa cruz bend
2100 bc early pottery, corn, pithouses
1500 bc canals, villages
800 bc larger communities and canal system
site in NW chichuahua ca 1250 bc, terraced hillsides, used natural stones, brush huts, small pithouses, the hillsides hold moisture and heat
cerro juanaquena
shaped similarly to gourds, kept them dry. rodents out
seed jar storage
hardy low wielding popcorn
chapalote
dry adapted corn, greater yield, larger
maize de ocho
domesticated versions of these are bigger but less tough
tepary beans
found stone pipes at las capas, indicated
tobacco consumption/growth
plan b is essential in the sw because
of environmental variability, spatial variation of precip
in this period of the anasazi they started to develop pithouses, early agriculturalists, farming as well as hunting and gathering, beginning of pottery use and production, storage facilities, migration, large scale violence
basketmaker II ad 1-400
basketmaker II site, well preserved basketry, musical instruments, shell beads, cradle boards, gourds, sandals, 92 sets of human remains, many dart points, bone daggers, massacre event
grand gulch cave
this period of the anasazi that included brownware, functional pots, container for water, seeds, cooking vessels, slab lined storage cists in rock shelters, small villages and some communal structures, cemetaries
basketmaker II
site in chaco canyon from basketmaker III, ca ad 550-700, pithouse villages, atypically large village, with great kiva and many storage cists, refuse mound, people are spending more time in houses, some get bigger
Shabik’eschee village
period of anasazi, ca ad 400-700, larger pithouse villages w/communal structures, increasing reliance on farming, more pottery, storage facilities, cemetaries, less violence
basketmaker III
people of the colorado plateau
anasazi
ad 700-1000 showed an anasazi transition from
pithouses to pueblo, continued to use subterranean rooms for ritual
basic units of anasazi surface architecture, kiva separate, usually 6 rooms,
unit pueblo
the spruce tree houses at mesa verde provide excellent
dendrochronology samples
at mesa verde there is fair evidence of
hydraulic engineering to store water
ad 850-1150, nexus of system of roads and distant communities, great houses, great kivas, roads, astronomical allignment, outliers, ritual trade
chaco canyon
most famous of these is pueblo bonito, multi story, 800 rooms in PB
great houses
roof collapsed, able to reconstruct
kiva L
stone lined box beneath the floor, shells, special pottery, bracelets, beads
kiva ritual objects
formally had sipapu, floor slots, vaults, antechamber entranceway
great kivas
chaco pottery tradition
black on white
overlooking valley, carved design, spiral design, equinoxes
fajada butte
the roads at chaco were not for
practical reasons, direction was critical
one or more great houses in a community of otherwise local-style unit pueble, located outside of chaco canyon, usually with a kiva, road and earthworks, on a landform overlooking
chaco outlier communities
ultimate chaco outlier, great house on a high ridge, lunar standstill every 18 years
chimney rock
chaco falls during
ad 1125 - 1150
model of chaco, mesoamerican trading post
pochteca model
model of chaco, store surplus and redistribution
redistribution model
model of chaco, leaders to further their leadership
aggrandizer model
model of chaco, traditional view of chaco as a valley of puebloan farming villages w/ unusual ritual importance
chaco as pueblo
model of chaco regional, mostly vacant ceremonial center for outlier populations, full of people only at certain times of the years, must reject as sole explanation
chaco as pilgrimage
model of chaco, was a small secondary state, inspired by alepetl, radical new interpretation
chaco as polity
model of chaco, downtown chaco was city and political center, great houses were residences of nobles, unit pueblos were commoner residences, stratified social hierarchy supported by tribute,
secondary state model
possible causes of abandonment of the 4 corners region
drought erosion disease strife raiders
sonoran desert culture, gila and salt rivers
hohokam
interaction with but very distinct from anasazi and mogollon, long development sequence, irrigation based sequence, strong western mesoamerican connections, craft specialization and trade
hohokam
descibe the hohokam irrigation
spread out over time, early canals were close to the river
period of the hohokam, valencia vieja a large “founding village” numerous large and small communities, more formally organized communities, expanded irrigation, cremation
pioneer/formative period, ca AD 1-750
large founding village of the pioneer/formative period hohokam, large pithouses here were considered the heads of lineages, center of plaza has cremation burials,
valencia vieja
the pottery style of valencia vieja
red on buff and figurines
ceramics at valencia vieja indicate
large amounts of trade, ancestor worship with the figurines
period of the hohokam, major expansions up the tributaries of the salt and gila rivers, growing communities and irrigation systems, rectangular houses, shallow pithouses, snaketown, elaboration of crafts
colonial (preclassic) period AD 750-1100
colonial period site, occupied for at least 800-900 years, a downtown area and then groups around
snaketown
what interesting objects were found at snaketown
stone sensors, pallets, iron pyrite mirrors
indication of hohokam interaction with mesoamerica
ballcourts, most built AD 750-1000
the hohokam used what special technique for the shell trade
acid etching,
describe the shell trade of hohokam
made with clam shells, inlaid with turquoise, gulf of california is the major supplier, bracelets
how can we recognize different status within the hohokam
elaborate inlaid pieces only found near the central structures
period of the hohokam, community hierarchy, numerous sites abandoned, growth of others, snaketown developed flat mounds covered in caliche, ballcourts, more irrigation, spindle whorls, copper bells, elaboration of crafts
sedentary (sub) period ca ad 950-1100
period of hohokam, many sites abandoned, much movement in and out of hohokam area, multi-ethnic communities
classic period ad 1100-1450
pottery in late classic period of hohokam
salado polychromes
the ballcourt construction of the hohokam stopped during the
classic period
the classic period of the hohokam saw the appearance of
contiguous walled adobe pueblos
elite residence in the classic period of the hohokam, privacy with the outer walls,
merana mound
the distribution of mound sites during the classic period of hohokam is parallel to
the earlier ballcourts
abandonment of hohokam coincides with
anasazi
hohokam demise triggered by
severe droughts, massive floods later destroyed canal systems
describe the mimbres mogollon system
distinctive region cultural pattern centered around and seemingly radiating from a core area with largest/earliest/most elaborate centers
roots of the mogollon regional systems
political, economic, ritual
limited irragable land with hydrologic limitations
mimbres valley
period of the mimbres mogollon, many large vilages/towns, occupied several hundred years, intensive agriculture, surface pueblos, burials beneath houses,
classic period ad 1000-1150
excavated by harry shafer, TAMU, one larger room surrounded by others, central hearth, windows/passageway, niches, burials, households usually had 3 central posts
nan ranch
early pots of this style was bold geometric, later were more elaborate, refined brushwork
classic mimbres black-on-white
grave good were —— when placed in a tomb
ritually killed
most of the mimbres pottery that has been studied comes from
the swarts site
based on similarity and designs on pottery the people who occupied these rooms were kin
swarts group 25
pop density was so great at swarts and others that it
wiped out available wood
evidence for small scale irrigation and flood control, runoff control
gavilan canyon
the mimbres were (> or
less
site that had resevoirs, after ad 1340, multi story pueblo, central market plaza, high rise buildings, ballcourts, mound of the cross, house of the ovens, macaw trade
casas grandes
the ballcourts at casas grandes were
I shaped, like mesoamerican
area with platform mounds like the hohokam, public ritual architecture
mound of the cross
agave oven at casas grandes for communal events
house of the ovens
possible pens for raising these at casas grandes, bred and exported these
macaws
pottery at casas grandes
ramos polychrome
casas grandes pottery has paralle; designs with
mimbres pottery
3.8 million of these were found at casas grandes
shells from the gulf of california
5000 pound this was found in one of the rooms at casas grandes
iron meteorite
