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North American Archaeology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

NW coast large houses with large households, lots of wood

A

Nootka

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2
Q

group of people, most known for hunting whales

A

Makah

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3
Q

major multi-day events where one village led by one large family had a big party and the head gave away a lot of wealth

A

potlatch

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4
Q

what is the meaning of complex-fisher-hunter-gatherers

A
  1. sedentary/semi-sedentary
  2. economy based on stored processed foods
  3. household based societies
  4. relied on a few intensively exploited and highly productive resources
  5. actively manipulated their environment
  6. complex fishing and house tech
  7. large, high density pop
  8. social hierarchies with high-status, permanent leadership
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5
Q

major salmon run, many groups lived along this river

A

fraser river watershed

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6
Q

major resource, lots of tributariess, linked the coastal peoples to the interior

A

columbia river

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7
Q

defining resources of the NW, 7 different species, weirs with platforms, harpoons, nets, dried the surplus

A

salmon

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8
Q

find the vertebra of these in the same sites as herring, they have major migration times different than salmon

A

pacific herring

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9
Q

the best groups were those who had control over the streams that guaranteed fish because

A

the salmon migrations could fluctuate, needed a way to store surplus, needed inter-group relations

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10
Q

important wood in the culture, easier to work with now

A

western red cedar

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11
Q

didn’t think of their lives as north-south, but up and down the coast

A

ocean orientation

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12
Q

actively managed the landscape, arranged rocks parallel to beach, in the tidal zone, would trap sand

A

collecting and managing shellfish

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13
Q

a tuber that grows along marshes and rivers

A

wapato

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14
Q

when was the first settlement of the NW coast likely?

A

10,000-3500 BC

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15
Q

what cave contained coprolites with human dna

A

paisley cave

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16
Q

cave ca 8,300 bc, prince of wales island, embedded bone in matrix, found human skeleton, DNA sequenced from 2 teeth, found microblade and bifacial tech

A

on your knees cave

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17
Q

central coast, BC columbia, 10,000-1,000 BC, early historic stone fish trap,

A

namu

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18
Q

namu period 2

A

5000-4000 bc, microlith tech

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19
Q

namu period 4

A

3200-1800 bc, orientation toward marine animals, harpoon head

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20
Q

namu period 6

A

after ad 100, harpoon barbs, toggling, whale points

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21
Q

period, profound economic, societal, cultural developments, stabilization of sea level, greater salmon productivity, pop growth

A

middle pacific period 1800 BC- AD 500

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22
Q

developing tech to handle salmon caused

A

increased pop

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23
Q

what were the households like in the middle pacific

A

rectangular, long houses, first formally planned villages, layed out in rows, took planning, social organization, sophisticated ways of storing surplus

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24
Q

where and when was art first found on NW coast

A

middle pacific, as status markers, only in high status burials

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25
Q

what increased in intensity during the middle pacific

A

warfare, 48% of burials show some form of trauma, bone and stone clubs

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26
Q

middle pacific status and ritual

A

status was ascribed, north south distinctions of labret wear/cranial deformation, grave goods show ranking

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27
Q

occupied 1200-200 bc, first wet site using hydraulic excavation in NW, extraordinary preservation, evidence for deep water fishing, hafted microlith knives, offsgore halibut hooks

A

hoko river site

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28
Q

site occupied ad 1-1750 makah, one of 5 wintertime villages, 85% of the items excavated from this site are perishable, clubs, carved, whalers basket with harpoon head, carved wood orca fin, buried by landslide

A

ozette

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29
Q

the houses squashed by the landslide at ozette contained

A

all of their original contents

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30
Q

furtrade in the NW increased the amount of

A

warfare

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31
Q

what are the four critical fctors of NWC complexity

A

sedentism, concentrated resources, large, dense pop, strong social hierarchy

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32
Q

how many different dialects were in the california region

A

100s

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33
Q

smaller groups that had its own territory, several villages, and controlled the resources in that territory

A

“tribelets”

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34
Q

last of the yahi, the last surviving group of the yana tribe, emerged in 1911

A

ishi

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35
Q

the people in california developed tech to

A

maximize yields of resources, one example is baskets and threshers that brushed seeds off of plants

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36
Q

shells were an important

A

currency

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37
Q

a staple of the central valley, processing places owned by families, also mapped social relationships, developed granaries

A

acorns

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38
Q

in the late pleistocene early holocene, in california

A

warming, glaciers receded, basin lakes diminished, major ecosystem changes

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39
Q

in the middle holocene 6500- 2000 bc

A

warmer, drier (altithermal), interior lakes dried up, more modern ecoloical patterns

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40
Q

late holocene 2000 bc to present,

A

slightly cooler weather, but unstable climate, modern sea level established around 3000 years ago

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41
Q

area in california settled by 2500 bc, after AD 1400 greater social complexity

A

sacramento delta

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42
Q

people went back to the same place, discarding shells, nels nelson worked on these, 5-10 m high, formed over 4000 years, 100s to 1000s of burials

A

san francisco bay shell mounds

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43
Q

early occupation site, ca 6500 bc, woodworking tools presumably for boat making tech

A

Eel point, san clemente island

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44
Q

sewn plank canoe, ad 500 up to 9 meters long,

A

tomol

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45
Q

chumash groundstone tech, debris from making groundstone tools, pestle blanks that were discarded, argued the area was famous for manufacturing

A

Dr. Conlee’s research

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46
Q

what did the chumash use for shell currency

A

olivella

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47
Q

bead makers kit found at

A

daisy cave on san miguel island

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48
Q

the tomol route, chumash bead trade-

A

circulated between villages and islands

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49
Q

“anchum”

A

currency, status markers

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50
Q

the people of the great basin were what type of language family

A

numic languages, uto-axtecan branch

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51
Q

when did the numic speakers become culturally distinct

A

AD 500-700

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52
Q

late pleistocene in the great basin was

A

much cooler and wetter, large lakes in the basin

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53
Q

between 11,000-9,000 in the great basin was

A

drier but still cool, lakes shrink

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54
Q

the holocene in the great basin was characterized by

A

accelerated drying and adaptive species spread

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55
Q

the great basin is known for its patchy

A

resources

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56
Q

the patches of resources in the great basin are

A

highly productive, separated by large areas and periods of low productivity

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57
Q

the human adaptations to the patchy great basin were

A

varied, mobile and shifting, dependent on local ecology

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58
Q

the idea that people’s culture reflects the ecology of where they live

A

cultural ecology

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59
Q

who came up with the idea of cultural ecology and interviewed shoshone men and recounted what life was like in the late 1800s

A

julian steward

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60
Q

what is the assumption of evolutionary ecology

A

natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive fitness

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61
Q

“diet breadth” predictive models rank resources as energetic cost vs gain

A

optimal foraging theory

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62
Q

studied by david hearst thomas, in the winter it would settle on the escarpments because it would blow snow off of their houses, pinon and juniper woodlands on the mountains

A

reese river valley

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63
Q

how was the reese survey data interpreted

A

as generally consistent with steward’s model after about 2500 years ago, not before

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64
Q

describe the desert archaic

A

7500 bc- ad 1800, stable way of life, didn’t change much, danger cave, utah, bonneville basin

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65
Q

this site, excavated by david H thomas, with deeply stratiified deposits

A

Gatecliff shelter

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66
Q

how many episodic visits to the gatecliff shelter of sheep hunting parties

A

11

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67
Q

when was the longest gap between visits to gatecliff shelter

A

3315-2145

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68
Q

what did the large gap in gatecliff visits indicate a shift in

A

from temporary hunting groups to a family residential base

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69
Q

a cave excavated by david thomas 2050-50 bc, found fiber nets, awls, bone flute, hidden/stored things, “second harvest”

A

hidden cave, carson desert nevada

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70
Q

culture around 100 bc- ad 1300, eastern great basin and western colorado plateau

A

freemont culture

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71
Q

farmers in an area where there shouldn’t be farmers

A

freemont problem

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72
Q

freemont origins:

A

southwestern peoples pottery using agriculturalists interacting with indigenous archaic desert foragers

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73
Q

fremont demise

A

drought induced stress coinciding with spread of numic peoples, they disappear

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74
Q

100 bc- ad 200s freemont

A

maize, beans, pottery, grinding basins, storage pits

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75
Q

250- 750 freemont

A

shift to thick walled semi-subterranean pithouses, masonry and granaries recognizably fremont

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76
Q

ad 850-1200 freemont

A

peak, hamlets, villages, complexity

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77
Q

ad 1200-1400 fremont

A

demise

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78
Q

what was distinctive about freemont material goods

A

they wore mocasins, not sandals, they had different baskets, pottery was distinctive (thin walled, utilitarian)

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79
Q

the rock art of the freemont was mostly

A

pecked or incised

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80
Q

the freemont had an elaborate ritual life, as evidenced by

A

clay figurines found in caches and dry shelters

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81
Q

what do some people interpret the granaries as

A

conflict and competition, marking of territories

82
Q

freemont relationship with anasazi

A

origin?

83
Q

freemont relationship with numic peoples

A

demise?

84
Q

archaic southwest and texas during the holocene shows shifts to

A

more intensive exploitation to animal and plant resources, diverse sets

85
Q

According to willey and phillips the archaic stage included

A 
variety of animals
more plant food
ground stone tools
chipped stone tools
stemmed and corner notched 
less mobility, stable pop
systematic burials
stone ovens
86
Q

many of the resources in the archaic southwest and texas required

A

intense processing, like agave and sotol, middens, acorns, pinon

87
Q

this site is on a Tohono O’odham reservation, excavated by emil early, found lanceolate point, then stemmed and notched points, increase in use of wild plants, ground stone tools, early stratigraphic excavation

A

ventana cave, arizona

88
Q

SW archaeologist, recognized that the archaic cultures aren’t being studied, looked at geographical characteristic patterns

A

cynthia irwin williams

89
Q

late archaic in the SW 1500 bc- ad 200

A

increase in pop, sites are larger, greater range of environmental zones, increased sedentism, development of agriculture

90
Q

the SW archaic continuum represents

A

an adaptation to environment change, development of broad spectrum foraging economies

91
Q

what is the traditional view of SW development

A

gradualistic

92
Q

what is the current view of SW development

A

uneven mosaic, defies broad synthesis, lots of local variation

93
Q

lower pecos canyonlands, excavated 1970s by AM, groups forged out and brought resources into the cave, used an explicitly ecological approach, detailed report on coprolites

A

hinds cave

94
Q

what was the eating habit of the hinds cave people

A

grab it and gulp

95
Q

bottom part of chewed lechugia

A

quids

96
Q

what was found in hinds cave

A

line of latrines and hearths, grass sleeping mats, prickly pears possibly discarded from earth ovens parching tray with burnt basket for nuts

97
Q

what was found in the antechamber of hinds cave

A

a child burial, 200 bc, wrapped in a woven mat

98
Q

the clay figurines at hinds cave were

A

unfired

99
Q

what tools did they find at hinds cave

A

sequent flake knife, ulu style, for cutting plants? dirty tools, organic materials on blades,

100
Q

what kind of water facilitates rangia clam middens

A

brackish water

101
Q

site on the guadalupe river central coast, around 9000 bc and throughout prehistory, wpa project, found early archaic groundstones, dart points, tools for working wood, conch shell adzes, 204 burials

A

morhiss mound

102
Q

what was life like for morhiss mound peoples

A

relatively healthy, diverse diet, riverine, some marine, modest evidence of violence

103
Q

shoreline camp between river and sea, thatched huts, fishing nets, fish drying, pottery, deer hunting, clams, probably ancestor of karankawa

A

guadalupe bay site

104
Q

used tar to decorate pottery, with natural asphaltum

A

rockport black on grey

105
Q

how was the chronology of the guadalupe bay site worked out

A

arrow point seriation

106
Q

what was found at the guadalupe bay site

A

bone points, shell net sinkers, ornaments, fishing nets, shellfish collecting, hunting

107
Q

the guadalupe site was mainly occupied during the

A

fall and spring

108
Q

upper coast, camp and burial ground near galveston, on a stabilized sand ridge, freshwater in a swale pond, had a main occupation area and small discrete cemetaries

A

mitchell ridge

109
Q

they were able to figure out a sequence at mitchell ridge based on

A

the digging of the storage pits and carbon stained soil

110
Q

preceramic burial at mitchell ridge, preceramic bone points, container of asphaltum

A

burial 10

111
Q

two juveniles at mitchell ridge, symbolized connections to the area, musicall instruments

A

token burials

112
Q

the 4-8 year old child at mitchell ridge had

A

red and yellow ochre, necklace

113
Q

the shaman at mitchell ridge had

A

rat teeth, scarring, shark teeth

114
Q

this type of instrument was found at mitchell ridge, late pre and proto carved, the early historic is plain

A

whooping crane whistles

115
Q

sustained use of mitchell ridge was during

A

ad 700-18th century

116
Q

there was an extensive shell industry here on the southern coast, before ad 700 to contact, shell ornaments found, projectile points, huasteca water jug, lots of interaction along the coast

A

rio grande delta

117
Q

period in the SW, increasing pop, sites larger and in more ecological zones, increased sedentism, pithouse villages start to appear, beginnings of ag and pottery in precocious areas, spread

A

early agricultural period 2100 bc- ad 50

118
Q

site early agricultural period SW, overlooking a playa, excavations in early 6os, able to precisely date the maize developmental sequence

A

bat cave

119
Q

site in the early ag period of SW, along the santa cruz river, earliest pithouses, date to same time as early maize, earliest pottery in the SW (2100 bc)

A

Tuscon basin

120
Q

site in tuscon basin, early irrigation farming, were maintained, relined, reexcavated, 12 canals with bordered fields, 15+ acres,

A

las capas 1500-900

121
Q

site in tuscon basin, pithouses, some successive, storage pits in house, communal structure “large integrative”

A

santa cruz bend 800 bc- ad 50

122
Q

succession of santa cruz bend

A

2100 bc early pottery, corn, pithouses
1500 bc canals, villages
800 bc larger communities and canal system

123
Q

site in NW chichuahua ca 1250 bc, terraced hillsides, used natural stones, brush huts, small pithouses, the hillsides hold moisture and heat

A

cerro juanaquena

124
Q

shaped similarly to gourds, kept them dry. rodents out

A

seed jar storage

125
Q

hardy low wielding popcorn

A

chapalote

126
Q

dry adapted corn, greater yield, larger

A

maize de ocho

127
Q

domesticated versions of these are bigger but less tough

A

tepary beans

128
Q

found stone pipes at las capas, indicated

A

tobacco consumption/growth

129
Q

plan b is essential in the sw because

A

of environmental variability, spatial variation of precip

130
Q

in this period of the anasazi they started to develop pithouses, early agriculturalists, farming as well as hunting and gathering, beginning of pottery use and production, storage facilities, migration, large scale violence

A

basketmaker II ad 1-400

131
Q

basketmaker II site, well preserved basketry, musical instruments, shell beads, cradle boards, gourds, sandals, 92 sets of human remains, many dart points, bone daggers, massacre event

A

grand gulch cave

132
Q

this period of the anasazi that included brownware, functional pots, container for water, seeds, cooking vessels, slab lined storage cists in rock shelters, small villages and some communal structures, cemetaries

A

basketmaker II

133
Q

site in chaco canyon from basketmaker III, ca ad 550-700, pithouse villages, atypically large village, with great kiva and many storage cists, refuse mound, people are spending more time in houses, some get bigger

A

Shabik’eschee village

134
Q

period of anasazi, ca ad 400-700, larger pithouse villages w/communal structures, increasing reliance on farming, more pottery, storage facilities, cemetaries, less violence

A

basketmaker III

135
Q

people of the colorado plateau

A

anasazi

136
Q

ad 700-1000 showed an anasazi transition from

A

pithouses to pueblo, continued to use subterranean rooms for ritual

137
Q

basic units of anasazi surface architecture, kiva separate, usually 6 rooms,

A

unit pueblo

138
Q

the spruce tree houses at mesa verde provide excellent

A

dendrochronology samples

139
Q

at mesa verde there is fair evidence of

A

hydraulic engineering to store water

140
Q

ad 850-1150, nexus of system of roads and distant communities, great houses, great kivas, roads, astronomical allignment, outliers, ritual trade

A

chaco canyon

141
Q

most famous of these is pueblo bonito, multi story, 800 rooms in PB

A

great houses

142
Q

roof collapsed, able to reconstruct

A

kiva L

143
Q

stone lined box beneath the floor, shells, special pottery, bracelets, beads

A

kiva ritual objects

144
Q

formally had sipapu, floor slots, vaults, antechamber entranceway

A

great kivas

145
Q

chaco pottery tradition

A

black on white

146
Q

overlooking valley, carved design, spiral design, equinoxes

A

fajada butte

147
Q

the roads at chaco were not for

A

practical reasons, direction was critical

148
Q

one or more great houses in a community of otherwise local-style unit pueble, located outside of chaco canyon, usually with a kiva, road and earthworks, on a landform overlooking

A

chaco outlier communities

149
Q

ultimate chaco outlier, great house on a high ridge, lunar standstill every 18 years

A

chimney rock

150
Q

chaco falls during

A

ad 1125 - 1150

151
Q

model of chaco, mesoamerican trading post

A

pochteca model

152
Q

model of chaco, store surplus and redistribution

A

redistribution model

153
Q

model of chaco, leaders to further their leadership

A

aggrandizer model

154
Q

model of chaco, traditional view of chaco as a valley of puebloan farming villages w/ unusual ritual importance

A

chaco as pueblo

155
Q

model of chaco regional, mostly vacant ceremonial center for outlier populations, full of people only at certain times of the years, must reject as sole explanation

A

chaco as pilgrimage

156
Q

model of chaco, was a small secondary state, inspired by alepetl, radical new interpretation

A

chaco as polity

157
Q

model of chaco, downtown chaco was city and political center, great houses were residences of nobles, unit pueblos were commoner residences, stratified social hierarchy supported by tribute,

A

secondary state model

158
Q

possible causes of abandonment of the 4 corners region

A 
drought
erosion
disease
strife
raiders
159
Q

sonoran desert culture, gila and salt rivers

A

hohokam

160
Q

interaction with but very distinct from anasazi and mogollon, long development sequence, irrigation based sequence, strong western mesoamerican connections, craft specialization and trade

A

hohokam

161
Q

descibe the hohokam irrigation

A

spread out over time, early canals were close to the river

162
Q

period of the hohokam, valencia vieja a large “founding village” numerous large and small communities, more formally organized communities, expanded irrigation, cremation

A

pioneer/formative period, ca AD 1-750

163
Q

large founding village of the pioneer/formative period hohokam, large pithouses here were considered the heads of lineages, center of plaza has cremation burials,

A

valencia vieja

164
Q

the pottery style of valencia vieja

A

red on buff and figurines

165
Q

ceramics at valencia vieja indicate

A

large amounts of trade, ancestor worship with the figurines

166
Q

period of the hohokam, major expansions up the tributaries of the salt and gila rivers, growing communities and irrigation systems, rectangular houses, shallow pithouses, snaketown, elaboration of crafts

A

colonial (preclassic) period AD 750-1100

167
Q

colonial period site, occupied for at least 800-900 years, a downtown area and then groups around

A

snaketown

168
Q

what interesting objects were found at snaketown

A

stone sensors, pallets, iron pyrite mirrors

169
Q

indication of hohokam interaction with mesoamerica

A

ballcourts, most built AD 750-1000

170
Q

the hohokam used what special technique for the shell trade

A

acid etching,

171
Q

describe the shell trade of hohokam

A

made with clam shells, inlaid with turquoise, gulf of california is the major supplier, bracelets

172
Q

how can we recognize different status within the hohokam

A

elaborate inlaid pieces only found near the central structures

173
Q

period of the hohokam, community hierarchy, numerous sites abandoned, growth of others, snaketown developed flat mounds covered in caliche, ballcourts, more irrigation, spindle whorls, copper bells, elaboration of crafts

A

sedentary (sub) period ca ad 950-1100

174
Q

period of hohokam, many sites abandoned, much movement in and out of hohokam area, multi-ethnic communities

A

classic period ad 1100-1450

175
Q

pottery in late classic period of hohokam

A

salado polychromes

176
Q

the ballcourt construction of the hohokam stopped during the

A

classic period

177
Q

the classic period of the hohokam saw the appearance of

A

contiguous walled adobe pueblos

178
Q

elite residence in the classic period of the hohokam, privacy with the outer walls,

A

merana mound

179
Q

the distribution of mound sites during the classic period of hohokam is parallel to

A

the earlier ballcourts

180
Q

abandonment of hohokam coincides with

A

anasazi

181
Q

hohokam demise triggered by

A

severe droughts, massive floods later destroyed canal systems

182
Q

describe the mimbres mogollon system

A

distinctive region cultural pattern centered around and seemingly radiating from a core area with largest/earliest/most elaborate centers

183
Q

roots of the mogollon regional systems

A

political, economic, ritual

184
Q

limited irragable land with hydrologic limitations

A

mimbres valley

185
Q

period of the mimbres mogollon, many large vilages/towns, occupied several hundred years, intensive agriculture, surface pueblos, burials beneath houses,

A

classic period ad 1000-1150

186
Q

excavated by harry shafer, TAMU, one larger room surrounded by others, central hearth, windows/passageway, niches, burials, households usually had 3 central posts

A

nan ranch

187
Q

early pots of this style was bold geometric, later were more elaborate, refined brushwork

A

classic mimbres black-on-white

188
Q

grave good were —— when placed in a tomb

A

ritually killed

189
Q

most of the mimbres pottery that has been studied comes from

A

the swarts site

190
Q

based on similarity and designs on pottery the people who occupied these rooms were kin

A

swarts group 25

191
Q

pop density was so great at swarts and others that it

A

wiped out available wood

192
Q

evidence for small scale irrigation and flood control, runoff control

A

gavilan canyon

193
Q

the mimbres were (> or

A

less

194
Q

site that had resevoirs, after ad 1340, multi story pueblo, central market plaza, high rise buildings, ballcourts, mound of the cross, house of the ovens, macaw trade

A

casas grandes

195
Q

the ballcourts at casas grandes were

A

I shaped, like mesoamerican

196
Q

area with platform mounds like the hohokam, public ritual architecture

A

mound of the cross

197
Q

agave oven at casas grandes for communal events

A

house of the ovens

198
Q

possible pens for raising these at casas grandes, bred and exported these

A

macaws

199
Q

pottery at casas grandes

A

ramos polychrome

200
Q

casas grandes pottery has paralle; designs with

A

mimbres pottery

201
Q

3.8 million of these were found at casas grandes

A

shells from the gulf of california

202
Q

5000 pound this was found in one of the rooms at casas grandes

A

iron meteorite

North American Archaeology (5 decks)

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