Exam 3 Flashcards
What is Locked-in-Syndrome?
- Movement disorder
- Damage to brain stem (pons) results in quadriplegia, aphonia, sparred eye movement and blinking and preserved convective ability
What is involuntary movement?
- Movements that occur automatically and are often bassistic
Types of reflexes in babies?
- Grasp
- Babinski
- Rooting
Types of muscle?
- Smooth
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
What does smooth muscle do?
- Control digestive system and other organs
What does skeletal muscle do?
- Control Body
What does slow skeletal muscle do?
- Aerobic
- relies on oxygen
What does fast skeletal muscle do?
- Anaerboic
- doesn’t rely on oxygen
What does cardiac muscle do?
- Control heart
How are muscle activated?
- Motor neurons cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord
- Axons innervate muscle fibers 1;1 or 1:many
- Release Acetycholine
What chemical do muscles release
- Acetycholine
Types of Proprioception of muscle?
- Golgi Tendon Organs
- muscle Spindle Fibers
What are golgi tendon organs?
- Detect strain and tension of muscle
What are muscle spindle fibers?
- Detect stretch of muscle
What are the tracts for muscle movement?
- Lateral Corticospinal Tract
- Ventro Corticospinal Tract
What is Lateral Corticospinal Tract?
- Longest tract
- Control contralateral distal limbs
- Controls fine motor function
What is the ventro corticospinal tract?
- Controls Ipsilateral/bilateral
- Controls gross movement
what does the primary motor cortex?
- Start of tract
- Has an orderly motor map aligned with somatosensory cortex
- Neurons in the cortex code for intended direction of movement and specific muscle contraction
What is the Primary motor cortex code for
- Direction and force of movement
What does the prefrontal cortex do for movement?
- Active during a delay before movement is made
- Stores movement memory and shot term memory
What does damage to the prefrontal cortex do to movement?
- Illogical movement
What does the supplementary motor cortex do for movement?
- Planning rapid sequence of movement
What does the Premortor Cortex do for the movement?
- Planning raid sequence of movement
What are mirror neurons do?
- Neurons that are active when an animal does a task and when watching someone else do the same task
- Essential for imitating and understanding others
What Other systems help the brain and muscles make movement?
- Basal Ganglia
- Cerebellum
How does the Basal Ganglia Effect Movement?
- The telencephalon and substantia nigra of midbrain
- Collects info from throughout cortex
- returns info via thalamus to motor cortex and frontal cortex
How does the the Direct Basal Ganglia Pathway effect movement
- The SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS COMPACTA send DOPAMINE + via D1 to STRIATUM CAUDATE AND PUTAMEN which sends GABA - to GLOBUS AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS RETICULATA which inhibits GABA release to the THALAMUS, the THALAMUS sends increased excitatory signal via GLUTAMATE to MOTOR CORTEX which sends GLUTAMTATE + to the STRIATUM CAUDATE AND PUTAMENT or MUSCLE AND MOVEMNT
how does the indirect Basal Ganglia pathway effect movement
a
How does the Cerebellum help effect movement?
- Helps with coordination, motor learning and balance
- Collects input from primary motor, SMA and PMA
- Returns output to Thalamus
What are the parts of the Cerebellum that help effect movement?
- Spinocerebellum
- Cerebroceebellum
- Vestibulaocerebellum
What does the Spinocerebellum do?
- help coordinate legs
What does the Cerebrocerebellum do
- Help with comments and cognitive
What does Vestibulocerebellum
- Help with gave and following objects
What are the disease that effect movement
Parkinson
Huntington’s
What is Parkinsons Disease?
- Dopaminergic neurons of the Substantia nigra develop Lewy bodies which derogate and death of basal ganglia
What are the Motor symptorms of Parkins disease
- Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
- Resting Tremor
- RIgidity/Reduced Facial Expression
- Postural Instability
- Loss of arm swing
What are the Secondary symptoms of Parkinsons disease
- Micrographia (smaller handwriting)
- Hypophonia (whispering)
- Bradyphonia (slowness of thinking)
- Depression
- Dementia
- anxiety
What are the treatments of Parkinson’s
- L-Dopa: precursor of dopamine replaces lost dopamine cells
What is Huntington’s Chorea?
- Hereditary disease characterized by CHorea (ceaseless, involuntary, jerky movements)
- Deterioration of basal ganglia and cortex
What are the Motor Symptoms of Huntington’s
- Chorea
- Unsteady gait and poor coordination
- Slurred speech
- Difficulties chewing and swallowing
What are the Cognitive and Psychiatric Symptoms
- Insomnia
- Diminished executive functioning
- memory impairment
- Compulsive behavior
- Anxiety and Depression
- Aggression
- didiction
What is the treatment of huntington’s
- Dopamine antagonists, antipsychotics and antidepressants
