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Psych 310 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages of brain development?

A
  • Proliferation
  • Migration
  • Differentiation
  • Myelination
  • Synaptogenesis
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2
Q

What is Prolifeation?

A
  • Production of New Cells
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3
Q

What is migration?

A
  • Movement of Cells
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4
Q

What is differentiation?

A
  • Change from stem cells or immature cells in to specifically
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5
Q

What is myelination?

A
  • Development of myelin
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6
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A
  • Formation of Synapses
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7
Q

How do axons find their way to needed location?

A
  • Repel and attration of Gradient of chemicals
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8
Q

What is Radial Migration?

A
  • From the inside of the brain to the outside
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9
Q

What is tangentially Migration?

A
  • Along the surface of the bain
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10
Q

What kinds of migration does axons perform?

A
  • Radial
  • Tangentially
  • Both
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11
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A
  • A preprogrammed mechanism of cell death

- Stops with Neural growth factor

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12
Q

What is Neural Growth Factor?

A
  • chemical released by muscles or target cells that require synapses with a neuron’s axon
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13
Q

what is Fetal Alcohol syndrome?

A
  • caused by drinking during pregnancy
    -alcohol inhibited release glutamate and enhances GABA
    Cause to much apoptosis
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14
Q

what is Plasticity?

A

The brains ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughoutlife

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15
Q

What is Congenitally Blind?

A
  • Do people who are congenitally blind have a similar reorganization for their brain as the ferrets who’s brain were intentionally rewired`
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16
Q

What are blind people better then sighted people?

A
  • Tactile Discrimination
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17
Q

Does Learning to Read Change your brain?

A
  • Adults who learned to read had more gray matter in cerebral cortex and ticker corpus callosum
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18
Q

What does Musical Training do to your brain?

A
  • One area of the right temporal cortex was 30% larger in musicians than non-musicians
  • Recognize tonal changes faster
  • Hand-control areas are thicker
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19
Q

What is Musical dystonia?

A
  • The brain can’t distinguish sensations or motor commands for various fingers and so they move together when playing insterment
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20
Q

What is the Law of specific Nerve Energies?

A

The sensory experience of a stimulus depend on the nerve which is being excited and then on the stimulus itself

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21
Q

Who developed the Law of Specific Nerve Energies?

A
  • Johannes Muller
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22
Q

Graded Potentials for the Law of SNE?

A
  • Information is coded as the duration and amplitude of potentials being generated by stimulation
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23
Q

Action Potential for the Law of SNE?

A
  • Information is coded as the rate and pattern of firing of action potentials being generated by stimulation
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24
Q

Parts of the Front of Eye?

A
  • Cornea
  • Pupil
  • Iris
  • Lens
  • Ciliary Muscle
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25
Q

What does the Cornea do?

A
  • Dome covering the pupil, protects the eye from debris, helps focus light
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26
Q

What does the pupil do?

A
  • A hole that lets light into the eye
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27
Q

What does the Iris do?

A
  • Colored area around the pupil, opens and closes the pupil
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28
Q

What does the lens do?

A
  • Directly behind the pupil, changes shape to focus light
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29
Q

What does the Ciliary Muscle do?

A
  • Controls the movement of the lens
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30
Q

How does the eye focus?

A
  • Uses the lens and cornea
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31
Q

What is Hypermetropia?

A
  • Far-sightedness

- eyeball is too short and point of focus is behind retina

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32
Q

What is myopia?

A
  • Near-sightedness

- Eyeball is to long and point of focus is in front of retina

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33
Q

How many layers of the Retina are there?

A
  • 5 layers
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34
Q

What are the layers of the Retina?

A
  • Photoreceptors
  • Bipolar Cells
  • Horizontal cells
  • Ganglion Cells
  • Amacrine Cells
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35
Q

What do/are photoreceptors?

A
  • Rods and cones
  • Detect initial light stimulus
  • Process color and Contrast
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36
Q

What are rods?

A
  • Sensitive to light
  • Larger and abundant
  • Lots connected to 1 bipolar cell
  • pigment not sensitive to wavelength of light
  • Found in Periphery
  • pigment regenerates in 30 min
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37
Q

What are cones?

A
  • Les sensitive
  • Small and less abundant
  • less connected to 1 bipolar
  • 3 types with differing sensitive to wavelength
  • Concentrated in fovea
  • Pigment regenerates in 30
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38
Q

What is the Fovea?

A
  • Small area of the retina that is specialized for high acuity vision
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39
Q

Why is the Fovea better for high acuity vision?

A
  • Photorecetprs are more densely packed
  • 1:1 ratio between photoreceptor and ganglion cells
  • absence of blood vessels and axons in ganglion cells
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40
Q

What characteristics do both cones and rods have?

A
  • Contain light-sensitve chemicals called photo pigments
  • Hyper-polarize in light
  • Don’t fire action potential
  • Synapses with bipolar cells
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41
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A
  • Carry output from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
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42
Q

What are/do horizontal cells?

A
  • Modulate connection between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
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43
Q

What are/do ganglion Cells?

A
  • Generate action potentials that are carried to the brain
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44
Q

What are Amacrine Cells?

A
  • Modulate connections between bipolar and ganglion cells
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45
Q

How do Ganglion Cells cause Hermann Grid illusion to work?

A
  • Generate action potential that is sent to brain

- Center-surround receptive Fields

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46
Q

What is Center-surround receptive field

A
  • Area in visual space that is responsible for the firing rate of a particular cell
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47
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A
  • Inhibition that spreads across a neural network

- Cones inhibiting cones or ganglions inhibiting ganglions

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48
Q

What is Trichromatic Theory?

A
  • Theory of process of color

- 3 different types of cones which respond differently to different wavelengths of light

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49
Q

What is Opponent-Processing Theory?

A
  • Three types of color receptors each responding to a pair of colors, and being excited by one of the pair and inhibited by the other
  • Red-green
  • Blue-Yellow
  • Black-White
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50
Q

What theory does cones follow?

A
  • Trichromatic Theory
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51
Q

What theory does ganglion Cells fallow?

A
  • Opponent-processing theory
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52
Q

What are the two pathways leaving the retina?

A
  • Collicular Pathway

- Geniculate-striate Pathway

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53
Q

What is the Collicular Pathway?

A
  • Involved in determining eye movements

- Maybe involved in Blindsight

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54
Q

What is Geniculate-Striate Pathway?

A
  • From the retina, information is sent to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus contralateral to the visual field and then to the primary visual cortex
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55
Q

What types of cells are in the Primary Visual Cortex?

A
  • Simple Cells
  • Complex Cells
  • Hyper Complex Cells
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56
Q

What do simple Visual Cells do

A
  • increase their firing rate in response to bars in a particular location at a particular orientation
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57
Q

What do complex visual cells do?

A
  • Increase their firing rate in response to bars at a particular orientation, in a number of locations and most strongly to those in motion
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58
Q

What do Hyper complex cells do?

A
  • similar to complex cells but firing rate is effected by the length of bar as well
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59
Q

How are the Columns organized in the V1 Visual system?

A
  • Cells that have similar function are columned together

- Cells in column may respond to stimuli at same location, orientation or visual field

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60
Q

What is the “what” and “Where” Experiment

A
  • Object Recognition

- Spatial Task

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61
Q

What is the object recognition task part of the What and Where experiment

A
  • Two different shapes and monkey were to pick which shape needed from the two
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62
Q

What is the spatial Task par of the What and Where Experiment?

A
  • Find where the shape is at compared to the monkey
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63
Q

What did the What and where experiment concluded?

A
  • The ventral stream is important for object recognition but not spatial processing
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64
Q

What pathway does color perception use?

A
  • Ventral pathway

- V4

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65
Q

What can damage to the V4 result in?

A
  • Loss of Color Constancy

- Cerebral achromatopsia

66
Q

What is the loss of Color Constancy entail

A
  • Damage to V4

- The ability to detect the color of an object under various lighting conditions

67
Q

What is Cerebral Achromatopsia entail?

A
  • Cortical Color Blindness

- Damage to V4

68
Q

What pathway does motion Perception use?

A
  • DOrsal Pathway

- V5

69
Q

How does motion move along the Pathway?

A
  • MT Cells are celective to objects moving in particular direction at particular speed
  • Respond to motion in all three dimensions
70
Q

What does damage to V5 area cause?

A
  • Akinetopsia
71
Q

What is Akinetopsia?

A
  • damage to V5
  • Visual deficit where the patient can recognize objects but can’t decent whether they are moving or what direction/speed
72
Q

What pathways does object recognition use?

A
  • V1 and some V2

- V2 used in more complex stimuli

73
Q

What does damage to V1 and V2 area cause

A
  • Agnosia
74
Q

What is Agnosia

A
  • Damage to V1 and V2

- Deficit were patient cannot recognize objects even though visual acuity is intact

75
Q

What does facial recognition use?

A
  • Fusiform Gyrus
76
Q

What does damage to Fusiform Gyrus cause?

A
  • Prosopagnosia
77
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A
  • Deficit where patient can’t recognize faces even though visual acuity and ability to recognize objects remains
78
Q

What is sound?

A
  • Pressur changes in a medium that can be detected by auditory sense organs
79
Q

What is Amplitude?

A
  • DIfference between atmospheric pressure and the maximum pressure exerted by the wave
  • Psych correlates to loudness
  • Measured in decibles
80
Q

What is frequency?

A
  • Number of times in a given period that the wave repeated itself
  • measured in Hertz
  • human rand is 20 Hz to 20000 Hz
81
Q

What are the layers of the ear?

A
  • Outer
  • Middle
  • Inner
82
Q

What doe the Outer ear consist of?

A
  • Pinna
  • Auditory Canal
  • Tympanic Membrane
83
Q

What does the Pinna do?

A
  • Outer ear

- Amplify and Localize sounds

84
Q

What does the Auditory Canal do?

A
  • Tunnel leading from pinna to the tympanic membrane

- Outer ear

85
Q

What does the Tympanic Membrane do?

A
  • Vibrates in response to pressure changes in the atmosphere

- Outer ear

86
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A
  • Ossicles
87
Q

What is the Ossicles

A
  • Middle ear
  • Bones that amplify and transmit vibrations from ear drum to oval window
  • Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup
88
Q

What does the Inner ear consist of?

A
  • Oval WIndow

- Cochlea

89
Q

What does the Oval WIndow do?

A
  • Transmits vibrations from Ossicles to cochlea
90
Q

What is the Cochlea?

A
  • Inner Ear

- Fluid-filled snail-shaped organ containing the hair cells

91
Q

What are the types of Tunnles in the Cochlea?

A
  • Scala Vestibuli
  • Scala Media
  • Scala Tympani
92
Q

What is the basilar membrane function?

A
  • Separates the scala tympani and scala media
93
Q

How does the Cochlea react to sound?

A
  • Vibrations reach cochlea , fluid inside moves displacing hair cells, mechanically opening ion channels in membrane of hair cells, changing the graded potential of the hair cells, sending signals to neurons
94
Q

What is the Place theory of Pitch Perception?

A
  • Each location of the basilar membrane is activated by one specific sound frequency
  • Pitch is determined by which hair is activated
95
Q

What is the evidence for the place theory?

A
  • Relationship between frequency of sound and are of greatest activation on basilar membrane
96
Q

What is the Frequency Theory of Pitch Perception?

A
  • The basilar membrane vibrates in synchronize with frequency of sound wave
  • the rate of fire of the hair cells determines pitch
97
Q

What is Volley Principle?

A
  • part of frequency Theory
  • Several neurons work together, firing in phase with the sound wave but out of phase with one another, to code the frequency of the sound
98
Q

When is the Place theory of pitch perception correct

A
  • Up to 100Hz membrane vibrates in sync
99
Q

When is the Frequency theory of pitch perception correct?

A
  • Between 100 and 4000 Hz basilar membrane follow volley principle
100
Q

What is amusia?

A
  • Pitch disorder
  • Impaired perception
  • Difficulty detecting change in pitch, melodies or out of pitch music and singing
101
Q

What is Absolute Pitch?

A
  • pitch disorder
  • Ability to hear a note and identify it
  • genetic component but require extensive musical training
102
Q

What are the types of sound location?

A
  • Interaural Intensity Difference
  • Interaural time difference
  • Phase difference
103
Q

What is Interaural Intensity difference?

A
  • A sound will be slightly louder in the ear closest to the sound then in the other
104
Q

What is Interaural Time Difference

A
  • A sound will be heard in the ear closest to the sound slightly sooner then the other
105
Q

What is the Medial Superior Olive?

A
  • cluster of neurons in the medulla that is likely involved in determining the location of the origin of sound
106
Q

What is the Phase difference?

A
  • Depending on the size of the ear, frequency of the sound and direction, sound waves can be in phase or out of phase between two ears
107
Q

What is Vestibular Sensation?

A
  • made up of vestibular organs located inside inner ear
108
Q

Whar are the types of Vestibular sensations?

A
  • Saccule and Utricle

- Semicircular Canals

109
Q

What are Saccule and Utricle?

A
  • part of the vestibular sensation
  • Jelly filled sacks lined with hair cells
  • Detech head tilt and linear acceleration/deceleration
110
Q

What are the semicircular canals?

A
  • Fluid filled tubes lined with hair cells in a semicircular shape, perpendicular to one another
  • Detect head tilts in a particular direction
  • Fluid goes in opposite direction of tilt
111
Q

What is Somoatosensation?

A
  • THe sensation of the body and its movement

- Touch, deep pressure, cold, warm, pain, itch, movement of joints

112
Q

What effects somatosensation receptors?

A
  • Axon Diameter
  • Conduction Velocity
  • Receptive Field Size
  • type of Encapsulation
  • Adaptation Rate
113
Q

How does Conduction Velocity effect somatosensation receptors?

A
  • Affected by axon diameter and myelination
114
Q

How does pressure effect somatosensation receptors

A
  • Activated receptors have very thick myelinated axons with fast conduction Velocities
  • Merkel Disk
  • Meissner Corpuscles
  • Paciniam Corpuscles
115
Q

What are Merkel Disks receptors?

A
  • Responsible for detecting form and texture
  • Slow at adapting
  • Very small receptive Fields
116
Q

What are meissner Corpuscles receptors?

A
  • Responsible for grip control and detecting motion across the skin
  • Plate like structure
  • Rapid adapting
  • large receptive field
117
Q

What are paciniam Corpuscles Receptors?

A
  • Responsible for detecting distant vibrations or sudden pressure on the skin
  • Onion like layers
  • rapid adapting
  • largest receptive field (worst spatial resolution)
118
Q

How does pain effect somatosensation receptors?

A
  • Activation of Nocieptors

- thin axons with slower conduction velocity and free nerve ending

119
Q

What are the types of rectors that pain effect?

A
  • slow pain receptors

- Fast pain receptors

120
Q

What are slow pain receptors?

A
  • Respond to long-lasting pain

- unmyelinated

121
Q

What are fast pain receptors?

A
  • Respond to sharp fast pain

- Myelinated

122
Q

What drugs relieving pain?

A
  • Opioids and Endorphins
    Cannabinoids
    Capsaicin
123
Q

How does Opoids and Endorphins Effect pain receptors?

A
  • Block release of substance P in spinal cord and midbrain

- Only effect slow pain receptors

124
Q

How does Cannabinoids effect pain receptors?

A
  • Block pain in the PNS likely by inhibiting the inflammatory response
    may also activate endorphin system
125
Q

How capsaicin effect pain receptors?

A
  • Depletes neurons of substance P
  • larger does damage pain receptors
  • Rubbed on sore area to relieve pain
126
Q

What are some diseases associated with pain reception?

A
  • Congenital Analgesia
127
Q

What is Congenital Analgesia?

A
  • abnormalities in nociceptors that lead to the inability to detect pain
128
Q

What Does itch do to somatosensation receptors

A
  • Sensation that is completely separate from touch of pain but similar
  • Slow conducting
  • free nerve cells
  • Response to irritating chemicals and tissue
129
Q

How does Proprioception effect somatosensation receptors?

A
  • The sense of position of the body parts relative to one another and of their movements and exertion
130
Q

What are muscle Spindles

A
  • Part of Proprioception
  • Receptors
  • Thickest and most myelinated
131
Q

What is group 1 of proprioception?

A
  • Respond to muscle length
132
Q

What is group 2 of proprioception?

A
  • Respond to constant muscle length
133
Q

What is Dermatome?

A
  • Area of skin that sends sensory information to one single spinal nerve
134
Q

What does olfaction influence?

A
  • Social interaction, memory, reproduction, defensive response and feeding
135
Q

Parts of olfaction system?

A
  • Olfactory epithelium

- Olfactory Receptors

136
Q

What does the olfactory epithelium do?

A
  • Specialized layer of tissue lining the roof of the nasal cavity where recptors are
137
Q

What do olfactory receptors do?

A
  • Activated by sapecific odorants
138
Q

What are cilia in olfactory system?

A
  • Threadlike dendrites that extend into the muccous of the nasal passage
139
Q

Hoe are the neurons in the olfactory?

A
  • Thin, unmyelinated axons

- mostly metabotropic channels

140
Q

How do the metabotropic channels effects the olfactory reception?

A
  • Amplification of response so we can detect very small concentrations of odors
  • allow smells to linger for extended periods
141
Q

How is the olfactory system different between people?

A
  • Decrease with age

- women more sensitive (child bearing years)

142
Q

What is the Vomeronasal organ?

A
  • Detect pheromones
  • Separate but close to olfactory bulb
  • Detects each pheromone in small concentration
  • responds continuously to same stimulus
143
Q

How does Taste result from?

A
  • Stimulation of tste receptors located in taste buds
144
Q

What do Pillae do?

A
  • Part of Taste reception
  • Area of tongue, palate, pharynx and upper esophagus that contains taste buds
  • Mostly found along edge of tongue
145
Q

What are the types of receptors for taste?

A
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • bitter
  • Salty
  • Umami
146
Q

What type of receptor responds to sucralose?

A

Sweet

147
Q

What type of receptor responds to acids?

A
  • sour
148
Q

What type of receptor responds to alkaloid substance?

A
  • Bitter
149
Q

What type of receptor responds to inorganic molecules that arn’t acids or alkaloids?

A
  • Salty
150
Q

What type of receptor responds to MSG

A
  • Umami
151
Q

How do taste receptors pass along messages?

A
  • Synapse the next cell in the system

- 3 nerves

152
Q

What is the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius?

A
  • Information goes in the medulla to the pons, later hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus and two area of cerebral cortex
153
Q

What does the Primary mortor cortex control for tase?

A
  • Muscle of tongue
154
Q

What chemicals effect taste?

A
  • Sodium lauryl sulfate
  • Monosodium Glutamate
  • Gymnema Sylvestre
  • miracle Fruit
155
Q

How does Sodium Lauryl Sulfate effect taste?

A
  • intensifies bitter tastes and weakens sweet
156
Q

How does monosodium glutamate effect taste?

A
  • Increase sensitivity to salty and sweet tastes
157
Q

How does Gymnema Sylvestre effect taste?

A
  • Plant that maeks sweet foods taste bitter or salty
158
Q

How does Miracle fruit effect taste?

A
  • Makes sour foods taste sweet
159
Q

What are Trigeminal Chemorectpors?

A
  • Devoted to detecting irritating compound in mouth nose on face or in eye
160
Q

What is flavor dependent on?

A
  • Smell and taste

Psych 310 (4 decks)

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