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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the central nervous System?

A

Spinal Cord and Brain

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2
Q

what does each part of the spinal cord have?

A

Gray, white matter, and sensor, mortor nerves

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3
Q

What sections of Spinal cord are there?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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4
Q

what are the areas of the brain?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, Forebrain

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5
Q

what is the hindbrain?

A

-oldest parts of brain -Controls breathing. heart rate, motor function

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6
Q

What structures make up Hindbrain?

A

Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cellebellum

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7
Q

what is the medulla?

A
  • Controls breathing I heartrate, vomiting, coughing, sneezing - Damage to area almost fatal
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8
Q

What is contralateral?

A

controls opposite side of body

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9
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

controls same side of body

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10
Q

Where is the reticular formation contained?

A

within medulla and pons

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11
Q

what does cerebellum do?

A

Controls movement, balance, helps direct attention and Judge time

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12
Q

What does the mid brain area do?

A

-Sits on top of hindbrain - Sensory processing and preparing for movement

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13
Q

What are the structures of the midbrain?

A

Tectum, Tegmentum, substantial nigra, superior and inferior colliculi

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14
Q

what is the function of the Forebrain?

A

Sits on top of midbrain (sub-cortical)

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15
Q

what are the structures of the forebrain?

A
  • limbic System - Cerebral Cortex
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16
Q

what is the function of the limbic system?

A
  • Border between midbrain and forebrain - involved in emotion, motivation, sensory, and olfaction
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17
Q

what are the Parts of the limbic system?

A

-Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdale, Hippocampus, basal Ganglia, verticals

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18
Q

what does the thalmus do?

A

information goes through thalamus to be Sorted, then to part of brain, then back to thalmus to body

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19
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

under thalamus - Sends information to pituitary gland

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20
Q

What motivational behavior does the hypothalamus control?

A

-eating, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior

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21
Q

what does the amygdala do?

A

-Process emotions associated with emotion with consequence of actions - important in fight or flight

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22
Q

what does the hippocampus do?

A

Stores new memories

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23
Q

what doesn’t the Basal Ganglia do?

A

associated with movement and habit formation and procedural memory

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24
Q

what are the structure of Basal ganglia?

A

-Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globuspallidus

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25
Q

what do the verticals do?

A

-4 tubes of fluid help cushion and support brain

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26
Q

what is the cerebral Cortex?

A

-Squiggle tissue that surrounds midbrain

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27
Q

What are the parts of the Cerebral cortex?

A

Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe

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28
Q

what are laminae?

A

-layers of brain tissue -arranged in columns - each column has specific function

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29
Q

what does the occipital lobe Do?

A

Primary visual cortex - located back of brain

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30
Q

what is another name for occipital lobe?

A

Striate Cortex

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31
Q

What is the parietal lobe functions?

A

Receives information from touch, muscle-stretch and joint receptors -Different areas of post central gyms get info from specific areas of body

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32
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Receives auditory information Essential for language and vision process

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33
Q

where is the Parietal lobe located?

A

Top of brain

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34
Q

where is Temporal lobe located?

A
  • above cerebellum extending forward
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35
Q

what is the Frontal lobe function?

A

Primary motor Cortex

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36
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex?

A

integrates enormous amount of information -associated with decision making, judgment, working memory

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37
Q

where is the Frontal lobe located?

A

-Front of brain

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38
Q

what is the binding problem?

A

How the various area work together to Create one coherent perception of an eposiode or experience

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39
Q

What does the peripheral system do?

A

all other nerves

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40
Q

What does the somatic Nervous system do?

A

sense organs to CNS and CNS to muscles

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41
Q

what does the Autonomic nervous system do?

A

controls heart, digestive system and other organs

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42
Q

what are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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43
Q

what does the sympathetic do?

A

Fight or flight perparation -originates in central of spine -cluster of nerves all activates together

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44
Q

what does the parasympathetic do?

A

Rest perception - originates in sacral and cervical nerves - Spread out don’t all activates

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45
Q

what is Dorsal direction?

A

Towards the back

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46
Q

what is ventral direction?

A

towards the stomach

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47
Q

what is anterior direction?

A

Towards the front

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48
Q

what is Posterior direction?

A

Towards the rear

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49
Q

what is medial direction?

A

toward micline

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50
Q

what is lateral direction7

A

away form midline

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51
Q

what is horizontal plane view?

A

From above

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52
Q

What is the coronal plane view?

A

From front

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53
Q

what is the sagiltal plane view?

A

From the Side

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54
Q

What does this picture show?

A

Sagittal view

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55
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Amygdala

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56
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Horizontal Plane

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57
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Reticular Formation

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58
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Ventral View

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59
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Hypothalmus

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60
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Anterier View

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61
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Limbic system

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62
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Substantia Nigra

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63
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Cerabellum

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64
Q

what does this picture show?

  1. …?
  2. …?
A
  1. Medial
  2. Lateral
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65
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Tectum

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66
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Cronal Plane

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67
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Medula

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68
Q

what does this picture show?

  1. ….?
  2. ….?
A
  1. Corups Collsum
  2. anterior commissure
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69
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Tegmentum

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70
Q

What does this picture show?

A

Occipital lobe

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71
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Temperal Lobe

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72
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Dorsal View

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73
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Perietal Lobe

74
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Thalmus

75
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Frontal Lobe

76
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Pons

77
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Hippocampus

78
Q

what does this picture show?

A

Posterier View

79
Q

What Research methods are there for studying the brain?

A

Case Study

Animal

Brain stimulation

Neuroimaging

80
Q

How do Case studies work?

A
  • A person with damage to one are of the brain is examined for behavioral deficits that are assumed to araise from the damage
81
Q

What are the advantages of case studies?

A
  • Sometimes only method available
  • Richness of data collected
82
Q

What are the disadvantages of case studies?

A
  • Usually rare cases
  • damage across patients can lead to different results
  • difficult to generalize to large population
83
Q

What is single dissociation?

A
  • Damage in structure a resluts in deficit in task X, but not task Y
84
Q

What is double disociation?

A
  • Damage in structure a results in deficit in task X but not task Y… and damage in structure B results in deficit in task Y but not task X
85
Q

What kind of research methods are there when using animals?

A
  • Ablation
  • Lesion
86
Q

What is ablation?

A
  • Portion of brain is removed surgically with a knife
  • Behavior is then recorded
87
Q

What is lesions?

A
  • Damage where tissue is not remeoved
  • Behavior is recorded
88
Q

what are the advantages of Animal testing?

A
  • Can use experimental methods
89
Q

What are the disadvantages of Animal Testing?

A
  • Ethics
  • Not easily generalized tohumans
  • limited area of brain reached
90
Q

What is brain stimulation?

A
  • Electrodes connected direcltly to specific neurons
91
Q

What is TMS?

A
  • Transcranial magnetic stmulation
  • type of brain stimulation
  • non invasive
92
Q

What are the advantags of brain stimulation?

A
  • Allows true experimtnal designs
  • Non invasive
  • no long-term side effects
93
Q

What are the disadvantages of brain stimulation?

A
  • Only used on one area of brain at a time
  • Can’t reach deepest part of brain
94
Q

What are neuroimaging?

A
  • Equipment that tracks activity of brain over time
95
Q

What are the types of neuroimaging?

A
  • Electroencephalograph
  • Magnetoencephelograph
  • Positron-emission tomograph
  • Funcion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
96
Q

What is electroencephalograph?

A
  • Measure electrical activity of the brain through electrodes attached to the scalp
97
Q

What do magnetoencephelograph do?

A
  • Meausre magnetic feild generated by brain activity
98
Q

What is positron-emission tomograph?

A
  • Tracks activity of radioactive chemical injected into the subject’s bloodstream
99
Q

What does a function magnetic Resonance Imager do?

A
  • Detects the acitivity of hemoglobin with and without oxygen
100
Q

What are the advantages of Neuroimaging?

A
  • Can see correlations between activity and behavior
  • Non-invasive
101
Q

What is the blood Brain Barrier?

A
  • Membrane that excluedes most chemical from passing into brain via the bloodshtream
102
Q

What happeneds if pathogen passes the BBB?

A
  • Gila may attack it
  • Death
  • Pathogen stays in nervous system for life
103
Q

What are endothelial cells?

A
  • Found in walls of blood vessels
  • Helps fluid function, inflammation and blood clotting
104
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • Where small uncharged molecueles or fat soluble molecules pass freely through barriers
105
Q

What is Active Transport?

A
  • How all other moleucels pass through barriers
106
Q

What is an ion?

A
  • Molecule or atom that has a charge
107
Q

What types of passive transport are there?

A
  • Concentration gradient
  • Electrical Gradient
108
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A
  • The amount of a molecule same on the inside of cell as outside.
  • moves through barrier it not balanced
109
Q

What is electrial grdient?

A
  • when ions want to be balance between inside and outside of cell
  • Cell naturally negative inside and positive outside
110
Q

What types of active transport are there?

A
  • Ion pump
  • Sodium-potassium pump
111
Q

How does a sodium-potassium pump work?

A
  • Passes 3 sodium ions out of cell for every 2 potassium ions pumped into cell
112
Q

What is resting potention?

A

-

113
Q

Tpes of ions in a cell?

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • K+
  • A-
114
Q

How is Na+ ion during resting potention?

A
  • Can’t pass freely across membrane
  • Higher concentration outside neuron
115
Q

How does passive transport effect Na+

A
  • Concentration gradient pushes Na+ inside cell
  • Electrical gradient pushes Na+ inside cell
116
Q

How does Cl- act during resting potential?

A
  • Cant passivly cross
  • Hiher concentration outside cell
117
Q

How does passive transport effect Cl-?

A
  • Concentration gradient pushes them inside
  • Electrical gradient pushes them outside
118
Q

How does K+ act during resting potential?

A
  • Passively corss cell membrane through open channels
  • Higher concentration inside neuron
119
Q

How does passive transport effect K+?

A
  • Concentration Gradient Pushes K+ out (stronger then electrical)
  • Electrical gradient keeps K+ inside cell
120
Q

How does A+ act during Resting Potential?

A
  • Cant passively cross cell membrane
  • Higher concentration inside
121
Q

What is action potential?

A
  • when neuron is sufficiently stimulated, it reaches the treshold and action potentioal fired
122
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

making cell more negative

123
Q

What is depolarizing?

A
  • Making less negative
124
Q

What is reverse polarization?

A
  • When cell becomes possitive
125
Q

Is there a species brain size and behavior correlation?

A
  • No correlation between brain size and inteligence
126
Q

What is Encephalization Quotient?

A
  • Ratio between expected brain mass and actual brain mass
127
Q

Is there correlation between brain size in humans and intellegence?

A
  • Small correlation because recorded all areas of brain and there is bound to be some difference
128
Q

Is there a correlation between genders and intelligence?

A
  • Men have larger brains but equal IQ’s
  • Difference betwen sertain areas of the brain
129
Q

What are the structures of a nerve cell?

A
  • Dendrites
  • Soma
  • Axon
130
Q

What do Dendrites do?

A
  • Branches surrounding soma
  • Lined with synaptic receptors that receive information from other neurons
131
Q

What does the soma do?

A
  • Cell body
  • Contains nucleu, ribosomes and mitochondria
  • Carries out most metabolic processes of cell
  • Covered in synapses that connect neurons to one another
132
Q

What do axons do?

A
  • Long tail exiting the soma

Carries electrical ipulses towards other neurons

133
Q

What are the axon strustues?

A
  • Myelin sheath
  • Nodes of Ranvier
  • Presynaptic perminals
134
Q

What does a myelin sheath do?

A
  • Fatty sheet wraped around axon
  • Increases electrical speed
135
Q

What are noes of Ranvier do?

A
  • Space between myelin sheath
  • have Na+ K+ pumps that help with action potential
136
Q

What are presynaptic termainals?

A
  • End of axon
  • Releases chemical that pass to next neuron
137
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A
  • Brings information into a neural struture
138
Q

What are efferent neuronts?

A
  • Carries information away form a neural strucure
139
Q

What are Gilia?

A
  • Smaller then neurons but more in numbers
140
Q

Typs of Gila?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microgila
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann cells
  • Radial Gila
141
Q

What do Astrocytes do?

A
  • Star shaped
  • Wrap around acons of runctionally related neurons
  • Help synchronize firing of neurons
  • Remove wates material and regualte blood flow
142
Q

What do microgila do?

A
  • Very small
  • remove watematerial, fungi, viruses and other microrganisms
143
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A
  • Duild myelin sheaths in CNS
144
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A
  • BUild myelin sheath in PNS
145
Q

What do Radial Gila do?

A
  • Guide migration of neurons during embryonic development
  • After migration they become other gilia
146
Q

What are synapses?

A
  • gaps between two neurons where cheimical communication takes palce
147
Q

What is a reflex?

A
  • Automatic muscular response to a stimulus
148
Q

What is Reflex arc?

A
  • Sensory neuron excites second neuron
  • Second neuron excites motor neuron
  • Motor neuron excites muscle
149
Q

What did Chales Sherrington find?

A
  • Several weak stimuli are stronger then one stimulus
  • When one muslce is excited different musles are relaxed
150
Q

What is temporal summation?

A
  • Few rapid pinches produced a response when one pinch did not
151
Q

What is excitatory postynaptic potential?

A

Created by one pinch

  • Patial excitation is not enough to depolarize neuron beyond theshold like multiple pinches do
152
Q

What does spatial summation do?

A
  • Pinching two different spots at same time
  • Two separate sensory neurons were activated and both together is enough to cause action potential in motor neuron
153
Q

What is an inhibitory synapses do?

A
  • Flexor muslces of pinched leg contracted
  • Extensor musles of other legs contracted
  • Extensor musles of pinched leg relaxed
  • Flexor musles of other three legs relaxed
154
Q

What is inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A
  • Occurs when a presynaptic neuron hyperpolariizes its postynaptic neuron
155
Q

What is spontaneous firing rate?

A
  • Production of action potential that occur without any imput from other neurons
156
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A
  • A receptor which, when bound by neurotransmitter, directly effects the cahnnel that is atteched to it
157
Q

What must neurotansmitters have?

A
  • Be produced within a neuron
  • released by neuron
  • act on post-synaptic receptor
  • undergo deactivation or reuptake
158
Q

What is metabotropic receptor?

A
  • a receptor which when bound by a neurotransmitter, sets of a chain of events that indirectly effects a channel
159
Q

What is glutamate and what does it do?

A
  • Neurotransmitter
  • Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter
  • involved in learning and memory
160
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • Over stimulation of a neuron that leads to death of the cells
161
Q

What is GABA and what does it do?

A
  • Main inhibitory neurotransmitter ina central nervous system
  • Opens Cl- Lingand-gated channels
162
Q

What is serotonin and what does it do?

A
  • A neurotransmitter
  • Involved in sleep cycle, mood, sexual behavior , anxiety and digestion
163
Q

What is the reward system of the brain?

A
  • Pleasure circuit
  • Activated by antyhing that makes you feel good
  • Release dopamine and norepinephrine
164
Q

What is dopamine do?

A
  • neurotransmitter
  • Inovled in motor control, mood, reinforcing behavior

-

165
Q

what does norephinephrine do?

A
  • Involved in attentionand mood
166
Q

What is an agnoist drug?

A
  • A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
167
Q

What is an Antagonist drug?

A
  • A Drug that blocks a particular neurotransmitter
168
Q

What is affinity?

A
  • a rugs abiity ot bind to a particular receptor
169
Q

What is drug efficacy?

A
  • A drugs tendency to activate a receptor
170
Q

What are stimulants?

A
  • Increase excitement, alertness and activity
  • Decrease appetite and create stae of euphoria
171
Q

What is Cocaine?

A
  • Type of stimulant
  • Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norephinephrine, and aserotonin
172
Q

What are amphetamines?

A
  • A stimulant
  • Increase relase of dopamine
173
Q

What do reuptake transorters do?

A
  • Protein comples that pulls a neurotransmiiter back into the presynaptic neuron
174
Q

What is caffeine?

A
  • A stimulant
  • Inhibits release of norephinephrine
  • increases rlease of epinephrine and dopamine
175
Q

What is Nicotine?

A
  • Stimulants
  • Reduces anxiety, increase vigilance
  • increased dopamine and norepinephrine release by nhibiting GABA
  • Acetylcholine agonist
176
Q

What are opiates?

A
  • stimulant
  • Increase release dopamine
  • Agonist for endophin receptors

inhibit GABA

177
Q

What is mariguanna?

A
  • Stimulant
  • Inhibit release of glutamate
  • increase motivation to eat
  • leads to difficulties consolidating memories
  • increase dopamine
178
Q

What is alcholol?

A
  • Depressant
  • GABA agonist
  • Increases GABA
  • Increases Serotoning
  • Increase Adenosine
  • Increase Dopamine
179
Q

What is up regulation?

A
  • When ther is frequently an insufficient amoun of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
  • the postsynaptic neuron may develop more receptor for that particular neurotransmitter
180
Q

What is Down regulation of synaptic receptors?

A
  • When thre is frequently an abundance of a neurotransimtter in synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic neuron may lose some of the receptors
181
Q

What is tolerance?

A
  • A decrease in the enjoyable aspects of using a particular drug
182
Q

What is withdrawal?

A
  • Negative ften painful symptoms that occur after drug stops being used

Psych 310 (4 decks)

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