Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
hereditary leaders in the highlands
A
Kuraka
2
Q
area excavated by D’altroy, looked at communites
A
Upper Mantaro Valley
3
Q
term for the traditional highland communities
A
Llaqta
4
Q
What were the inca stages of life concerned with
A
marital status and ability to work
5
Q
name ceremony, party with drinking, food, relatives give the child pieces of their hair and nails, starting with the oldest or most respected uncle
A
Rutuchicoy
6
Q
inca elite teachers, also taught the sons of provincial lords.
A
Amautas
7
Q
the chosen women, the only girls with formal education
A
Aqllakuna
8
Q
the house of the aqllakuna
A
Aqllawasi
9
Q
priestesses of the aqllakuna
A
Mamakuna
10
Q
female rite of passage, at first menstruation, would fast in seclusion for 3 days, on the 4th day the mother would wash and dress her, relatives would celebrate and oldest or most respected uncle would give her an adult name
A
Quicuchicuy
11
Q
male rite of passage, celebrated all together once a year in the community, would coincide witht he qhapaq raymi in cuzco, given a “wara” breechcloth and name by mother. at the end they were given gifts and their ears were pierced
A
Waracikoy
12
Q
during inca times, these had to be approved by the apu
A
Marriage
13
Q
Shawl pins, thought of as symbols of womanhood,
A
Tupu
14
Q
the amount of land a couple needed to support themselves for a year, flexible, depends on where you are
A
tupu-land
15
Q
human powered foot plow
A
Chakitaqlla
16
Q
son, used by father
A
churi
17
Q
daughter, used by father
A
ususi
18
Q
children, as used by the mother
A
wawa
19
Q
father, used by both sexes
A
yaya
20
Q
mother, used by both sexes
A
mama
21
Q
sisters, used by sisters
A
nana
22
Q
brothers, used by brothers
A
tura
23
Q
brothers, used by brothers
A
wawqi
24
Q
sisters, used by brothers
A
pana
25
type of jerky
Ch'arki
26
Balanced exchange of work, pooled efforts for farming, herding, etc
Ayni
27
Asymmetric labor relationship, one would work for higher status or in laws in exchange for a share of the produce
Minka
28
spanish term for the leader of the opposing group to whom the incas would offer favorable terms of surrender
Senorio
29
forts established to keep local populations in control, were flexible, smaller places, not much fortification in cuzco
Defense in depth
30
building thought to house soldiers, but not usually associated with defense architecture
Kallanka
31
head of household, all of the adult married men
Hatun runa
32
above the hatun runa, 1 for every 10
Chunka kamayuq
33
third official, 1 for every 100 hatun runa
Pachaka kuraka
34
second official, 1 for every 1000 hatun runa
Waranka Kuraka
35
the topmost official, one for every 10000 hatun runa
Hunu kuraka (military)
36
warriors, married men between the age of 25-50 that could be called up
Awka kamayuq
37
men between 18-25, unmarried, that would carry messages, goods
Sayapayaq
38
what was the typical inca battle strategy
projectiles were the favored tactic, spears, arrows, slings, fortresses were desinged to take on head on attacks
39
slingstones, slings, spears, arrows
Weapons
40
region of clustered forts above quito, 14 fortresses
Pambamarca
41
established because the guarco people were powerful and rebellious, the inca were there for several years, during th esummer the rest of the army would retreat and come back in the winter
Inkawasi
42
in cuzco, a period of fasting and refraining from sex for two days. idols were brought out, llamas were sacrificed (maybe children), processions of boys finely dressed, feasts (all before going off to war)
Itu
43
what were the rewards for victory
soldiers would get textiles, gold and silver armor, herds of animals, sometimes marriage to an aqlla
nobility would get land, multiple wives, administrative positions
44
these were divided between 4 suyus
provinces
45
2 or 3 of these for each suyu, ideally 10,000 people
Saya
46
an ethnic inca noble sent to govern the saya
Torikoq
47
10 hatun runa= 1 chunka kamayuq
100 hr= 1 pachaka kuraka
1000= waranqa kuraka
10000= hunu kuraka
Decimal Administration
48
1 for every 10,000 households
Hunu karaka (provinces)
49
1 for every 1000 households
Waranqa kuraka (provinces)
50
1 for every 100 households
Pachaka kuraka (provinces)
51
inspectors that would be sent out to do independent censuses in the provinces
Tokoyrikoq
52
Laws and punishment
local societies would deal with dispute, no official laws, except perhaps pertaining to property. Leaders could condemn people to death, only someone of higher rank could judge you and decide on a punishment
53
waystations along the road, storage areas that the army could tap into
Tampu
54
the inca royal highway
Qhapaq nan
55
messengers, runners, relayed messages throughout the empire, could cover 240 km (150 miles) in one day. Took 375 of these to get a message from quito to cuzco.
Chaski
56
finger lenght, shortedt length, used for making textiles, etc
Rok'ana
57
1-6 meters, used in construction
Rikra
58
pace, about 2 steps, travel distane, approximately 1.3 meters
Thatki
59
around a typical days walk, 6-9 km
Tupu (distance)
60
.entire communities that would be moved over long distance, for military or agricultural purposes
Mitmaqkuna
61
huge rectangular plaza in the middle, size of 30 city blocks, platform in the middle for official business/ceremonies, some evidence of kallankas, temple of the sun, aqllawasi, spatially indicating roads radiated out, about 4000 buildings and 15,000 people
Huanuco pampa
62
40 km from tumipampa, rounded sun temple, previously under control of the canari, said to be their origin place
Ingapirca
63
modern city of Cunca built on top of this site, battle sites of the civil war nearby
Tumipampa
64
in the chincha valley, pyramids made of talpia, a type of poured adobe, designs usually reflected aspects of the sea,
La Centinela
65
here they built sites because the area didnt have enough infrastructure, was a series of river valleys
Inca in Nasca
66
has fancy inca cut stone, which is rare on the coast, also uses adobe, the central area has cuzco like walls, proposed that it was actually a royal estate, possibly thupa inkas
Paredones
67
right across from paredones, along the hillside, built terraces and houses on top of them, used back to 3600 bc,
La Tiza
68
right along a river, adobe compound, some cemetaries, there are inca goods here, but daily life didnt change much
Pajonal Alto
69
pisco valley, south of chincha, not very densely populated, local leaders but no region wide organization, built by inca because there was no existing site, painted all different colors
Tambo Colorado
70
showed the might of the inca empire in the buildings
Architecture of Power
71
researched inca laws and punishment
John Hyslop
72
for this the inca would provide for the people until they were on their feet
Resettlement
73
.
Cochabamba
74
what only other group had a class system like the inca during the expansion period
the chimu on the coast
75
what percentage of the empire were commoners
95-98%
76
what did the usual llaqta consist of
more than one ayllu, divided into two moeities, shared land and water rights
77
what did the traditional household consist of
married couple, their children, unmarried or widowed close kin
78
what was the provincial center in the upper mantero valley established along the inca road
Hatun Xauxa
79
which mantero valley centers had 4500 houses and around 5000 people each
Marca and Hatunmarca
80
what changed for he mantero valley people during inca times
they were made to leave the hilltops for the valley where they could farm and have less defensible positions
81
what changed for the mantero valley elites
they adopted inca architecture and settlement patterns (kanchas), used inca ceramics and vessels,
82
what did a chemical analyses of skeletal remains find in the mantero valley
increased consumption of maize, particularly in males. possibly due to labor tax or increased consumption of chicha
83
T/F Inca kept track of years for age
false
84
the inca stages of life were based on a hierarchy of
importance, at what time are you most important to the empire
85
what was at the top of the hierarchy for the inca stages of life
warriors and their wives 25-50 yo
86
what was second in the inca stages of life hierarchy
older, don't go to war, but can teach skills
87
third in the hierarchy of stages of life
older and not much use, ill or disabled,
| "deaf and drowsy ancients"
88
fourth through tenth in the hierarchy of the stages of life
descending stages until infancy
89
which cranial modification was typically used by the qolla
cone head
90
what was the aim of cranial deformation
signifying status, maybe ethnicity
91
at what age were inca children named
2
92
what was a key factor of infant mortality
respiratory diseases
93
what were the aqllakuna taught
chicha making, weaving, pottery etc
94
how were the aqllakuna chosen
attractive girls were taken from families around the empire, mostly elite families
95
what important things did the aqllakuna make
all of the kings clothing, chicha for the important ceremonies
96
what was the end of the aqllakuna life?
the women got to choose whether to become a priestess, a mamakuna, or be married off as a gift from the inca to another lord
97
which part of the body was usually preserved in burial practices
the bones
98
women began to be buried with tupus during the
wari period
99
the andean people believed you should be buried in
your homeland
100
the inca military were experts at
strategy and logistics
101
the inca military were not good at
tactics, training, technology
102
who started the initial switch from conquering to expanding
wiraqocha
103
when did the incas raise an army
during the agricultural off season
104
what was special about the village of Tunamarca in the upper mantero valley
it resisted the inca, could see this in the absence of inca goods at the site
105
where were the inca fortresses established
along the frontier concentrated in the very north and down on the eastern edge of chile and argentina
106
all fortresses were situated along
transportation routes
107
what were the three major provincial centers
vilcasawan, hatun hauxa, huanuco pampa
108
what was strange about vilcasawan
it was said to house 30,000 soldiers, but archaeology hasnt found defensive architecture or kallankas
109
near quito, would expect soldiers, but found evidence of women, also burials of small children and fetuses
Rumicucho
110
in pambamarca, on a hill, with large walls
Quitoloma
111
local people of the quito area, rebellious
cayambe
112
people of the canete valley, south of lima, rebellious
Guarco
113
how many soldiers did atawallpa have? waskhar? at cajamarca?
140,000
130,000
80,000
114
T/F the calling of people into the labor tax didn't disrupt everyday life
false
115
T/F most coastal groups werent inclused in the labor tax because they didn't want them to have weapons
true
116
what was the military discipline like
tough on the roads, but would break down in battle
117
what did each soldier receive
a set of clothing, sandals, weapons, food, drink, chicha
118
how far apart were the tampu
20 km, about the distance a llama would walk in a day
119
preferred weapon of the king
bronze mace with wooden handle
120
what aspects of religion were in the military
would ask oracles, fasting, sacrificing
121
what night was for ceremonies and the inca would not fight then
the new moon
122
what part of the empire had a more intense/direct rule
the central highlands from lake titicaca up to ecuador
123
what would the provincial leaders do in december
report up the hierarchy, the apu would report to cuzco
124
what was the difference between commoner and noble adultery
commoners who committed adultery were beaten, but if the partner was noble he could be executed. The nobles weren't usually punished
125
who is assumed to have first expanded the inca road system
pachakuti
126
how many km of inca roads
40,000 km
127
in the coastal desert region, the roads were sometimes
only depressions in the ground
128
the width of the inca roads varied between
1-4 meters
129
what were the inca road bridges attached to
stone pillars
130
how much of the population was resettled
1/3-1/4
131
chimu center that the inca captured and built their own site on top of, adobe mounds and walls
Tucume
132
valley once controlled by the chimu, contains tucume, very wide, green, productive
lambayeque
133
what did the inca do in the lake titicaca region
separated the lupakas and qollas into 7 different communities closer to the lake for agriculture
134
how many different ethnic groups were in copacabana
42
135
warlords, resided in the highlands
zinch'i
