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The Incas > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

hereditary leaders in the highlands

A

Kuraka

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2
Q

area excavated by D’altroy, looked at communites

A

Upper Mantaro Valley

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3
Q

term for the traditional highland communities

A

Llaqta

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4
Q

What were the inca stages of life concerned with

A

marital status and ability to work

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5
Q

name ceremony, party with drinking, food, relatives give the child pieces of their hair and nails, starting with the oldest or most respected uncle

A

Rutuchicoy

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6
Q

inca elite teachers, also taught the sons of provincial lords.

A

Amautas

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7
Q

the chosen women, the only girls with formal education

A

Aqllakuna

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8
Q

the house of the aqllakuna

A

Aqllawasi

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9
Q

priestesses of the aqllakuna

A

Mamakuna

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10
Q

female rite of passage, at first menstruation, would fast in seclusion for 3 days, on the 4th day the mother would wash and dress her, relatives would celebrate and oldest or most respected uncle would give her an adult name

A

Quicuchicuy

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11
Q

male rite of passage, celebrated all together once a year in the community, would coincide witht he qhapaq raymi in cuzco, given a “wara” breechcloth and name by mother. at the end they were given gifts and their ears were pierced

A

Waracikoy

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12
Q

during inca times, these had to be approved by the apu

A

Marriage

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13
Q

Shawl pins, thought of as symbols of womanhood,

A

Tupu

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14
Q

the amount of land a couple needed to support themselves for a year, flexible, depends on where you are

A

tupu-land

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15
Q

human powered foot plow

A

Chakitaqlla

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16
Q

son, used by father

A

churi

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17
Q

daughter, used by father

A

ususi

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18
Q

children, as used by the mother

A

wawa

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19
Q

father, used by both sexes

A

yaya

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20
Q

mother, used by both sexes

A

mama

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21
Q

sisters, used by sisters

A

nana

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22
Q

brothers, used by brothers

A

tura

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23
Q

brothers, used by brothers

A

wawqi

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24
Q

sisters, used by brothers

A

pana

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25
Q

type of jerky

A

Ch’arki

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26
Q

Balanced exchange of work, pooled efforts for farming, herding, etc

A

Ayni

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27
Q

Asymmetric labor relationship, one would work for higher status or in laws in exchange for a share of the produce

A

Minka

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28
Q

spanish term for the leader of the opposing group to whom the incas would offer favorable terms of surrender

A

Senorio

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29
Q

forts established to keep local populations in control, were flexible, smaller places, not much fortification in cuzco

A

Defense in depth

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30
Q

building thought to house soldiers, but not usually associated with defense architecture

A

Kallanka

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31
Q

head of household, all of the adult married men

A

Hatun runa

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32
Q

above the hatun runa, 1 for every 10

A

Chunka kamayuq

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33
Q

third official, 1 for every 100 hatun runa

A

Pachaka kuraka

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34
Q

second official, 1 for every 1000 hatun runa

A

Waranka Kuraka

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35
Q

the topmost official, one for every 10000 hatun runa

A

Hunu kuraka (military)

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36
Q

warriors, married men between the age of 25-50 that could be called up

A

Awka kamayuq

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37
Q

men between 18-25, unmarried, that would carry messages, goods

A

Sayapayaq

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38
Q

what was the typical inca battle strategy

A

projectiles were the favored tactic, spears, arrows, slings, fortresses were desinged to take on head on attacks

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39
Q

slingstones, slings, spears, arrows

A

Weapons

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40
Q

region of clustered forts above quito, 14 fortresses

A

Pambamarca

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41
Q

established because the guarco people were powerful and rebellious, the inca were there for several years, during th esummer the rest of the army would retreat and come back in the winter

A

Inkawasi

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42
Q

in cuzco, a period of fasting and refraining from sex for two days. idols were brought out, llamas were sacrificed (maybe children), processions of boys finely dressed, feasts (all before going off to war)

A

Itu

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43
Q

what were the rewards for victory

A

soldiers would get textiles, gold and silver armor, herds of animals, sometimes marriage to an aqlla
nobility would get land, multiple wives, administrative positions

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44
Q

these were divided between 4 suyus

A

provinces

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45
Q

2 or 3 of these for each suyu, ideally 10,000 people

A

Saya

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46
Q

an ethnic inca noble sent to govern the saya

A

Torikoq

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47
Q

10 hatun runa= 1 chunka kamayuq
100 hr= 1 pachaka kuraka
1000= waranqa kuraka
10000= hunu kuraka

A

Decimal Administration

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48
Q

1 for every 10,000 households

A

Hunu karaka (provinces)

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49
Q

1 for every 1000 households

A

Waranqa kuraka (provinces)

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50
Q

1 for every 100 households

A

Pachaka kuraka (provinces)

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51
Q

inspectors that would be sent out to do independent censuses in the provinces

A

Tokoyrikoq

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52
Q

Laws and punishment

A

local societies would deal with dispute, no official laws, except perhaps pertaining to property. Leaders could condemn people to death, only someone of higher rank could judge you and decide on a punishment

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53
Q

waystations along the road, storage areas that the army could tap into

A

Tampu

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54
Q

the inca royal highway

A

Qhapaq nan

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55
Q

messengers, runners, relayed messages throughout the empire, could cover 240 km (150 miles) in one day. Took 375 of these to get a message from quito to cuzco.

A

Chaski

56
Q

finger lenght, shortedt length, used for making textiles, etc

A

Rok’ana

57
Q

1-6 meters, used in construction

A

Rikra

58
Q

pace, about 2 steps, travel distane, approximately 1.3 meters

A

Thatki

59
Q

around a typical days walk, 6-9 km

A

Tupu (distance)

60
Q

.entire communities that would be moved over long distance, for military or agricultural purposes

A

Mitmaqkuna

61
Q

huge rectangular plaza in the middle, size of 30 city blocks, platform in the middle for official business/ceremonies, some evidence of kallankas, temple of the sun, aqllawasi, spatially indicating roads radiated out, about 4000 buildings and 15,000 people

A

Huanuco pampa

62
Q

40 km from tumipampa, rounded sun temple, previously under control of the canari, said to be their origin place

A

Ingapirca

63
Q

modern city of Cunca built on top of this site, battle sites of the civil war nearby

A

Tumipampa

64
Q

in the chincha valley, pyramids made of talpia, a type of poured adobe, designs usually reflected aspects of the sea,

A

La Centinela

65
Q

here they built sites because the area didnt have enough infrastructure, was a series of river valleys

A

Inca in Nasca

66
Q

has fancy inca cut stone, which is rare on the coast, also uses adobe, the central area has cuzco like walls, proposed that it was actually a royal estate, possibly thupa inkas

A

Paredones

67
Q

right across from paredones, along the hillside, built terraces and houses on top of them, used back to 3600 bc,

A

La Tiza

68
Q

right along a river, adobe compound, some cemetaries, there are inca goods here, but daily life didnt change much

A

Pajonal Alto

69
Q

pisco valley, south of chincha, not very densely populated, local leaders but no region wide organization, built by inca because there was no existing site, painted all different colors

A

Tambo Colorado

70
Q

showed the might of the inca empire in the buildings

A

Architecture of Power

71
Q

researched inca laws and punishment

A

John Hyslop

72
Q

for this the inca would provide for the people until they were on their feet

A

Resettlement

73
Q

.

A

Cochabamba

74
Q

what only other group had a class system like the inca during the expansion period

A

the chimu on the coast

75
Q

what percentage of the empire were commoners

A

95-98%

76
Q

what did the usual llaqta consist of

A

more than one ayllu, divided into two moeities, shared land and water rights

77
Q

what did the traditional household consist of

A

married couple, their children, unmarried or widowed close kin

78
Q

what was the provincial center in the upper mantero valley established along the inca road

A

Hatun Xauxa

79
Q

which mantero valley centers had 4500 houses and around 5000 people each

A

Marca and Hatunmarca

80
Q

what changed for he mantero valley people during inca times

A

they were made to leave the hilltops for the valley where they could farm and have less defensible positions

81
Q

what changed for the mantero valley elites

A

they adopted inca architecture and settlement patterns (kanchas), used inca ceramics and vessels,

82
Q

what did a chemical analyses of skeletal remains find in the mantero valley

A

increased consumption of maize, particularly in males. possibly due to labor tax or increased consumption of chicha

83
Q

T/F Inca kept track of years for age

A

false

84
Q

the inca stages of life were based on a hierarchy of

A

importance, at what time are you most important to the empire

85
Q

what was at the top of the hierarchy for the inca stages of life

A

warriors and their wives 25-50 yo

86
Q

what was second in the inca stages of life hierarchy

A

older, don’t go to war, but can teach skills

87
Q

third in the hierarchy of stages of life

A

older and not much use, ill or disabled,

“deaf and drowsy ancients”

88
Q

fourth through tenth in the hierarchy of the stages of life

A

descending stages until infancy

89
Q

which cranial modification was typically used by the qolla

A

cone head

90
Q

what was the aim of cranial deformation

A

signifying status, maybe ethnicity

91
Q

at what age were inca children named

A

2

92
Q

what was a key factor of infant mortality

A

respiratory diseases

93
Q

what were the aqllakuna taught

A

chicha making, weaving, pottery etc

94
Q

how were the aqllakuna chosen

A

attractive girls were taken from families around the empire, mostly elite families

95
Q

what important things did the aqllakuna make

A

all of the kings clothing, chicha for the important ceremonies

96
Q

what was the end of the aqllakuna life?

A

the women got to choose whether to become a priestess, a mamakuna, or be married off as a gift from the inca to another lord

97
Q

which part of the body was usually preserved in burial practices

A

the bones

98
Q

women began to be buried with tupus during the

A

wari period

99
Q

the andean people believed you should be buried in

A

your homeland

100
Q

the inca military were experts at

A

strategy and logistics

101
Q

the inca military were not good at

A

tactics, training, technology

102
Q

who started the initial switch from conquering to expanding

A

wiraqocha

103
Q

when did the incas raise an army

A

during the agricultural off season

104
Q

what was special about the village of Tunamarca in the upper mantero valley

A

it resisted the inca, could see this in the absence of inca goods at the site

105
Q

where were the inca fortresses established

A

along the frontier concentrated in the very north and down on the eastern edge of chile and argentina

106
Q

all fortresses were situated along

A

transportation routes

107
Q

what were the three major provincial centers

A

vilcasawan, hatun hauxa, huanuco pampa

108
Q

what was strange about vilcasawan

A

it was said to house 30,000 soldiers, but archaeology hasnt found defensive architecture or kallankas

109
Q

near quito, would expect soldiers, but found evidence of women, also burials of small children and fetuses

A

Rumicucho

110
Q

in pambamarca, on a hill, with large walls

A

Quitoloma

111
Q

local people of the quito area, rebellious

A

cayambe

112
Q

people of the canete valley, south of lima, rebellious

A

Guarco

113
Q

how many soldiers did atawallpa have? waskhar? at cajamarca?

A

140,000
130,000
80,000

114
Q

T/F the calling of people into the labor tax didn’t disrupt everyday life

A

false

115
Q

T/F most coastal groups werent inclused in the labor tax because they didn’t want them to have weapons

A

true

116
Q

what was the military discipline like

A

tough on the roads, but would break down in battle

117
Q

what did each soldier receive

A

a set of clothing, sandals, weapons, food, drink, chicha

118
Q

how far apart were the tampu

A

20 km, about the distance a llama would walk in a day

119
Q

preferred weapon of the king

A

bronze mace with wooden handle

120
Q

what aspects of religion were in the military

A

would ask oracles, fasting, sacrificing

121
Q

what night was for ceremonies and the inca would not fight then

A

the new moon

122
Q

what part of the empire had a more intense/direct rule

A

the central highlands from lake titicaca up to ecuador

123
Q

what would the provincial leaders do in december

A

report up the hierarchy, the apu would report to cuzco

124
Q

what was the difference between commoner and noble adultery

A

commoners who committed adultery were beaten, but if the partner was noble he could be executed. The nobles weren’t usually punished

125
Q

who is assumed to have first expanded the inca road system

A

pachakuti

126
Q

how many km of inca roads

A

40,000 km

127
Q

in the coastal desert region, the roads were sometimes

A

only depressions in the ground

128
Q

the width of the inca roads varied between

A

1-4 meters

129
Q

what were the inca road bridges attached to

A

stone pillars

130
Q

how much of the population was resettled

A

1/3-1/4

131
Q

chimu center that the inca captured and built their own site on top of, adobe mounds and walls

A

Tucume

132
Q

valley once controlled by the chimu, contains tucume, very wide, green, productive

A

lambayeque

133
Q

what did the inca do in the lake titicaca region

A

separated the lupakas and qollas into 7 different communities closer to the lake for agriculture

134
Q

how many different ethnic groups were in copacabana

A

42

135
Q

warlords, resided in the highlands

A

zinch’i

The Incas (4 decks)

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