Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Tawantinsuyu
A
Means the land of the four quarters, the Inca Empire
2
Q
What is the Core
A
The core is the central area, the economic, social, political center
3
Q
What is the Periphery
A
Area exploited by the core
4
Q
What is hegemonic rule
A
More loose control, indirect control of the provinces. Goal is to keep the cost of keeping the people in your empire low
5
Q
What is territorial rule
A
Intense direct rule. Buildinng infrastructure, military prescence, invested heavily
6
Q
What is the World Systems model
A
Immanuel Wallerstein, looked at how past and present empires connected
7
Q
What are the types of power
A
Military, economic, political, ideological
8
Q
Who is Immanuel Wallerstein
A
Developed the world systems model
9
Q
Who is Michael Mann
A
Developed the types of power and applied them to empires and their groups
10
Q
Who is Michael Dolyle
A
Developed metrocentric, pericentric, systemic systems
11
Q
What is a metrocentric system
A
A group driven by self interest, whether it be economic or political or etc
12
Q
What is a pericentric system
A
System develops out of instability, a threat to the group
13
Q
What is a systemic system
A
Different powers agree to engage and dominate their rivals
14
Q
What is the post colonial critique
A
Look at the core and elites, but also the conquered
15
Q
Who were Pedro Sancho de la Hoz and Francisco de Xerez
A
Part of Francisco Pizarros group,
16
Q
One of the first spaniards back, wrote a fantastical account that had been mostly discredited
A
Who was Cristobal de Mena
17
Q
Younger cousin of francisco, finished his memoirs 40 years later, seems very thought through, the best of the accounts. Bias present, wanted to show the glory and right of the spanish
A
Who was Pedro Pizzaro
18
Q
Wrote Cronicas del Peru
Came as a soldier, travelled three years on his own, interested in life before the Inca, spent a lot of time in Cuzco. 4 volumes, fairly accurate, some bias
A
Who was Pedro Cieza de Leon
19
Q
Narrative of the Incas 1557
Quechua spanish translator, ended up marrying an Incan princess Dona Angelina Yupanque
A
Who was Juan de Betanzos
20
Q
Basically the mayor of Cuzco in the region for the first 50 yrs of Spanish Rule, interested in Inca practices in order to more efficiently govern
A
Who was Licenciado Juan Polo Ondegardo
21
Q
Governor of the whole region, dramatically changes administration, changed life of native peoples, moves people into lower elevations. 3 large volumes of papers, interviewed elite leaders, administrative documents
A
Who was Viceroy Francisco de Toledo
22
Q
Interviewed quipu masters, nobility, asked to put together the history by Toledo
Bias toledo wanted to show the legitimacy of the spanish
Good info on quechua, valuable maps
A
Who was Pedro de Sarmiento de Gamboa
23
Q
Priest, natural and moral history of the Andes
Collected plants and animals for study, first to suggest in writing that the people in the americas cane from Asia
A
Who was Jose de Acosta
24
Q
Royal commentaries of the Incas 1609
Son of spanish soldier and inca princess
Seen as a very good account
A
Who was Inca Gacilaso de la Vega
25
The first new chronicle and good government 1613
Mixed ancestry. Wrote over 1000 page letter to the king including drawings
Very much a political document
Tells about daily life as well
Who was Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
26
1653, jesuit, Inca Religions and Customs
History of the Inca Empire
Wasnt around when it was happeningn, compiled old manuscripts, some that are now lost
Who was Bernabe Cobo
27
What were the Visitas
They began in 1549
Spanish sent out administrators to each of the major provinces and wrote down as much info as they could
Questions included what was like before the Incas etc. talks about how groups were moved by the Inca if they were causing problems
28
worked in North America, native moundbuilders in North America
went to Peru explored for US government
assigned to Central America is treating negotiator
1863 US commissioner to Peru explored major areas around Cusco
in 1877 wrote land of the Incas
Who was Ephraim George Squier
29
Late 1800s early 1900s, German, revolutionized looking at past
interested in what came before the Inca
scientific method and stratigraphy begin scientific archaeology in the region
Who was Max Uhle
30
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1912 reported on Machu Picchu looking for Coco Bomba most historical documents talked about the last hold out where the last of the Incas fought the Spanish
brought attention to Machu Picchu
raised by missionaries in Hawaii
went to Yale
governor of Connecticut and US Sen.
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Who was Hiram Bingham
31
Historicist, went to UC Berkeley
in the 1940s wrote history of the Incas compiled all the old sources and created a chronology of the Kings and when they ruled and died
Who was John Rowe
32
Inca influence in the coastal regions
| Historicist
Who was Dorothy Menzel
33
A structuralist thought the chroniclers didn't understand the way the inca saw the world, too much European influence
didn't see you time the way Europeans did they saw the past in front the future behind
Who was Tom Zuidema
34
Current preeminent historian in Peru
| Combined somewhat the two views history of the inca realm
Who was Maria Rostoworski
35
What elevation is the Chala?
0-500 meters asl
36
What is the Humboldt Current
A cold current off the coast of Peru that comes up from Antarctica
also provides an upwelling of nutrient rich and cold water in the ocean
37
What is the MAritime Hypothesis
From Michael Mosley
| Rich ocean environment, people could settle in coastal areas, basis for civilizations
38
What is El Nino
.Weather phenomenon that effects the coast of Peru
39
What is Lomas
.Weather phenomenon that effects the coast of Peru
40
What elevation is the Yunga?
500-2500 meter asl
41
What elevation is the Chapiyunga?
1200-2500 meters asl
42
What is grown in the yunga/chapiyunga
Aji peppers and Coca
43
What elevation is Aconcagua
6960 meters asl, only mtns over 1400 m have snow in South America because of the low variance in seasonal temp change
44
What elevation is the Quechua zone
2300-3200 meters
45
What are the differences in the native camelids and where do you find them
Llamas are bigger with longer necks. Alpacas have finer wool, are smaller. Alpacas important for meat, llamas were used for pack animals. There are also guanacos a wild Camelid and vicuna a much smaller dear sized camelid
46
What is cuy
Guinea pig
47
What elevation is the Suni
3200-4000 meters
48
What is Ulluco
A type of tuber grown in the Andes, Suni Zone
49
What elevation is the Puna
4000 meters and above
50
What is Chuno
Freeze dried potatoes made in the Suni zone
51
What is a Bofedal?
Areas of swampy ground water seeps up animals found around these
52
What is Montana/Selva/Omagua
Lower elevations where large rivers flow
53
Explain Verticality or ecological complementarity
Used to explain inca and their methods of governing
John Murra- historical documents, ethnography, found that highland groups maintained land in lower elevations for different crops
54
Who is John Murra
Developed the verticality or ecological complementarity model
55
What is an Ayllu
A kin group
56
Caral
| 3000-1800 BC
Describe the Late Preceramic
57
Cerro Sechin 1500 bc
1800-800 bc
Describe the initial period
58
Chavin 1200-500 bc
800-100bc
Describe the Early Horizon
59
100 BC- AD 600
Back to the coast, Moche 200-BC-600AD,
Nasca AD 1-650,
Describe the Early Intermediate Period
60
AD 600- 1000
| Wari and Tiwanaku, Wari were bigger and more in Peru. Tiwanaku were in the Southern Andes
Describe the Middle Horizon
61
Describe the Tiwanaku
AD 100-1100. Possible stonework the inca modeled after, masonry, scuplture, plazas. In the lake titicaca area.
62
AD 650-1000
No Monumental structures but elaborate art and textiles, first group to make quipus. Built a road system from highland to coastal areas.
Describe the Wari
63
AD 1000-1430
| on coast again, origins of the Inca are in this period. Chimu AD900-1470,
Describe the Late intermediate period
64
AD 1430-1532
| Time of the Inca
Describe the late horizon
65
What is the importance of Quechua, Aymara, and Puquina?
The possible languages of the Inca. Some propose that Quechua was adopted by the Inca because that was what most were speaking
66
Who was Manqo Qhapaq
The first inca created by the creator God
67
Who was Mama Oqllu
The first Incas sister wife gave birth to the second inca
68
What is the importance of Lake Titicaca
Most accounts have the creation of the Inca started at the lake where wiraqocha caused the sun to rise from Lake Titicaca and then went to Tiwanaku, gathered Clay And modeled animals and people
69
Who was Wiraqocha
The creator God
70
Pacariqtambo
Means the inn of dawn, the cave of creation is located here
71
The son of Mama Oqllu, Manqo Qhapaq
| Was known for kindness and generosity, married woman from another community
Who was Zinchi Roq'a
72
The third Inca
| Expanded inca through intelligence but not war. Some say people were coming and offering their alliances
Who was Lloq'e Yupanki
73
Fourth Inca.
Was aggressive, fought neighbors, was able to consolidate control over greater income area. Married daughter of area Lord. Had many sons, sent them out to help govern the expanding empire.
Who was Mayta Qhapaq
74
5th Inca
| First to make conquest outside Cusco area to the south. Leader surrendered out of fear, seeing as fierce leader.
Who was Qhapaq Yupanki
75
6th Inca
| Founder of Hunan Cusco. Hunan means upper. some say he continued conquests other say he did not.
Who was Inka Roq'a
76
What are Hanan and Hurin?
Hunan is upper Hurin is lower
77
What is Kilke?
In the northwestern Cusco basin. Pottery style, the largest caches are found in Cusco.
78
What is Lucre?
.
79
What can be associated with the Chala zone?
Atacama desert, humboldt current, totora reed boats, EL Nino, Lomas
80
In what zone is most of the agriculture done?
Yunga, no rainfall agriculture, but rivers that flow from the Andes provide rich alluvial soils, a lot of days of sun.
81
What is grown in the Yunga zone?
maize, cotton, fruits, beans, squash, potatoes, sweet potatoes
82
What is the Yunga/Chapiyunga known as?
Cactus belt
83
What is a common landscape feature of the Quechua zone?
terraced hillsides
84
What could be grown in the Quechua zone?
due to terracing, irrigation, could grow corn, squash, potatoes in some areas, but not fruit.
85
Where do you find Andean Camelids and Cuy?
Quechua zone, decent pasture zone
86
What can you grow in the Suni zone?
cannot grow maize, but can grow potatoes and tubers, potatoes most likely originated in this zone (tubers include oca, mashua, ulluco
87
What is the major landscape feature of the Puna?
extensive grasslands, above the tree line
88
In what areas were camelids domesticated?
The Puna
89
Who wrote "Cronicas del Peru" in 1553
Piedro Cieza de Leon
90
Who wrote "Narrative of the Incas" in 1557
Juan de Betanzos
91
Who wrote "Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas" in 1575
Cristobal de Molina
92
Who wrote "Natural and Moral History of the Andes" in 1590
Jose de Acosta
93
Who wrote a document that wasn't found until 1608 that included info on Inca Quipu keepers?
Quipucamayos de Vaca de Castro
94
Who wrote "Royal Commentaries of the Incas" in 1609
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
95
Who wrote "The First Good Chronicle and Good Government" in 1613
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
96
Who wrote "Inca Religion and Customs" and "History of the Inca Empire" in 1653
Bernabe Cobo
97
The 8th Inca
had several sons that he sent out on expeditions to conquer neighbors. First king to make war on groups around Lake Titicaca. Fled during the war with the Chanka.
Who is Wiraqocha Inka
98
Who is Inka Urqon
Was in charge of Wiraqocha Inka's campaign against the Qollas, fled with him during the war with the Chanka.
99
(9th Inka) Stayed and fought the Chanka when his brother and father fled. Claimed to have visions from the Sun God. Name means earth changing king, son of the sun. Elevated the Sun god to the king of the gods, built new temples in Cuzco, infrastructur, roads, storehouses. Expanded the empire along with son.
Who is Pachakuti (Inka Yupanki)
100
Who is Inti
The Sun God.
101
Who were the Chankas
A neighboring group, attacked the Inka empire, causing Wiraqocha and son to flee, while Inka Yupanki stayed and fought. Eventually were convinced to fight for the Inca during Pachakuti's reign.
102
Who were the Lupanqas and the Qollas
Two neighboring groups near Lake Titicaca. Wiraqocha chose to support on group, but secretly promised aid to both. The group he supported won, and made and alliance with the Inca.
103
10th Inca. Led conquest of Chimu, would often retreat back to Cajamarca, tried to conquer islands off the coast of Ecuador. Was a very important general during his father's reign. Gained mines, cotton growing areas. Expanded into the Eastern slope of the Andes. Expanded into Chile/Argentina, built forts.
Who was Thupa Inka Yupanki
104
11th Inca. Accounts say succession was turbulent. Appointed brother as co-ruler while he campaigned. First campaign was against the Chachapoyas. Used Cajamarca as his base. Was in Ecuador for 20 years, had trouble with the Kanari, died most likely from European diseases in 1528.
Who was Wayna Qhapac
105
Who were the Chachapoyas
A group in Ecuador. campaigned against by Wayna Qhapac.
106
What was Cajamarca
City in the Northern Andes, was used as a base for Incas expanding into Ecuador.
107
City in the North. Wayna Qhapac thought to establish a capital in the north here. Atawallpa erected palaces here during the civil war with Waskhar.
What was Tumipampa
108
Son of Wayna Qhapac, was made king with acceptance of nobility in Cuzco. Had no military experience, killed the advisors who brought Wayna Qhapacs mummy to Cuzco.
Who was Waskhar
109
Son of Wayna Qhapac and Kanari Princess, was older than his brother, had military experience, challenged Waskhar's authority.
Who was Atawallpa
110
Atawallpa's general. Strategy was to weaken Chachapoya and bring them over to their side. Pushed Waskhar back to Cajamarca.
Who was Quizquiz
111
A group to the north, were campaigned against by Wayna Qhapac. Atawallpa's mother was from this group, though the group supported Waskhar in the Civil war. Atawallpa resettled the group as revenge.
Who were the Kanari
112
Waskhar's general, sent north to fight Atawallpa. Captured, tortured, killed, skull made into a cup.
Who was Atoq
113
Development of complex societies, 2600 BC, stratification of classes, farming extensively, very large site, large pyramids. No art during this period, No evidence of art
Caral
114
Complex of rooms surrounded by a wall of carved stones with the warrior figures, severed heads, vertebra, procession of victorious group of people very elaborate pottery development of pottery
1500 BC
Cerro Sechin
115
Large religious center, pilgrimage site, is very distinctive, carved stones, Jaguars and caymans, Central Highlands
1200-500 BC
Chavin
116
built the largest of the pyramids, known for metallurgy, jewelry and ornaments
200 BC- AD 600
Moche
117
best known for nasca lines, also built pyramids, pottery, trophy heads
AD 1-650
Nasca
118
most powerful group when Inca were expanding, hardest to conquer, fine metallurgy.
AD 900-1470
Chimu
