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Immunohematology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Locus

A

location of the gene on chromosome

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2
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more different genes that my occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

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3
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a given gene

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4
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

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5
Q

dominant

A

a gene that is always expressed whether it is present in the homo or heterozygous state

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6
Q

recessive

A

a gene that is expressed only when it is in the homozygous state

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7
Q

Co-dominant/ Egalitarian

A

both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous state (AB blood)

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8
Q

amorph or silent allele

A

a gene that produces no product even in the homozygous state

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9
Q

phenotype

A

the detectable products of genes only discovered through the description of observed traits or the result of direct testing (Ph-physical trait)

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10
Q

genotype

A

total sum of genes present on the chromosomes with the respect to the one or more characteristics, regardless of whether or not they produce detectable products

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11
Q

Zeta Potential

A

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength colloidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBCs

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12
Q

What is the “job” of IgG and IgM in terms of bridging the gap between RBCs?

A

IgM bridges the gap easier because they are larger than IgG

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13
Q

What is the temp reactivity of IgG and IgM?

A

IgG reacts at 30-37°C and IgM at 4-27°C

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14
Q

What is the effect of LISS in the Ag-Ab reaction?

A

The addition of LISS will help the rate of association between antigen and antibody. The rate is increased by lowering the ionic strength.

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15
Q

4 enzymes used in the blood bank

A

ficin papain trypsin bromelin

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16
Q

AHG effects and what does it do?

A

useful in detecting IgG and complement

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17
Q

What is dosage?

A

homozygous gives stronger reactions than heterozygous

  • also is a word that describes a significant difference in antibody reaction strength depending on the amount of corresponding antigen present on a reb blood cell. The difference in antigen quantity is determind by the zygosity of the gene coding for the antigen
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18
Q

T/F Lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR.

A

False - they can not cross the placenta and they will convert in a transfusion.

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19
Q

What is the genotype and phenotypes of Bombay?

A

Oh - phenotype hh - genotype

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20
Q

Which precursor type substance for ABH antigens?

A

Type 2

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21
Q

Name the two stages of RBC agglutination in correct order of sequence.

A
  1. sensitization 2. clumping (agglutination)
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22
Q

The reverse or backside test detects the presence or absence of..

A

Ab using the patient’s serum/plasma Ag using RBC

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23
Q

The forward test detects..

A

antigens in the patient’s RBC using antisera.

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24
Q

Does Lewis cause HDN? Why?

A

No, because it cannot cross the placenta and because it is not fully developed in a newborn.

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25
Q

What antibodies most often cause HDN?

A

Rh

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26
Q

What are you called if you have no Rh antigens?

A

Rh null

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27
Q

T/F Lewis antibodies are enhanced by enzymes.

A

True

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28
Q

T/F Lewis antigens tend to become stronger during pregnancy.

A

False - they become weaker.

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29
Q

T/F Lewis antibodies usually occur without known RBC stimulus.

A

True

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30
Q

T/F The Lewis system includes soluble antigens that are present in saliva and plasma with antigenic determinants occurring naturally on the RBC surface.

A

False - they are made in the tissue and are not on the RBC surface.

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31
Q

T/F The Rh system was the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice.

A

False - the ABO was the first to be discovered and is most significant for transfusion.

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32
Q

T/F Rh Abs react more strongly at 4°C than at 37°C.

A

False - IgG likes 37°.

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33
Q

T/F Rh Abs can cross the placenta.

A

True.

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34
Q

T/F Rh Abs are not a frequent cause of HDN.

A

False

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35
Q

Where would we find anti-A1?

A

A 2 B A 3 A x A 2

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36
Q

Where would you see mixed field agglutination with Anti-A..?

A

A3

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37
Q

What % of Caucasians are secretors?

A

80%

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38
Q

Where would you find anti-AB antiserum?

A

O blood type

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39
Q

Anti-C antiserum will react with an individual with type..?

A

R1 R2 (DCe/DcE) r ry (dce/dCE) r’ r’’ (dCe/dcE) Rz r (DCE/dce) any ““C””

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40
Q

When would you do a weak D testing?

A

if the initial spin is negative for a donor.

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41
Q

What would be a good indication of HDN testing?

A

Serum Bilirubin DAT - (if + do an elution and antibody ID) Cord blood Hemoglobin

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42
Q

What is dolichos biflorus?

A

An anti-A1 lectin used to confirm the antigens on RBCs.

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43
Q

Who is a good candidate for Rho-gam?

A

Rh-negative mothers who deliver Rh-positive babies.

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44
Q

List the H substance demonstrated in order of decreasing reactivity.

A

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B

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45
Q

What is Landsteiner’s Rule?

A

Ab are present in plasma only when the corresponding Ag is not present on the RBCs.

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46
Q

Why are cord cells washed?

A

To remove Wharton’s jelly.

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47
Q

Secretor status test used for H substance

A

inhibition and neutralization tests

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48
Q

Why is Anti-AB antiserum used in the lab?

A

Detection of subgroups of A weaker than A2

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49
Q

If you have two parents that are A1/A1 and A1/A2, what is the phenotype of their offspring?

A

A

50
Q

If you have MM and MN, which agglutinates more strongly? Why?

A

MM, due to the dosage effect. It affects more strongly in the homozygous state.

51
Q

Will time have an effect on an antigen/antibody reaction?

A

Yes

52
Q

Will overcentrifugation cause a false negative in an antigen/antibody reaction?

A

No - it is more likely to give a false positive.

53
Q

Is a reaction at 4°C clinically significant?

A

No.

54
Q

If you decrease serum:cell ratio, does it provide more antibody molecules to the antigen sites available for reaction?

A

No

55
Q

Are Lewis antibodies clinically significant?

A

No

56
Q

Can nonsecretors secrete ABO substances regardless of ABO group?

A

No

57
Q

What is the Rh negative genotype?

A

dd

58
Q

For Rh antibodies, which is true? -React better at 37°C then 4°C -Cross the placenta -Frequently cause HDN

A

All are true

59
Q

Do some A2 individuals produce Anti-A1?

A

Yes - 8%

60
Q

If you had the following blood types, which would react with Anti-C? Dce dce DcE/DcE dCe

A

dCe

61
Q

Where does anti-AB antisera come from?

A

Humans with type O blood.

62
Q

Which is least useful for studying HDN? -Elution & Antibody ID -Serum bilirubin -Direct antiglobulin -Cord blood hemoglobin -Secretor testing

A

Secretor testing.

63
Q

What is the purpose of Rh immune globulin?

A

To prevent sensitization of the Rh negative mother to the baby’s Rh positive blood.

64
Q

To truly designate Rh negative:

A

Blood will not react with Anti-D Proceed to Weak D testing

65
Q

Which would be useful in detecting secretor status for H substance? 1. A1 lectin 2. Boiled saliva 3. Ulex europaeus extract 4. A cells 5. O cells

A
  1. No 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. No 5. Yes Why O cells? Increased H antigen sites.
66
Q

If a mother is D- and Dw- and a father is homozygous for D antigen, what will their offspring’s genotype be?

A

100% Dd+

67
Q

What causes HDN to occur?

A

Maternal cells lack antigen that fetal cells have. That’s what causes sensitization.

68
Q

Reverse ABO grouping is inadequate in..

A

newborns

69
Q

Name the antisera used in detecting Rh.

A

Anti-D Anti-C Anti-E Anti-c Anti-e

70
Q

Another name for F antigen is

A

compound antigen

71
Q

What is present when F antigen is expressed on RBCs?

A

c & e inherited on the same haplotype.

72
Q

Which will react with Anti-F? DCe DcE Dce dCe dcE Dce

A

Dce

73
Q

With R1R1 individuals (DCe/DCe), if given dce, what antibody will most likely form?

A

Anti-c

74
Q

Which blood group reacts most strongly with Anti-H lectin (Ulex europaeus)?

A

Group O

75
Q

The ____________ is the total sum of genes present on the chromosomes with respect to one of more characteristics, regardless of whether or not they produce detectable products.

A

Genotype

76
Q

A ______ gene is always expressed whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state.

A

Dominant

77
Q

A _______ is a gene that produces no product even in the homozygous state.

A

Amorph

78
Q

A ________ gene is expressed only when it is in the homozygous state.

A

Recessive

79
Q

The ______ is the detectable products of genes only discovered through a description of observed traits or the result of direct testing.

A

Phenotype

80
Q

Name two substances that can reduce the zeta potential and allow red blood cells to approach each other more closely and be agglutinated.

A

Albumin and LISS

81
Q

Name two other influencing factors in Ag-Ab reactions.

A

Ag- temperature, pH, centrifugation, amount of time,

Ab- concentration, ionic strength, dosage

82
Q

The _____ gene is necessary for the expression of the ABO genes.

A

H

83
Q

Ulex europeaus is a lectin with _______ specificity, whereas Dolichos biflorus is a lectin with ______ specificity.

A

Anti-H and Anti-A

84
Q

List the three genotypes that produce the A1 phenotype.

A

A1A1, A1A2, A1O

85
Q

List the possible genotypes and phenotypes from a mating of AB and BO individuals.

A

Genotypes: A2B Phenotypes: A1, A2, B1A1, A2B, O

86
Q

Individuals that do not inherit the H gene have the genotype ____ and are said to have the _____phenotype; they also possess and additional Ab, ________, in comparison to normal O individuals.

A

hh, Bombay, Anti-H

87
Q

Lewis antibodies usually occur without known RBC stimulus.

A

True

88
Q

Lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR.

A

False, Lewis Ab decrease in pregnancy

89
Q

Give one reason why Lewis antibodies do not cause HDN.

A

B/C the Lea and Leb Ag are not well developed at birth. Anti Lea and anti-Leb are IgM and cannot cross placenta.

90
Q

r

A

dce

91
Q

r’

A

dCe

92
Q

r”

A

dcE

93
Q

ry

A

dCE

94
Q

R’

A

DCe

95
Q

R”

A

DcE

96
Q

R0(zero)

A

Dce

97
Q

Rz

A

DCE

98
Q

Rh genes in order of frequency in Caucasians:

A
  • Most freq: R’-DCe
  • 2nd most freq: r-dce
  • 3rd most freq: R’‘-DcE
  • least freq- ry-dCE
99
Q

The gene complex which could produce a RBC Ag that reacts with anti-f has both ____ and ____ on the same gene.

A

c and e

100
Q

A Rh negative individual has the genotype _____.

A

dd

101
Q

State the phenotype of the children of a negative mother who is homozygous for the D ag and a father who is D negative D (weak pos) negative.

A

All D- Rh +

102
Q

What test need to be done and what are the results of the test for a donor to be designated as Rh negative.

A

Weak D Test

103
Q

Anti-C antiserum will react with the following RBCs.

A

R’ R’’ r ry r’ r” Rz

104
Q

the Rh system was the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice

A

FALSE

105
Q

The Rh Abs can cross the placenta.

A

True

106
Q

Rh Abs are not a freq cause of HDN

A

False; ABO and Rh are the most common cause

107
Q

Good indication of HDN(testing wise)?

A

Bilirubin, DAT(elution and Ab testing), hemoglobin

108
Q

AHG

A

Anti-Human Globulin- antisera that contains Ab Coombs test-

109
Q

Anti-A1

A

Found naturally occurring in IgM Ab produced by some subgroups of A. Prepared from seeds of plant Dolichos biflorus

110
Q

Rh Ab characteristics

A

Well develop[ed at birth so one of the main causes of HDN; Very good immunogens; D most immunogenic after A and B; fewer Ag sites then ABO; not soluble and not expressed on tissues

111
Q

location of the gene on chromosome

A

Locus

112
Q

one of two or more different genes that my occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

A

Allele

113
Q

having two identical alleles for a given gene

A

homozygous

114
Q

having two different alleles for a given gene

A

heterozygous

115
Q

a gene that is always expressed whether it is present in the homo or heterozygous state

A

dominant

116
Q

a gene that is expressed only when it is in the homozygous state

A

recessive

117
Q

both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous state (AB blood)

A

Co-dominant/ Egalitarian

118
Q

a gene that produces no product even in the homozygous state

A

amorph or silent allele

119
Q

the detectable products of genes only discovered through the description of observed traits or the result of direct testing (Ph-physical trait)

A

phenotype

120
Q

total sum of genes present on the chromosomes with the respect to the one or more characteristics, regardless of whether or not they produce detectable products

A

genotype

121
Q

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength colloidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBCs

A

Zeta Potential

Immunohematology (5 decks)

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