Exam 1 Flashcards
Define Chemotaxis
process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under stimulation of chemical substances
Define Vaccination
procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity
Define Immunology
the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body
Define Opsonins
a substance in the blood serum that acts on microorganisms and other cells, facilitating phagocytosis
Define Antibodies
factor in serum that are formed in response to foreign substance exposure plasma proteins
Define Nonsusceptibility
admitting or capable of some specified treatment
Define Natural Immunity
immunity that is nautrually existing, does not require prior sensitization to an antigen
Define Immunity
the state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion
Define Serology
is the scientific study of plasma serum and other bodily fluids
Define Phagocytosis
is the process by which a cell, often a phagocyte of a protist, engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome
Define Antigen
is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
Describe and give example of Active Immunity
a type of immunity or resistance developed in an organism by its own production of antibodies in response to an exposure to an antigen,pathogen, or a vaccine
Describe and give an example of Passive Immunity
- Natural transfer in vivo or colostrums
- Artificial infusion of serum or plasma
Describe and give an example of Adoptive Immunity
transfer of Ag sensitive lymphocytes from an actively immunized donor to a nonimmune recipient. ex. transplant patient
Give 4 Examples of Opsonions
CRP, complement components, antibodies(Igs), Mannose-Binding protein(MBP)
Define Lymphokines
in product of T cell antigen recognition that regulates the functions of other cells and tissues
What is an adjuvant
a substance that enhances the body’s immune response ,
extends the period of Ag exposure
Define Immune Tolerance
is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen
Explain where T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are modified and what type of immunity they are responsible for
T-cytes: come from the thymus
B-cytes: come from bone marrow
Between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes which one is the predominant type of lymphocyte in the blood
T- Cells
Name 2 types of T-Cells
T Helper, T regulatory (cytotoxic cells)
Which cell differentiate into plasma cells and what do they secrete
B-cells secrete Ab (humoral immunity)
Describe primary and secondary immune responses
occurs when an individual first encounters a foreign Ag. Produces IgM and IgG
second and subsequent contact with the same Ag a much faster response occurs. Produces IgM same as in primary response but IgG reaches a much higher level
Explain the role of memory cell
rapidly activated uppon secondary exposure
Name the immunodeficiency disease where a decrease in Ig______ results in a greater susceptibility to infection
Acquired Agammaglobinemia
IgG
Briefly describe what happens in multiple myeloma
plasma cell tumors in the bone marrow that overproduce a single class of Ig. (usually IgG) monoclonal gammopathy
What immunoglobulin is overproduced
multiple myeloma
Which fragment directs biological activity
FC
Which fragment possesses antigen binding ability
FAB
An Immunoglobulin light chain will occur as either ________ or ________ never both
- Kappa
- Lambda
Define Epitope
a small part of the antigen is actually recognized in an immune response
What is Epitope also know as
Determinant Site or Epitope
What molecular weight or more does an antigen have to be recognized
greater than 10000
List the proper sequence of the complement cascade in the classical pathway
C1 + calcium,C4,C2 + magnesium,C3,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9
What is meant by the Properdin Pathway
alternate pathway of complement activation
Which complement component is the Cytolytic component and which accelerates the process for rapid lysis
C8
accelerates the process C9
Describe IgG
can pass through placenta, provides immunity for newborns, fixes complement, higher levels in secondary responses
Name 2 Immunoglobulins that can “Fix” complement
IgM and IgG
Which complement components are bypassed in the alternate pathway
C1, C4, C2
What is the third pathway to complement activation called? Is it antibody-dependent? What is its major constituent?
Lectin pathway
- not antibody dependent
- MBL (mannos binding lectin)
Which element holds together the C1 complement component?
Calcium
Which element is required for the C2 complement component to become involved in the cascade?
Magnesium
Which complement component is the most abundant?
C3
Describe natural killer cells
Cytolytic rxs & kill target cells without prior exposure to them (Null Cells)
How many Fc fragments are needed to activate complement?
2
Name 2 ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample
heat to 56 C, age for a few weeks
What are heterophile antigens
are heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with antigen of the other
Define HLA antigens (Human Lykosite Antigen)
Ag found on all nucleated cells in the body that have a key role in the immune response
What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA antigens
MHC (major histocompatabivility complex)
Describe Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia
IgM overproduction, non Hodgkin lymphoma that affects B cells
What are Haptens
substances that are antigenic only when coupled to a protein carrier
Describe Jenner’s first contribution to immunology
Which phenomenon did it deomonstrate?
inoculated a boy with pus from a cowpox lesion after recovering he was infected with small pox but did not develop small pox. this demonstrated cross immunity
Metchnikoff is know for first describing what process in the immune response
phagocytosis
Describe Pasteur’s work with the first attenuated vaccine
used older cultures to inoculate birds and gradually used more virulent cultures which had no effect on the birds
Name 5 ways the body has and uses its natural immunity
- inflammation: reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
- skin: keeps out microorganisms
- phagocytosis: engulfment of cells
- lactic acid secretions:maintains pH
- lysozymes: attacks bacterial cell wall
- Acute phase reactants
Define Lysozyme
in many secretions (tears, saliva) attacks bacterial cell wall especially gram positives
Is Lysozyme part of the external or internal defense mechanism
external
Describe the process of inflammation
increased blood supply to the area, WBC migration, appearance of acute phase reactants and increased capillary permeability
-Visible reactions
What is a Phagolysosome
structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cells
At what point in phagocytosis is it formed
in the third step
Which of the white blood cells Is capable of further differentiation in the tissues
monocytes
Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent in the defense of the body against parasitic infections
esonofils
Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent against bacterial infection
neutrophils
Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent against viral infection
lymphocytes
how does normal flora work as a defense mechanism for the body
competes with pathogens for nutrients
What area is considered to be the equivalent, in humans, as the bursa of Fabricius in birds
bone marrow
Sheep red blood cells demonstrate Rosetting due to which T cell receptor
CD2
Which well-known acute phase reactant is a non-specific indicator of inflammation and is known to appear BEFORE antibodies
CRP
Which Class of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus selectively invade
B Cells
The CD4 antigen is found on which subset of T cells
Helper
Describe IgM
largest Ig, first Ab to appear after a primary antigenic stimulus, first Ab formed by infants, fixes complement, opsinon, neutralized toxin, Pentamater ( a J chain)
Describe IgA
main Ig in body secretions, confers immunity from mom to infant
Describe IgE
defends against parasitic infections and allergic reactions,capable of binding to receptors on mass cells and basiphils
Describe IgD
very little known about, may be responsible for B cell activation
