Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunohematology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chemotaxis

A

process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under stimulation of chemical substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Vaccination

A

procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Immunology

A

the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Opsonins

A

a substance in the blood serum that acts on microorganisms and other cells, facilitating phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Antibodies

A

factor in serum that are formed in response to foreign substance exposure plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Nonsusceptibility

A

admitting or capable of some specified treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Natural Immunity

A

immunity that is nautrually existing, does not require prior sensitization to an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Immunity

A

the state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Serology

A

is the scientific study of plasma serum and other bodily fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

is the process by which a cell, often a phagocyte of a protist, engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Antigen

A

is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe and give example of Active Immunity

A

a type of immunity or resistance developed in an organism by its own production of antibodies in response to an exposure to an antigen,pathogen, or a vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe and give an example of Passive Immunity

A
  • Natural transfer in vivo or colostrums

- Artificial infusion of serum or plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe and give an example of Adoptive Immunity

A

transfer of Ag sensitive lymphocytes from an actively immunized donor to a nonimmune recipient. ex. transplant patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give 4 Examples of Opsonions

A

CRP, complement components, antibodies(Igs), Mannose-Binding protein(MBP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Lymphokines

A

in product of T cell antigen recognition that regulates the functions of other cells and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an adjuvant

A

a substance that enhances the body’s immune response ,

extends the period of Ag exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Immune Tolerance

A

is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain where T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are modified and what type of immunity they are responsible for

A

T-cytes: come from the thymus

B-cytes: come from bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes which one is the predominant type of lymphocyte in the blood

A

T- Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name 2 types of T-Cells

A

T Helper, T regulatory (cytotoxic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which cell differentiate into plasma cells and what do they secrete

A

B-cells secrete Ab (humoral immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe primary and secondary immune responses

A

occurs when an individual first encounters a foreign Ag. Produces IgM and IgG
second and subsequent contact with the same Ag a much faster response occurs. Produces IgM same as in primary response but IgG reaches a much higher level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain the role of memory cell

A

rapidly activated uppon secondary exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name the immunodeficiency disease where a decrease in Ig______ results in a greater susceptibility to infection

A

Acquired Agammaglobinemia

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Briefly describe what happens in multiple myeloma

A

plasma cell tumors in the bone marrow that overproduce a single class of Ig. (usually IgG) monoclonal gammopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What immunoglobulin is overproduced

A

multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which fragment directs biological activity

A

FC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which fragment possesses antigen binding ability

A

FAB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

An Immunoglobulin light chain will occur as either ________ or ________ never both

A
  • Kappa

- Lambda

31
Q

Define Epitope

A

a small part of the antigen is actually recognized in an immune response

32
Q

What is Epitope also know as

A

Determinant Site or Epitope

33
Q

What molecular weight or more does an antigen have to be recognized

A

greater than 10000

34
Q

List the proper sequence of the complement cascade in the classical pathway

A

C1 + calcium,C4,C2 + magnesium,C3,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9

35
Q

What is meant by the Properdin Pathway

A

alternate pathway of complement activation

36
Q

Which complement component is the Cytolytic component and which accelerates the process for rapid lysis

A

C8

accelerates the process C9

37
Q

Describe IgG

A

can pass through placenta, provides immunity for newborns, fixes complement, higher levels in secondary responses

38
Q

Name 2 Immunoglobulins that can “Fix” complement

A

IgM and IgG

39
Q

Which complement components are bypassed in the alternate pathway

A

C1, C4, C2

40
Q

What is the third pathway to complement activation called? Is it antibody-dependent? What is its major constituent?

A

Lectin pathway

  • not antibody dependent
  • MBL (mannos binding lectin)
41
Q

Which element holds together the C1 complement component?

A

Calcium

42
Q

Which element is required for the C2 complement component to become involved in the cascade?

A

Magnesium

43
Q

Which complement component is the most abundant?

A

C3

44
Q

Describe natural killer cells

A

Cytolytic rxs & kill target cells without prior exposure to them (Null Cells)

45
Q

How many Fc fragments are needed to activate complement?

A

2

46
Q

Name 2 ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample

A

heat to 56 C, age for a few weeks

47
Q

What are heterophile antigens

A

are heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with antigen of the other

48
Q

Define HLA antigens (Human Lykosite Antigen)

A

Ag found on all nucleated cells in the body that have a key role in the immune response

49
Q

What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA antigens

A

MHC (major histocompatabivility complex)

50
Q

Describe Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia

A

IgM overproduction, non Hodgkin lymphoma that affects B cells

51
Q

What are Haptens

A

substances that are antigenic only when coupled to a protein carrier

52
Q

Describe Jenner’s first contribution to immunology

Which phenomenon did it deomonstrate?

A

inoculated a boy with pus from a cowpox lesion after recovering he was infected with small pox but did not develop small pox. this demonstrated cross immunity

53
Q

Metchnikoff is know for first describing what process in the immune response

A

phagocytosis

54
Q

Describe Pasteur’s work with the first attenuated vaccine

A

used older cultures to inoculate birds and gradually used more virulent cultures which had no effect on the birds

55
Q

Name 5 ways the body has and uses its natural immunity

A
  • inflammation: reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
  • skin: keeps out microorganisms
  • phagocytosis: engulfment of cells
  • lactic acid secretions:maintains pH
  • lysozymes: attacks bacterial cell wall
  • Acute phase reactants
56
Q

Define Lysozyme

A

in many secretions (tears, saliva) attacks bacterial cell wall especially gram positives

57
Q

Is Lysozyme part of the external or internal defense mechanism

A

external

58
Q

Describe the process of inflammation

A

increased blood supply to the area, WBC migration, appearance of acute phase reactants and increased capillary permeability
-Visible reactions

59
Q

What is a Phagolysosome

A

structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cells

60
Q

At what point in phagocytosis is it formed

A

in the third step

61
Q

Which of the white blood cells Is capable of further differentiation in the tissues

A

monocytes

62
Q

Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent in the defense of the body against parasitic infections

A

esonofils

63
Q

Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent against bacterial infection

A

neutrophils

64
Q

Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent against viral infection

A

lymphocytes

65
Q

how does normal flora work as a defense mechanism for the body

A

competes with pathogens for nutrients

66
Q

What area is considered to be the equivalent, in humans, as the bursa of Fabricius in birds

A

bone marrow

67
Q

Sheep red blood cells demonstrate Rosetting due to which T cell receptor

A

CD2

68
Q

Which well-known acute phase reactant is a non-specific indicator of inflammation and is known to appear BEFORE antibodies

A

CRP

69
Q

Which Class of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus selectively invade

A

B Cells

70
Q

The CD4 antigen is found on which subset of T cells

A

Helper

71
Q

Describe IgM

A

largest Ig, first Ab to appear after a primary antigenic stimulus, first Ab formed by infants, fixes complement, opsinon, neutralized toxin, Pentamater ( a J chain)

72
Q

Describe IgA

A

main Ig in body secretions, confers immunity from mom to infant

73
Q

Describe IgE

A

defends against parasitic infections and allergic reactions,capable of binding to receptors on mass cells and basiphils

74
Q

Describe IgD

A

very little known about, may be responsible for B cell activation

Immunohematology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions