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Kinesiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two important functions of the ankle/foot complex?

A

Support and propulsion

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2
Q

What is one of the most common ailments today?

A

foot trouble

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3
Q

Poor _____ can lead to discomfort

A

foot mechanics

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4
Q

What do you need to aleviate foot trouble?

A

muscular development
muscle strength
proper foot mechanics

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5
Q

How many bones are in the ankle/foot complex?

A

28 bones

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6
Q

How many joints are in the ankle/foot complex?

A

34 joints

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7
Q

How many large muscles are in the ankle/foot?

A

19 large muscles

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8
Q

How many ligaments are in the ankle/foot?

A

More than 100

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9
Q

The _____ and _____ are located in the lower leg and are a part of the ankle/foot

A

fibula and tibia

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10
Q

The _____ and _____ are in the foot and are part of the ankle/foot

A

talus and calcaneus

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11
Q

What makes the ankle more stable in dorsiflexion?

A

The anterior section of the talus being wider

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12
Q

There are ____ tarsal bones

A

5

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13
Q

There are ____ metatarsals

A

5

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14
Q

What are the 5 tarsal bones?

A

Navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms

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15
Q

There are _____ phalanges in the foot

A

14

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16
Q

The foot has an _______ structure

A

elastic arched

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17
Q

In static, upright posture, the shape of the arches is maintained by what?

A

bones and ligaments

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18
Q

There are two arches of the foot. What are they?

A

longitudinal arch and transverse arch

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19
Q

What are the 5 joints of the ankle/foot complex?

A

Talocrural, subtalar, transverse tarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal

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20
Q

What is the osteology of the talocrural joint?

A

Talus, tibia/fibula

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21
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

hinge

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22
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the talocrural joint move in?

A

1

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23
Q

The talocrural joint has what motions?

A

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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24
Q

The talocrural joint dorsiflexes how much?

A

15-20 degrees

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25
Q

The talocrural joint plantarflexes how much?

A

50 degrees

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26
Q

What ligaments are on the medial side of the ankle?

A

Calcaneotibial, anterior talotibial, tibionavicular, posterior talotibial, plantar calcaneonavicular

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27
Q

What are the ligaments of the deltoid group?

A

Calcaneotibial, anterior talotibial, tibionavicular, posterior talotibial

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28
Q

What ligaments are on the lateral side of the ankle?

A

Anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular

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29
Q

What is the osteology of the subtalar joint?

A

talus, calcaneus

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30
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

gliding joint

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31
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint move in?

A

1

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32
Q

What motions occur at the subtalar joint?

A

inversion, eversion

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33
Q

What is the osteology of the transverse tarsal joints?

A

Talus, calcaneus, tarsal bones

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34
Q

What type of joint is the transverse tarsal joint?

A

gliding

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35
Q

How many degrees of freedom do the transverse tarsal joints move in?

A

2

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36
Q

What movements occur at the transverse tarsal joint?

A

inversion/eversion, abduction/adduction, plantarflexion/dorsiflexion

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37
Q

What is the osteology of the metatarsalphalangeal joint?

A

metatarsals, phalanges

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38
Q

What type of joint is the metatarsalphalangeal joint?

A

condyloid

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39
Q

How many degrees of freedom do metatarsophalangeal joints move in?

A

2

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40
Q

Motion of metatarsophalangeal joints:

A

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

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41
Q

What type of joints are interphalangeal joints?

A

hinge

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42
Q

What movements occur at the ankle joint?

A

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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43
Q

What motions occur at the tarsal joints?

A

dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/adduction, Eversion/abduction

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44
Q

Open chain pronation is what?

A

eversion, dorsiflexion, and abduction

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45
Q

Open chain supination is what?

A

inversion, plantarflexion, and adduction

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46
Q

What is the joint action of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

A

flexion/extension, limited abduction/adduction

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47
Q

What is the joint action of the interphalangeal joints?

A

flexion/extension

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48
Q

What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

stability of the arch

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49
Q

What are the plantarflexors of the foot?

A

Gastroc, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, plantaris

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50
Q

The _____ is the only functional bone in the body with no muscular attachment

A

talus

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51
Q

What is the function of the gastroc?

A

plantarflexion

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52
Q

The gastroc is more effective when?

A

When the knee is extended

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53
Q

What kind of fibers does the gastroc have?

A

fast twitch

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54
Q

The gastroc is good for what movements?

A

running, jumping

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55
Q

What is the function of the soleus?

A

plantarflexion, supination

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56
Q

With the gastroc, the soleus does what?

A

locks foot into rigid lever during weight bearing stance

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57
Q

What kind of fibers does the soleus have?

A

more slow twitch

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58
Q

The soleus is an important _____ muscle

A

postural

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59
Q

What is the function of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

flexion of the toes, plantarflexion, and support for longitudinal arch

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60
Q

What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexion of great toe, plantarflexion, and support of longitudinal arch

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61
Q

what is the primary promator of the foot?

A

peroneus longus

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62
Q

What are the functions of the peroneus longus?

A

pronation of foot, plantarflexion, support of both arches

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63
Q

What are the functions of the peroneus Brevis?

A

pronation of the foot, plantarflexion, maintain longitudinal arch

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64
Q

What is the primary supinator of the foot?

A

tibialis posterior

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65
Q

What are the functions of the tibialis posterior?

A

supination, plantarflexion, reversing pronation during gait

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66
Q

What are the dorsiflexors of the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius

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67
Q

What are the evertors of the foot?

A

peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus terius, extensor digitorum longus

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68
Q

What are the invertors of the foot?

A

tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

69
Q

What is the largest, most complex joint in the body?

A

knee

70
Q

The knee is important in _______ and ______

A

weight bearing and locomotion

71
Q

Dynamic stability in the knee is provided by what?

A

extensors and flexors

72
Q

Static stability in the knee is provided by what?

A

strong ligamentous structures

73
Q

What are the bones of the knee?

A

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

74
Q

What are the joints of the knee?

A

patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint

75
Q

What is the osteology of the patellofemoral joint?

A

patella, femoral condyles

76
Q

What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint?

A

arthrodial joint

77
Q

The patella glides over what?

A

femoral condyles

78
Q

What does the patellofemoral joint reduce?

A

friction between quadriceps tendon and femoral condyles

79
Q

What is the osteology of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

femur, tibia

80
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

hinge

81
Q

How many degrees of freedom of the tibiofemoral joint have?

A

2

82
Q

How much flexion does the tibiofemoral joint move in?

A

140 degrees

83
Q

How much extension does the tibiofemoral joint move in?

A

10 degrees of hyperextension

84
Q

How much internal rotation can the tibiofemoral joint move in?

A

30 degrees

85
Q

How much external rotation can the tibiofemoral joint move in?

A

45 degrees

86
Q

What provides for a more congruent joint?

A

menisci

87
Q

Menisci are circular rims of what?

A

fibrocartilage

88
Q

Menisci are thick at ______ borders and have a thin _______ _____

A

peripheral, inner portion

89
Q

The lateral menisci is what shape?

A

an incomplete circle

90
Q

The medial menisci is what shape?

A

C shaped

91
Q

What do menisci do?

A

supports knee, cushions actions.

92
Q

Why is the medial menisci more often injureD?

A

stronger attachment

93
Q

What does the hip complex consist of?

A

The hip joints and pelvic girdle

94
Q

The hip/pelvic girdle relationship is similar to what?

A

Shoulder joint/shoulder girdle relationship

95
Q

What are the similarities of the hip complex to the shoulder complex?

A

Mobility is primary function, ball and socket joints, connection of the extremity to the trunk, 3 degrees of freedom

96
Q

What are the differences between the hip complex and the shoulder complex?

A

Shoulders move independently, depth of the acetabulum limits movement, the pelvic girdle depends on lumbar joints and hip for movement.

97
Q

The lack of range of motion is an indicator of what?

A

The hip region is important for stability.

98
Q

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum, pelvic bone, femur

99
Q

What are the parts of the pelvic bone?

A

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

100
Q

What are the joints of the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacroiliac joint

101
Q

The Sacroiliac joint is the articulation of what?

A

pelvic bones and sacrum

102
Q

The movement of the pelvis occurs because of what?

A

motions in the lumbar region and at the hips

103
Q

What are the movements of the pelvis?

A
  • Anterior/posterior tilt
  • Left/right lateral tilt
  • Left/right transverse/pelvic rotation
104
Q

What are pelvic movements?

A

The motion at the pelvis occuring along with the motions at the hip and the lumbar spine

105
Q

Lateral tilt occurs in what plane?

A

frontal

106
Q

When the pelvis is in anterior tilt, the lumbar spine and hip are in what?

A

extension and hip flexion

107
Q

When the pelvis is in posterior tilt, the lumbar spine and hips are in what?

A

flexion, hip extension

108
Q

When the pelvis is in left lateral tilt, the lumbar spine and hips are in what?

A

Right lateral flexion and adduction or abduction

109
Q

When the pelvis is in right lateral tilt, the lumbar spine and hips are in what?

A

left lateral flexion, abduction and adduction

110
Q

When the pelvis is in left transverse rotation, what are the lumbar spine and hips in?

A

right rotation, R: external rotation and L: internal rotation

111
Q

When the pelvis is in right transverse rotation, what are the lumbar spine and hips in?

A

left rotation and R: internal rotation and L: external rotation

112
Q

Muscles of pelvic motion are all what?

A

either hip joint or lumbar spine muscles

113
Q

What are the muscles that cause anterior pelvic tilt?

A

Hip flexors and lumbosacral spinal extensors

114
Q

What muscles cause posterior pelvic tilt?

A

Hip extensors (glute max, hamstrings) and lumbosacral spinal flexors (abdominals)

115
Q

What are the muscles that cause right lateral pelvic tilt?

A

left lateral lumbosacral flexors, right hip abductors, left hip adductors

116
Q

Adductors will not cause lateral pelvic tilt if what?

A

If you have locked knees and ankles

117
Q

What muscles cause right pelvic rotation?

A

left lumbosacral rotators, left hip external rotators, right hip internal rotators

118
Q

What are the bones of the hip joint?

A

acetabulum and head of femur

119
Q

What are the joints of the hip?

A

Coxofemoral joint

Acetabulofemoral joint

120
Q

What type of joint is the coxofemoral joint?

A

Ball and socket

121
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the coxofemoral joint move in?

A

3

122
Q

The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of flexion?

A

120 degrees

123
Q

The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of extension?

A

30

124
Q

The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of abduction?

A

50

125
Q

The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of adduction?

A

30

126
Q

The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of internal rotation?

A

45

127
Q

The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of external rotation?

A

50

128
Q

What is the primary extensor of the hip?

A

Glute max

129
Q

Though the gluteus maximus is the primary extensor of the hip, in walking, the _______ are primarily active

A

hamstrings

130
Q

What reinforces the hip joint?

A

Dense ligamentous capsule

131
Q

What absorbs force during walking?

A

Thick Hyaline articular cartilage

132
Q

What lines the acetabulum?

A

Acetabular labrum

133
Q

The acetabular labrum covers hyaline cartilage, and does what?

A

adds depth to joint

134
Q

The hip joint capsule is ______, but not elastic

A

extensible

135
Q

What are the movements of the hip?

A

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation, diagonal adduction/abduction, circumduction

136
Q

What are the flexors of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas, Pectineus, Rectus femoris, sartorius, TFL

137
Q

What are the functions of the iliopsoas?

A

strong flexion and external rotation

138
Q

What are the functions of the pectineus?

A

Flexion, assists in adduction, external rotation, rotates pelvis anteriorly

139
Q

What are the functions of the rectus femoris?

A

flexion and assists with adduction

140
Q

What are the functions of the sartorius?

A

Flexion, abduction, external rotation of thigh as hip and knee flexed

141
Q

What is the function of the TFL?

A

Abduction, flexion, tendency to internally rotate hip as it flexes

142
Q

What are the hip extensors?

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendonosis, gluteus maximus

143
Q

What is the function of the biceps femoris?

A

extension, external rotation

144
Q

What is the biceps femoris important for?

A

any type of propelling the body

145
Q

What are the functions of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

extension and internal rotation

146
Q

The semis are most effective in extension of _____ OR flexion of _____, not both at the same time

A

hip, knee

147
Q

What is the function of the gluteus maximus?

A

powerful extension
external rotation
lower portion assists in adduction
upper portion abducts against strong resistance

148
Q

The glute max is not used in what?

A

walking

149
Q

The glute max has strong action in what?

A

running, jumping

150
Q

What are the adductors of the hip?

A

adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis

151
Q

What is the function of the adductor brevis?

A

adduction
aids in flexion,
external rotation as adduction occurs

152
Q

The adductor brevis has a powerful movement in the this in which direction?

A

medially

153
Q

What are the functions of the adductor longus?

A

adduction

assists in flexion

154
Q

What are the functions of the adductor magnus?

A

adduction
assists in extension
external rotation as hips adduct

155
Q

What muscle is used in the kick of the breaststroke?

A

adductor magnus

156
Q

What is the function of the gracilis?

A

adduction
secondary assistance in flexion
internal rotation
weak assistance to flexion

157
Q

What are the abductors?

A

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, six deep lateral rotators

158
Q

What is the function of the gluteus medius?

A

abduction
anterior fibers: internal rotation
Posterior fibers: external rotation os hip abducts

159
Q

What keeps the opposite hip from sagging?

A

gluteus medius

160
Q

What is the function of the gluteus minimus?

A

abduction

internal rotation as hip abducts

161
Q

What powerfully maintains proper hip abduction while running?

A

gluteus minimus

162
Q

What tends to lose effectiveness with age, despite training?

A

gluteus minimus

163
Q

What is the primary flexor of the hip?

A

iliopsoas

164
Q

What are the flexors of the hip?

A 
Iliopsoas
rectus femoris
tensor fascia lata
sartorius
pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis
165
Q

What are the adductors of the hip?

A 
Pectineus
Adductor brevis,
adductor longus
adductor magnus
gracilis
166
Q

What are the abductors of the hip?

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
gluteus maximus, sartorius

167
Q

What are the external rotators of the hip?

A

Obturator internus and externus
gemellus superior and inferior
quadratus femoris
piriformis

168
Q

What is the primary internal rotator

A

There is no primary internal rotator of the hip

169
Q

What are the internal rotators of the hip?

A

gluteus medius, TFL

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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