Exam 1 Flashcards
Deck finished with cards from all notes. If you see anything missing, please add. Text me at 2623915540 if you have questions You all should have access to editing and adding others. edit: Fixed some minor spelling issues. Hinge and Pivot, mostly. I typed rather fast when I made these up.
What are the 4 properties of muscles?
Excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility
What is excitability?
Responds to chemical or electrical stimuli
What is extensibility?
The property of an object to be able to be stretched from it’s resting length
What is elasticity?
It can recoil from stretched posistion back to it’s resting length
What is contractility?
It can shorten/retract
What type of muscle fiber is usually in longitudinal types of muscle?
longer fibers
What is the epimysium?
The covering of the muscle
What is the perimysium?
The covering of a bundle of muscle fibers
What is the endomysium?
The covering of a muscle fiber
What is the Sarcolemma?
Layer surrounding a muscle fiber
What does the sarcolemma do?
Acts as the physical connection between muscle and bone. Carries electrical nerve impulses.
What is the sarcoplasm?
plasma within the sarcolemma
What are sarcomeres made of?
Myosin and Actin
What are the two types of muscle fibers?
Fast twitch and slow twitch
What are the characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers?
Short duration, high intensity forces, larger than slow-twitch, less supply of blood, can produce 20-30% more force
What are the characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers?
Good for endurance, more mitochondria, higher blood supply. Can produce force over a longer period of time
What is the ratio of fast twitch to slow twitch muscle fibers?
Relatively equal
Some ____ twitch fibers can switch to being ____ twitch
fast, slow
What is a narrow, cord like attachment?
tendon
What is a sheath-like attachment called?
aponeurosis
The ____ segment is usually more stabilizing. However, it depends on where the ____ of the muscle is.
proximal, insertion
Muscles that insert ____ the joint are primarily for mobility
close to
Muscles that insert _____ the joint are for stability
further from
What is muscle pull?
The force the muscle creates, and then describing the effect of that force
What is an open chain?
The distal segment is free to move
What is a closed chain?
The distal segment is stationary/fixed
In this muscle arrangement, the muscle fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
Longitudinal/strap fiber arrangement
In this muscle arrangement, the muscle fibers run diagnally. Found in the Rhomboids, and rectus abdominus. Used mostly for stability
Quadrate/flat fiber arrangement
This muscle arrangement produces great amounts of force, has a distal attachment, and is the third of the parallel fiber group.
Fusiform/spindle fiber arrangement
This muscle arrangement has a small area of attachment at the insertion and a large area of attachment at the origin. It is the 4th of the parallel group, and it’s force goes towards mobility.
Triangular/radiate fiber arrangement
This muscle arrangement has a long tendon on one side, and fibers branching off of tendon at and angle up and to the right. It has relatively short fibers, and produces less force.
Unipennate
Where would you find unipennate fibers?
In the tibialis posterior
This fiber arrangement has a central tendon with short fibers branching off in two directions.
Bipennate
Where would you find Bipennate muscles?
Rectus femoris
What is a fiber arrangement that has multiple tendons with fibers branching from tendons at multiple angles?
Multipennate
What muscle is a multipennate muscle?
Deltoid
What is PCSA?
Physiologic cross-sectional area
The basis for force production is what?
The number of cross-bridges
Pennate produces more _____, while parallel produces more ______
Force, Function
What does it mean when it is said that force is proportional the PCSA?
Looks at the number of fibers and diameter of fibers
If there are two muscles of the same size, the amount of force produced depends on what?
fiber direction type
_____ produces more force than _____
pennate, parallel
Why does pennate produce more force?
Because pennate has more cross-bridges, due to the angle
Each individual muscle fiber can shorten how far?
To half it’s length
Parallel muscles are able to shorten more why?
because the fibers are parallel witht he long axis of the muscle
What is the line of pull?
line of action or line of application
The movement that occurs at a joint is dependent on what?
The design of a joint
The movement that occurs at a joint is also dependent on what?
Where the line of pull is in relation to the joint
In the shoulder joint, a LoP inferior to the axis of rotation causes what?
adduction
In the shoulder joint, is the line of pull is superior to the axis, this causes what?
abduction
What is the point of application?
Where the force is acting
What is the direction of line of pull?
Arrow head of the vector
What is torque?
The motion that is occuring
What do we look at in muscle-pull analysis?
1) Point of application
2) Location of LOP relative to joint
3) Direction of LOP
4) Resultant torque
What is the angle of pull?
The angle between the line of pull and the portion of the mechanical axis of the segment, between the point of application and the joint
What does the linear component do?
presses segments together and stabilitizes the joint
What does the rotary component do?
provides movement
When the angle of pull is less than 90 degrees, what is the action of the linear and rotary components?
Linear: in line with the moving segment
Rotary: perpendicular to the linear component
When the angle of pull is more than90 degrees, what are the actions of the rotary and linear components?
Linear is perpendicular to the moving segment
rotary is in line with the moving segment
When the angle of pull is equal to 90 degrees, what happens?
All force goes into rotation. The only existing component is rotation
What is concentric?
negative muscle action
What is eccentric?
positive muscle action
What is isometric?
No change in length. Very little, if any, motion.
What is isotonic?
Same force produced throughout
What is isokinetic?
Same speed and same motion throughout
What is active tension created by?
active muscle fibers
What type of fiber arrangement is the sartorius muscle?
Longitudinal/strap fiber
What type of fiber arrangement is this?
Quadrate/flat fiber
What type of fiber arrangement is the brachioradialis?
Fusiform/spindle fiber
What type of fiber arrangement is the pectoralis major?
Triangular/radiate fiber
What type of arrangement is this muscle?
Unipennate
What type of fiber arrangement is the rectus femoris?
Bipennate
What type of fiber arrangement is the deltoid?
Multipennate
In this picture, what motion occurs at the knee on the left side?
extension
What are articulations?
Joints
What are frames of reference?
Orientation of the body
What is the groundwork for kinesiology analysis?
skeletal framework
What is the relationship between structure and function?
The structure determines function
A muscle is designed so that when it produces force, it does what?
pulls on the bone
The structure of the skeletal system defines what?
how a joint can function
Because of forces exerted during activity of certain athletes, joints used may have what?
A different structure
The adaptibility of human connective tissue means what regarding function and structure?
Function can affect structure
What are the characteristics of simple joints?
Usually have 1 degree of freedom and are important for stabilizing the region
What are the characteristics of complex joints?
Possibility of movement in multiple planes and lean more towards mobility
Are most human joints simple or complex?
A mix of both
What are the two sections of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
Why do we have a skeleton?
Protection, structure/stability/posture, Support bodyweight, movement, minerals/hemopoiesis
What are the 5 types of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
The ulna and radius are what type of bones?
Long bones
The talus and capitat are what type of bones?
Short bones
The scapula and sternum are what type of bones?
flat bones
The sphenoid and vertebrae are what type of bones?
irregular bones
The patella is what type of bone?
sesamoid
What is the mechanical axis?
The midpoint of proximal joint to midpoint of distal joint of a segment
In many cases, the mechanical axis does not run through the _____ of the segment
bones
The mechanical axis is based on what?
Description of bones as levers
Joints can be defined by what?
The number of plains in which motion occurs
What does “degrees of freedom” mean?
The number of planes that motion can occur in at those joints
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial
What are the two types of synarthrodial joints?
Suture and Gomphosis
What are synarthrodial joints?
Joints that move very little. Usually used for stability
What are amphiarthrodial joints?
slightly movable joints
What are the three types of ampiarthrodial joints?
Ligamentous, symphysis, cartilaginous
What are diarthodial joints?
Movable joints
What classification of joint are these?
Synarthrodial joints
What type of joint is this?
Amphiarthrodial joint
What classification of joint is this?
Amphiarthrodial joint
What classification of joint is this?
Diarthrodial
What are the characteristics of diarthrodial joints?
Articular cavity that isn’t fused together, ligamentous capsule, synovial membrane or capsule, smooth surfaces that are covered with cartilage
What are the types of diarthrodial joints?
Irregular, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket
What are irregular joints?
0 deg of freedom
What is an example of an irregular joint?
Carpal tarsal
What are hinge joints?
Joints with motion in one plane/axis
What are some examples of hinge joints?
elbow, knee, ankle
What is a pivot joint?
Trochoid/screw joint. Moves in one plane/axis
What are some examples of pivot joints?
radialulnar joints, atlantoaxia joint
What are condyloid joints?
Joint with two degrees of freedom, and also known as biaxial ball and socket joints
What are some examples of condyloid joints?
Radialcarpal, metacarpalphallangial joint
What are saddle joints?
Joints that the segments slide against each other in two degrees of freedom.
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Carpal-metacarpal joint
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
A joint that moves in 3 degrees of freedom
What are some examples of ball-and-socket joints?
Shoulder and hip
What are diarthodial joints defined by?
The degrees of freedom that they move in
That is the primary function of joints?
Movement/mobility
What is the secondary function of joints?
Stability
What is stability?
Resistance to displacement
What provides joint stability?
Ligaments, Joint capsules, muscle and tendon tension, fascia and skin, atmospheric pressure, shape of articulation
Joint capsules that are too tight do what?
give limited motion
What is dynamic stability?
Actively produces force
What is the only thing that actively produces force?
muscle
What is static stability?
passive/inert stability
What is range of motion?
Amount of joint’s angular displacement
What is Active ROM
Person is moving the joint themselves
What is passive ROM?
Another person moving the joint for the patient
What is Max ROM?
Greatest displacement a joint can travel
What are factors that limit ROM?
Ligaments, muscles, bone design, joint capsul, body built/type/composition
What are some systems you can use to measure ROM?
Goniometer, Videotape, Motion analysis systems
What is COG? (Center of gravity)
The point at which the 3 planes of the body intersect. The balance point.
Where is COG located?
On average, located at the second sacral vertebra
What is LOG? (Line of gravity)
Vector, straight line from the COG to the center of the earth
What are the two standard starting positions?
Standard Anatomical Position, and Fundamental Standing Position
What is the fundamental standing position?
Same as SAP, except the ands are facing medially
What are the 3 perpendicular planes that intersect at the COG?
Frontal, Sagittal, Horizontal
What are Osteokinematics?
The movement of bones in relation to each other
The medial-lateral axis is located in what plane?
Frontal
The proximal-distal axis is located in what plane? What direction does it travel?
Located in the frontal and sagittal plane, going up and down
What plane is the anterior-posterior axis located in? What direction does it go?
Sagittal, going forward and backward
What movements are in the frontal plane?
adduction and abduction, inversion and eversion
In what plane does flexion and extension occur?
Sagittal
Flexion is what?
reduction of joint angle or the approximating surgace getting closer to each other
What is extension?
Increase in the joint angle, or the approximating surface getting further from each other
In what plane does rotation occur?
Transverse
What are secondary planes?
Placing the 3 planes through another point
The position of a joint is described by what ending?
“ed”
Motion can be described using what ending?
“ion” or “ing”
Joint angle is _____
position
Range of Motion is _____
motion
What is circumduction motion?
Moving in multiple planes at one time
What are arthrokinematics?
Accessory motions
Arthrominematics are not _____
measurable
What is kinesiology?
Science dedicated to broad area of human movement
Kinesiology is more ____ than biomechanics
qualitative
There are less _____ in kinesiology than in biomechanics
calculations
Why do we study kinesiology?
Help improve performance
What are the 3 purposes for sutdying kinesiology?
Safety, effectiveness, efficiency
