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Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Deck finished with cards from all notes. If you see anything missing, please add. Text me at 2623915540 if you have questions You all should have access to editing and adding others. edit: Fixed some minor spelling issues. Hinge and Pivot, mostly. I typed rather fast when I made these up.

1
Q

What are the 4 properties of muscles?

A

Excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility

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2
Q

What is excitability?

A

Responds to chemical or electrical stimuli

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3
Q

What is extensibility?

A

The property of an object to be able to be stretched from it’s resting length

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4
Q

What is elasticity?

A

It can recoil from stretched posistion back to it’s resting length

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5
Q

What is contractility?

A

It can shorten/retract

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6
Q

What type of muscle fiber is usually in longitudinal types of muscle?

A

longer fibers

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7
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The covering of the muscle

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8
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The covering of a bundle of muscle fibers

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9
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

The covering of a muscle fiber

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10
Q

What is the Sarcolemma?

A

Layer surrounding a muscle fiber

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11
Q

What does the sarcolemma do?

A

Acts as the physical connection between muscle and bone. Carries electrical nerve impulses.

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12
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

plasma within the sarcolemma

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13
Q

What are sarcomeres made of?

A

Myosin and Actin

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14
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibers?

A

Fast twitch and slow twitch

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers?

A

Short duration, high intensity forces, larger than slow-twitch, less supply of blood, can produce 20-30% more force

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers?

A

Good for endurance, more mitochondria, higher blood supply. Can produce force over a longer period of time

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17
Q

What is the ratio of fast twitch to slow twitch muscle fibers?

A

Relatively equal

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18
Q

Some ____ twitch fibers can switch to being ____ twitch

A

fast, slow

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19
Q

What is a narrow, cord like attachment?

A

tendon

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20
Q

What is a sheath-like attachment called?

A

aponeurosis

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21
Q

The ____ segment is usually more stabilizing. However, it depends on where the ____ of the muscle is.

A

proximal, insertion

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22
Q

Muscles that insert ____ the joint are primarily for mobility

A

close to

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23
Q

Muscles that insert _____ the joint are for stability

A

further from

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24
Q

What is muscle pull?

A

The force the muscle creates, and then describing the effect of that force

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25
Q

What is an open chain?

A

The distal segment is free to move

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26
Q

What is a closed chain?

A

The distal segment is stationary/fixed

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27
Q

In this muscle arrangement, the muscle fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle

A

Longitudinal/strap fiber arrangement

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28
Q

In this muscle arrangement, the muscle fibers run diagnally. Found in the Rhomboids, and rectus abdominus. Used mostly for stability

A

Quadrate/flat fiber arrangement

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29
Q

This muscle arrangement produces great amounts of force, has a distal attachment, and is the third of the parallel fiber group.

A

Fusiform/spindle fiber arrangement

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30
Q

This muscle arrangement has a small area of attachment at the insertion and a large area of attachment at the origin. It is the 4th of the parallel group, and it’s force goes towards mobility.

A

Triangular/radiate fiber arrangement

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31
Q

This muscle arrangement has a long tendon on one side, and fibers branching off of tendon at and angle up and to the right. It has relatively short fibers, and produces less force.

A

Unipennate

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32
Q

Where would you find unipennate fibers?

A

In the tibialis posterior

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33
Q

This fiber arrangement has a central tendon with short fibers branching off in two directions.

A

Bipennate

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34
Q

Where would you find Bipennate muscles?

A

Rectus femoris

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35
Q

What is a fiber arrangement that has multiple tendons with fibers branching from tendons at multiple angles?

A

Multipennate

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36
Q

What muscle is a multipennate muscle?

A

Deltoid

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37
Q

What is PCSA?

A

Physiologic cross-sectional area

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38
Q

The basis for force production is what?

A

The number of cross-bridges

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39
Q

Pennate produces more _____, while parallel produces more ______

A

Force, Function

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40
Q

What does it mean when it is said that force is proportional the PCSA?

A

Looks at the number of fibers and diameter of fibers

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41
Q

If there are two muscles of the same size, the amount of force produced depends on what?

A

fiber direction type

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42
Q

_____ produces more force than _____

A

pennate, parallel

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43
Q

Why does pennate produce more force?

A

Because pennate has more cross-bridges, due to the angle

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44
Q

Each individual muscle fiber can shorten how far?

A

To half it’s length

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45
Q

Parallel muscles are able to shorten more why?

A

because the fibers are parallel witht he long axis of the muscle

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46
Q

What is the line of pull?

A

line of action or line of application

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47
Q

The movement that occurs at a joint is dependent on what?

A

The design of a joint

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48
Q

The movement that occurs at a joint is also dependent on what?

A

Where the line of pull is in relation to the joint

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49
Q

In the shoulder joint, a LoP inferior to the axis of rotation causes what?

A

adduction

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50
Q

In the shoulder joint, is the line of pull is superior to the axis, this causes what?

A

abduction

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51
Q

What is the point of application?

A

Where the force is acting

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52
Q

What is the direction of line of pull?

A

Arrow head of the vector

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53
Q

What is torque?

A

The motion that is occuring

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54
Q

What do we look at in muscle-pull analysis?

A

1) Point of application
2) Location of LOP relative to joint
3) Direction of LOP
4) Resultant torque

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55
Q

What is the angle of pull?

A

The angle between the line of pull and the portion of the mechanical axis of the segment, between the point of application and the joint

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56
Q

What does the linear component do?

A

presses segments together and stabilitizes the joint

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57
Q

What does the rotary component do?

A

provides movement

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58
Q

When the angle of pull is less than 90 degrees, what is the action of the linear and rotary components?

A

Linear: in line with the moving segment

Rotary: perpendicular to the linear component

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59
Q

When the angle of pull is more than90 degrees, what are the actions of the rotary and linear components?

A

Linear is perpendicular to the moving segment

rotary is in line with the moving segment

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60
Q

When the angle of pull is equal to 90 degrees, what happens?

A

All force goes into rotation. The only existing component is rotation

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61
Q

What is concentric?

A

negative muscle action

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62
Q

What is eccentric?

A

positive muscle action

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63
Q

What is isometric?

A

No change in length. Very little, if any, motion.

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64
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Same force produced throughout

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65
Q

What is isokinetic?

A

Same speed and same motion throughout

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66
Q

What is active tension created by?

A

active muscle fibers

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67
Q

What type of fiber arrangement is the sartorius muscle?

A

Longitudinal/strap fiber

68
Q

What type of fiber arrangement is this?

A

Quadrate/flat fiber

69
Q

What type of fiber arrangement is the brachioradialis?

A

Fusiform/spindle fiber

70
Q

What type of fiber arrangement is the pectoralis major?

A

Triangular/radiate fiber

71
Q

What type of arrangement is this muscle?

A

Unipennate

72
Q

What type of fiber arrangement is the rectus femoris?

A

Bipennate

73
Q

What type of fiber arrangement is the deltoid?

A

Multipennate

74
Q

In this picture, what motion occurs at the knee on the left side?

A

extension

75
Q

What are articulations?

A

Joints

76
Q

What are frames of reference?

A

Orientation of the body

77
Q

What is the groundwork for kinesiology analysis?

A

skeletal framework

78
Q

What is the relationship between structure and function?

A

The structure determines function

79
Q

A muscle is designed so that when it produces force, it does what?

A

pulls on the bone

80
Q

The structure of the skeletal system defines what?

A

how a joint can function

81
Q

Because of forces exerted during activity of certain athletes, joints used may have what?

A

A different structure

82
Q

The adaptibility of human connective tissue means what regarding function and structure?

A

Function can affect structure

83
Q

What are the characteristics of simple joints?

A

Usually have 1 degree of freedom and are important for stabilizing the region

84
Q

What are the characteristics of complex joints?

A

Possibility of movement in multiple planes and lean more towards mobility

85
Q

Are most human joints simple or complex?

A

A mix of both

86
Q

What are the two sections of the skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular

87
Q

Why do we have a skeleton?

A

Protection, structure/stability/posture, Support bodyweight, movement, minerals/hemopoiesis

88
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

89
Q

The ulna and radius are what type of bones?

A

Long bones

90
Q

The talus and capitat are what type of bones?

A

Short bones

91
Q

The scapula and sternum are what type of bones?

A

flat bones

92
Q

The sphenoid and vertebrae are what type of bones?

A

irregular bones

93
Q

The patella is what type of bone?

A

sesamoid

94
Q

What is the mechanical axis?

A

The midpoint of proximal joint to midpoint of distal joint of a segment

95
Q

In many cases, the mechanical axis does not run through the _____ of the segment

A

bones

96
Q

The mechanical axis is based on what?

A

Description of bones as levers

97
Q

Joints can be defined by what?

A

The number of plains in which motion occurs

98
Q

What does “degrees of freedom” mean?

A

The number of planes that motion can occur in at those joints

99
Q

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

A

Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial

100
Q

What are the two types of synarthrodial joints?

A

Suture and Gomphosis

101
Q

What are synarthrodial joints?

A

Joints that move very little. Usually used for stability

102
Q

What are amphiarthrodial joints?

A

slightly movable joints

103
Q

What are the three types of ampiarthrodial joints?

A

Ligamentous, symphysis, cartilaginous

104
Q

What are diarthodial joints?

A

Movable joints

105
Q

What classification of joint are these?

A

Synarthrodial joints

106
Q

What type of joint is this?

A

Amphiarthrodial joint

107
Q

What classification of joint is this?

A

Amphiarthrodial joint

108
Q

What classification of joint is this?

A

Diarthrodial

109
Q

What are the characteristics of diarthrodial joints?

A

Articular cavity that isn’t fused together, ligamentous capsule, synovial membrane or capsule, smooth surfaces that are covered with cartilage

110
Q

What are the types of diarthrodial joints?

A

Irregular, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket

111
Q

What are irregular joints?

A

0 deg of freedom

112
Q

What is an example of an irregular joint?

A

Carpal tarsal

113
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Joints with motion in one plane/axis

114
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A

elbow, knee, ankle

115
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Trochoid/screw joint. Moves in one plane/axis

116
Q

What are some examples of pivot joints?

A

radialulnar joints, atlantoaxia joint

117
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Joint with two degrees of freedom, and also known as biaxial ball and socket joints

118
Q

What are some examples of condyloid joints?

A

Radialcarpal, metacarpalphallangial joint

119
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Joints that the segments slide against each other in two degrees of freedom.

120
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Carpal-metacarpal joint

121
Q

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

A

A joint that moves in 3 degrees of freedom

122
Q

What are some examples of ball-and-socket joints?

A

Shoulder and hip

123
Q

What are diarthodial joints defined by?

A

The degrees of freedom that they move in

124
Q

That is the primary function of joints?

A

Movement/mobility

125
Q

What is the secondary function of joints?

A

Stability

126
Q

What is stability?

A

Resistance to displacement

127
Q

What provides joint stability?

A

Ligaments, Joint capsules, muscle and tendon tension, fascia and skin, atmospheric pressure, shape of articulation

128
Q

Joint capsules that are too tight do what?

A

give limited motion

129
Q

What is dynamic stability?

A

Actively produces force

130
Q

What is the only thing that actively produces force?

A

muscle

131
Q

What is static stability?

A

passive/inert stability

132
Q

What is range of motion?

A

Amount of joint’s angular displacement

133
Q

What is Active ROM

A

Person is moving the joint themselves

134
Q

What is passive ROM?

A

Another person moving the joint for the patient

135
Q

What is Max ROM?

A

Greatest displacement a joint can travel

136
Q

What are factors that limit ROM?

A

Ligaments, muscles, bone design, joint capsul, body built/type/composition

137
Q

What are some systems you can use to measure ROM?

A

Goniometer, Videotape, Motion analysis systems

138
Q

What is COG? (Center of gravity)

A

The point at which the 3 planes of the body intersect. The balance point.

139
Q

Where is COG located?

A

On average, located at the second sacral vertebra

140
Q

What is LOG? (Line of gravity)

A

Vector, straight line from the COG to the center of the earth

141
Q

What are the two standard starting positions?

A

Standard Anatomical Position, and Fundamental Standing Position

142
Q

What is the fundamental standing position?

A

Same as SAP, except the ands are facing medially

143
Q

What are the 3 perpendicular planes that intersect at the COG?

A

Frontal, Sagittal, Horizontal

144
Q

What are Osteokinematics?

A

The movement of bones in relation to each other

145
Q

The medial-lateral axis is located in what plane?

A

Frontal

146
Q

The proximal-distal axis is located in what plane? What direction does it travel?

A

Located in the frontal and sagittal plane, going up and down

147
Q

What plane is the anterior-posterior axis located in? What direction does it go?

A

Sagittal, going forward and backward

148
Q

What movements are in the frontal plane?

A

adduction and abduction, inversion and eversion

149
Q

In what plane does flexion and extension occur?

A

Sagittal

150
Q

Flexion is what?

A

reduction of joint angle or the approximating surgace getting closer to each other

151
Q

What is extension?

A

Increase in the joint angle, or the approximating surface getting further from each other

152
Q

In what plane does rotation occur?

A

Transverse

153
Q

What are secondary planes?

A

Placing the 3 planes through another point

154
Q

The position of a joint is described by what ending?

A

“ed”

155
Q

Motion can be described using what ending?

A

“ion” or “ing”

156
Q

Joint angle is _____

A

position

157
Q

Range of Motion is _____

A

motion

158
Q

What is circumduction motion?

A

Moving in multiple planes at one time

159
Q

What are arthrokinematics?

A

Accessory motions

160
Q

Arthrominematics are not _____

A

measurable

161
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

Science dedicated to broad area of human movement

162
Q

Kinesiology is more ____ than biomechanics

A

qualitative

163
Q

There are less _____ in kinesiology than in biomechanics

A

calculations

164
Q

Why do we study kinesiology?

A

Help improve performance

165
Q

What are the 3 purposes for sutdying kinesiology?

A

Safety, effectiveness, efficiency

166
Q
A

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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