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Psychology 105 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Standardization

A

Tests given in a specific sort of way.

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2
Q

Validity

A

Does the test measure what it’s supposed to?

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3
Q

Reliability

A

Does the test give consistent results

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4
Q

Jensen

A

Said that blacks were ‘inferior’ to whites

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5
Q

Binet

A

The first legitimate intelligence test. For school children that needed help.

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6
Q

Terman

A

First American intelligence test.

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7
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

The 2nd most frequently use IQ test today.

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8
Q

Weschler

A

The most used IQ test today

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9
Q

Reaction Range

A

Genetically determined limits on IQ

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10
Q

E.Q.

A

From Goleman, the quotient on how we relate to others.

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11
Q

Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence

A

Triarchic Theory: Practical, Creative, and Analytical Intelligence

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12
Q

Heuristics

A

Trying to take a short cut to get to a solution.

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13
Q

Types of Heuristics

A

Sub-Goals, Analogies, Hill Climbing, Changing Representation

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14
Q

Sub-Goals

A

Shorter goals to get to a larger goal

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15
Q

Analogies

A

Look for a solution in a similar problem

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16
Q

Hill Climbing Heuristic

A

Take the best option whenever there is a choice

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17
Q

Changing Representation

A

Pros and Cons of a problem, solving another way.

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18
Q

Problems of inducing structure

A

Analogy

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19
Q

Problems of arrangement

A

Anagrams

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20
Q

Problems of transformation

A

Series of Transformation

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21
Q

Barriers to effective problem solving

A

Irrelevant information, functional fixedness, mental set, Unnecessary Constrains, Emotional constraints, cultural constraints

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22
Q

Concept

A

Representation of a class of like objects

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23
Q

Prototype Concept

A

Best example of a concept

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24
Q

Denotative Concept

A

The exact definition of a concept

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25
Q

Connotative Concept

A

What a concept means to you or specific people.

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26
Q

Sternberg’s Stage Model of Problem Solving

A

Identify, Define the problem, Strategy formulation, Problem Representation, Strategy construction, Monitoring, Evaluation

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27
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Judge something as being probably based on personal experiences

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28
Q

Representative Heuristics

A

How similar an event is to the prototype. Tend to underestimate the likelihood of something if it doesn’t look like the prototype.

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29
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

An event is more likely to happen if it hasn’t happened for a while

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30
Q

Overstimate Improbably

A

Overestimate the likelihood of something happening if its dramatic and gets media attention.

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31
Q

Loss Aversion

A

We feel a bigger impact from something negative than we feel from a comparable positive event.

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32
Q

Ignoring Base Rates

A

Ignoring the most common frequency of something.

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33
Q

Dual Processing Theory

A

How something can occur two different ways.

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34
Q

Insight

A

Seeing the problem in a new way

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35
Q

Field Dependence

A

When someone looks to the environment to solve a problem

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36
Q

Field Independence

A

Looks to internal cues to solve a problem

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37
Q

Nesbitt

A

Showed a picture of the ocean to a group of people and asked what they noticed.

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38
Q

Holistic Cognitive Style

A

Notices the big picture and background. Southeast Asia.

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39
Q

Analytical Cognitive Style

A

Looking at small details and foreground. America/industrialized countries

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40
Q

Psychometrics

A

Study of testing psychological issues

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41
Q

Norms

A

Averages

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42
Q

Test-Retest reliability

A

Testing multiple times to get the same results

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43
Q

Internal Reliability

A

Comparing odd and even questions to get the same results

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44
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

Scoring mentally low in all but one category.

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45
Q

Content Validity

A

Do the questions look relevant to the topic?

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46
Q

Criterion Validity

A

Does the score correlate with a real life measure?

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47
Q

Construct Validity

A

Does this test measure an abstract or theoretical measure?

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48
Q

Genetics are responsible for how much of intelligence?

A

50-60%

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49
Q

Enriched Environment

A

Exposure to things that can improve your IQ

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50
Q

Flynn Effect

A

Kids are getting smarter because they have more access to information.

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51
Q

Head Start

A

At Risk kids start before normal to compensate for unavailable resources.

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52
Q

Cultural Disadvantage

A

Differences in environment and schools

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53
Q

Cultural Bias

A

Tests aren’t relevant to minorities

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54
Q

Gardner

A

Had a theory of multiple intelligences

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55
Q

Factors of Goleman’s EQ

A

Know thyself, keep emotions in check, empathy, motivation and setting goals, social skills and managing relationships

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56
Q

Motivation

A

Some need energizes us to act in a certain way.

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57
Q

Need

A

Physiological deprivation

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58
Q

Homeostasis

A

Sense of balance

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59
Q

Incentive

A

When the environment sends us towards a particular goal.

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60
Q

Drive Theory

A

Motivated from an internal state

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61
Q

Incentive Theory

A

External roles motivate behavior

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62
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

Engage in behavior that perpetuate the species

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63
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

What gender someone is attracted to.

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64
Q

Freud on Sexual Orientation

A

Sexual orientation comes from environment

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65
Q

Biological on Sexual Orientation

A

Hormonal, Prenatal influences, Brain differences

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66
Q

Task Leaders

A

What do we need to get done, goal oriented

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67
Q

Maintenance Leaders

A

Morale, teamwork driven

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68
Q

McGregor

A

Theories on how managers treat their workers

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69
Q

McGregor Theory X

A

Supervisors have a lot of control. Can’t trust workers, so you need rules.

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70
Q

McGregor Theory Y

A

Leaders have positive feelings of workers, more feelings of support

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71
Q

McGregor Theory Z

A

Supervisors think about workers as family

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72
Q

Atkinson Theory of Motivation

A

Personality, Probably Success, and Rewards influence motivation

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73
Q

Cognitive on Emotion

A

What we think about a situation influences how we experience it.

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74
Q

Physiological on Emotion

A

Body aspects of emotion

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75
Q

Behavioral on Emotion

A

How we act

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76
Q

Cultural on Emotion

A

Experiencing and Expressing emotions

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77
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Experience physiological response first, then emotional response.

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78
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Physiological and emotional response happen instantaneously.

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79
Q

Schacter-Two Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Emotion happens in 2 steps: Physiological arousal and cognitive, then emotion

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80
Q

Zjonic

A

Emotional first, then cognitively label afterwards

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81
Q

Adaptation Level Principle

A

Compare current situation to the past.

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82
Q

Relative Depravation Principle

A

Compare ourselves to someone else

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83
Q

Hedonic Adaptation Principle

A

We change our standards on how we define happiness.

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84
Q

Kohlberg

A

Development of Morals, 3 stages in order, and not everyone gets to the last one. Tested by moral dilemmas.

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85
Q

Pre-Conventional Stage

A

Doing things for yourself and based on self-interest.

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86
Q

Pre-Conventional Stage 1

A

Punishment Orientation

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87
Q

Pre-Conventional Stage 2

A

Reward Orientation

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88
Q

Conventional Stage

A

Doing things for the flow of society

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89
Q

Conventional Stage 3

A

Gains approval, strays from disapproval

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90
Q

Conventional Stage 4

A

Wants society to flow smoothly

91
Q

Post Conventional Stage

A

Does things by internal morals

92
Q

Post Conventional Stage 5

A

Agreed upon rights

93
Q

Post Conventional Stage 6

A

Affirms own ethical principles.

94
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Wrote In a Different Voice, saying that men develop morally different from women.

95
Q

Care Perspective

A

How women develop morally, how actions impact specific people.

96
Q

Justice Perspective

A

How men develop morally, Moral decisions based on general principles of justice and responsibility

97
Q

Kubler Ross

A

Thought of the 5 stages of grief model through studying people with terminal illness.

98
Q

Kubler Ross 5 stages of grief

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

99
Q

Infertility

A

The inability to conceive for more than a year

100
Q

Natural causes to infertility

A

Low sperm count, Tubal Factor, Ovulation Problem, Cervical Factors, Idopathic

101
Q

Treatments for Infertility

A

Artificial Insemination, In-vitro Fertilization, Surrogates

102
Q

Causes of Miscarriage

A

Genetic abnormality, Infection, Hormone Insufficiency, Implantation Problems, Incompetent Cervix, Endometriosis

103
Q

Miscarriages happen how long into the pregnancy:

A

10-12 weeks

104
Q

Germinal Stage

A

1st 2 weeks. Placenta grows, becomes a zygote.

105
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

2 weeks-2 months, Major systems formed

106
Q

Fetal Stage

A

3rd month-on. Rapid growth of fetus.

107
Q

Viability

A

At what stage can the fetus survive outside the womb. We say 24 weeks.

108
Q

Ovum

A

A mature egg that is released

109
Q

Ovulation

A

Releases ovum on day 14 of cycle.

110
Q

Hylaluronadase

A

Enzyme that seals ovum after fertilization

111
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Protection around the egg

112
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contain genetic material

113
Q

Conception takes place in the:

A

Fallopian Tubes

114
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Where the mother drinks significantly during her pregnancy. These children have impulse control, developmental delays, and usually look similar.

115
Q

Piaget

A

How thinking style changes over the development of a child.

116
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

0-2 years, Exploring the world through senses, object permanence, Stranger anxiety

117
Q

Object Permanence

A

Knowing that an object still exists even though you can’t see it. Around 8 months.

118
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

Happens around 8-10 months, start recognizing mom and dad.

119
Q

Pre-operational Stage

A

Age 2-6. Big leap in creativity, pretending, egocentric.

120
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Ages 7-12, Conservation

121
Q

Piaget’s Conservation

A

Being able to see that if a container changes shape, there is still the same amount in the container.

122
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Age 11-18, abstract and reflective reasoning

123
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulation of facts that increases with age

124
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to problem solve, declines with age

125
Q

Erickson

A

Social and Emotional development through a series of conflicts

126
Q

Erickson 1st Stage

A

Trust v. Mistrust

127
Q

Erickson 2nd Stage

A

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

128
Q

Erickson 3rd Stage

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

129
Q

Erickson 4th Stage

A

Competence v. Inferiority

130
Q

Erickson 5th Stage

A

Identity v. Role Confusion

131
Q

Erickson 6th Stage

A

Intimacy v. Isolation

132
Q

Erickson 7th Stage

A

Generativity v. Stagnation

133
Q

Erickson 8th Stage

A

Integrity v. Despair

134
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

Developing from head to toe.

135
Q

Proximodistal

A

Developing from the core out.

136
Q

Harlow Attachment Theory

A

How you connect with primary caregivers, impacts relationships in life. Experiment with monkeys

137
Q

Ainsworth

A

Experiment with mom’s leaving the room and having a stranger in the room, then moms coming back to the babies.

138
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Kids comfortably act with mom when she comes back in the room.

139
Q

Anxious Ambivalent

A

Non-stop agitation

140
Q

Avoidant

A

Not interacting at all

141
Q

Receptive Vocabulary

A

What they understand is bigger than the language they can use.

142
Q

Productive Vocabulary

A

What they can say

143
Q

Overextension

A

Where kids use a word to describe more things than its meant to.

144
Q

Vocabulary spurt happens at what age?

145
Q

Fast mapping happens when?

A

Between 18 months and 6 years

146
Q

Under-extension

A

Using 1 word to describe a more narrow set of objects

147
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Abbreviated words, not full sentences

148
Q

Over-regularizations

A

applying words incorrectly

149
Q

Vygotsky

A

Interactions with others help development, culture impacts cognitive, Scaffolding, private speech

150
Q

Secondary Sex characteristics

A

Changes not to do with sex organs

151
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Decisions and Consequences, doesn’t get fully formed until about 25.

152
Q

Invisible Audience

A

Piaget, Sense that everyone is watching more than they are

153
Q

Personal Fable

A

Piaget, bad stuff happens to other people

154
Q

Climatric

A

Lessen in fertility. Women 30, Men 40

155
Q

Presbyopia

A

Changes in vision, difficulty adjusting to different distances

156
Q

Presbycusis

A

Loss of hearing

157
Q

Schaie Study

A

How our thinking changes through life, Cognitive decline isn’t as rapid outside of disease states.

158
Q

Personality

A

Distinctive and Consistent ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

159
Q

Freud on Personality

A

Unconscious, Repressed Material, No accidents

160
Q

Pre-Conscious

A

Stuff we’re not thinking about, but can bring to consciousness, unrepressed material

161
Q

Freud on Dreams

A

Where we store unconscious material

162
Q

Freud’s personality structure

A

Id, Superego, Ego

163
Q

Id

A

Nature, unconscious instincts, very impulsive

164
Q

Super Ego

A

Follows the rules, rigid

165
Q

Ego

A

Part that mediates Id and superego

166
Q

Freud on Personality Development

A

Psychosexual Stages- Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

167
Q

Oral Fixation

A

Conflict from weening

168
Q

Anal Retentive

A

Rigid and organized

169
Q

Anal Expulsive

A

Disorganized and sloppy

170
Q

Oedipal Conflict

A

Young boys will imitate dad because they love mom.

171
Q

Castration Anxiety

A

Competing with dad

172
Q

Electra Conflict

A

Young girls will imitate mom because they love dad.

173
Q

Penis Envy

A

Girls feel inferior

174
Q

Latency

A

Same sex relationships between 6-puberty

175
Q

Projective Tests

A

Project Unconscious onto ambiguous stimuli

176
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Ambiguous Pictures

177
Q

Rorschach Test

A

Ink blots, usually mirrored

178
Q

House-Tree-Person

A

Where kids draw a house (family), tree (world) and person (self)

179
Q

Free Association

A

Naming the first thing that comes to mind

180
Q

Bandura

A

Most learning is done observationally. Social Cognitive Theory.

181
Q

Primitive Defense Mechanisms

A

Denial, Regression, Acting Out, Disassociation, Compartmentalization, Projection, Reaction Formation

182
Q

Denial

A

Repressing difficult events

183
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to an earlier way of coping

184
Q

Acting Out

A

Over react to difficult to express thoughts

185
Q

Disassociation

A

Separate yourself from the situation

186
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Separating yourself into different compartments and trying to rationalize actions by that.

187
Q

Projection

A

Projecting feelings on to a more innocent target

188
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Over-reacting and express the opposite emotion

189
Q

Less Primitive Defense Mechanisms

A

Repress, Displacement, Intellectualization, Rationalization, Undoing

190
Q

Repression

A

Blocking out unacceptable thoughts

191
Q

Displacement

A

Displace thoughts and emotions onto a more vulnerable target

192
Q

Intellectualization

A

Stays in your head rather than feeling the emotion

193
Q

Rationalization

A

Offering a different excuse for reality

194
Q

Undoing

A

Trying to compensate by complimenting another area

195
Q

Mature Defense Mechanisms

A

Sublimation, Compensation, Assertiveness

196
Q

Sublimation

A

Substitute a more acceptable activity for an unacceptable impulse

197
Q

Compensation

A

Compensation for a weakness they feel they have

198
Q

Assertiveness

A

Someone gives their opinion in a straightforward way

199
Q

Allport

A

Trait Theory

200
Q

Trait

A

Consistent behavior in terms of how we react

201
Q

Trait Theory

A

Personality is a collection of traits

202
Q

5 Factor Model of Traits

A

Extroversion, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, Conscientious

203
Q

MMPI

A

Based on personality traits, psychopathology, Very long, used for jobs, used to diagnose

204
Q

Psychopathology

A

Looking to diagnose a problem

205
Q

Skinner on Personality

A

Personality comes from operant, reinforcement and punishment

206
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

One’s belief about their ability to accomplish certain tasks

207
Q

Carl Rogers on Personality

A

Humanist, People are good, important to be genuine, empathy, congruence

208
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Feel good about someone no matter what

209
Q

Empathy

A

Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes

210
Q

Congruence

A

When someone’s self-concept is reasonably close to reality

211
Q

Incongruence

A

Can cause anxiety. When someone’s self-concept isn’t close to reality

212
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Tend to perceive one’s self in a positive light no matter the situation.

213
Q

Humanists have had an impact on 3 areas

A

Education, Parenting, Counseling

214
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Reciprocal determination between environment, beliefs, and behavior

215
Q

Rotter

A

Either external or internal locus of control

216
Q

External Locus of Control

A

What you do doesn’t matter, controlled by the environment

217
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

Have control over life

218
Q

Eysenk

A

Personality is all genetic.

219
Q

3 Eysenk personality traits

A

Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychotocism

220
Q

Adler

A

Writer of Birth Order Book

221
Q

1st Born

A

Consciensous, achèvement, less likely to take a risk

222
Q

Middle Child

A

Lost kid, peace makers, flexible, good at compromising, relaxed

223
Q

Youngest Child

A

Argumentative, revolutionary, underdog sympathizer, least likely to help

224
Q

Only Child

A

Making friends easier, self-control, less competitive, less trusting, well adjusted.

Psychology 105 (4 decks)

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