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Psychology 105 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is:

A

Functionalism

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2
Q

John B. Watson argued that psychology should only study observable behavior. Which of the text’s unifying themes reflects this idea?

A

Psychology is empirical

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3
Q

Social Research

A

How the group changes behavior.

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4
Q

Developmental Research

A

How issues change over life.

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5
Q

Experimental Research

A

Basic elements of consciousness

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6
Q

Physiological Research

A

Biological aspects

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7
Q

Psychometric Research

A

Psychological testing

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8
Q

Personality Research

A

What influences personality

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9
Q

Cognitive Research

A

Thoughts

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10
Q

Forensic Research

A

Dealing with justice and crime

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11
Q

Engineering Research

A

Humans and machines

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12
Q

Basic Research

A

Knowledge for its own sake

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13
Q

Applied Research

A

Functionalism, everyday lives.

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14
Q

Clinical Practice

A

In-patient practice, severe issues

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15
Q

Counseling Practice

A

Outpatient practice, every day life adjustment issues

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16
Q

School Psychologist

A

Deals with severe issues in an educational environment

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17
Q

Industrial and Organizational Practice

A

Practice with businesses.

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18
Q

Psychiatrist

A

M.D. write prescriptions and deal with medications.

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19
Q

Psychologist

A

PhD. Uses counseling techniques

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20
Q

Counselor

A

Master’s degree

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21
Q

Pastoral Counseling

A

Religious counseling

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22
Q

MSW

A

Social Work

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23
Q

Psychiatric Nursing

A

In-patient services

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24
Q

Structuralism

A

Breaking consciousness into elements.

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25
Q

Functionalism

A

How we do things.

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26
Q

Behaviorism

A

Watson and Skinner. Behavior is controlled by the environment and consequences and rewards.

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27
Q

Freudianism

A

Psychoanalysis, behavior driven by the unconscious Id.

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28
Q

Humanism

A

Rogers and Maslow. Positive view of humans. Humans are naturally good, however we get discouraged. Hierarchy of needs.

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29
Q

Socioculturalism

A

Society’s impact on individual psychological issues.

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30
Q

Cognitivism

A

Thinking impacts feelings. Self-talk, Beck and Ellis.

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31
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Emotions brought on by biological factors.

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32
Q

Critical Thinking steps (DEDAACTA)

A

Define terms, Examine the Evidence, Don’t Oversimplify, Ask Questions, Analyze Biases, Consider interpretations, Tolerate Uncertainty, Avoid Emotional Reasoning.

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33
Q

Wundt

A

Father of psychology, first journal, first lab, objective scientific study.

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34
Q

Skinner’s main thesis

A

Effects of punishment, repeated behaviors for rewards.

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35
Q

Freud’s main thesis

A

Behavior is driven by the unconscious Id, which is needy. There are no accidents.

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36
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanist. Humans are naturally good, they just get discouraged.

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37
Q

Maslow

A

Hierarchy of Needs. Basic needs at the bottom, self-actualization on the top.

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38
Q

Peak experiences

A

The experiences that rise you to self actualization.

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39
Q

Representative Sampling

A

A sample that is representative of the population being tested.

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40
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.

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41
Q

David Buss

A

Leader in evolutionary psychology.

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42
Q

Psyche and Logos

A

Soul and Study

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43
Q

7 Key Themes (PPEBBHO)

A

Psychology is empirical, Psychology is theoretically diverse, Evolves in a socio-historic context, Behavior determined by multiple causes, Behavior shaped by cultural heritage, Heredity and Environment jointly influence behavior, Our experience of the world is highly subjective.

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44
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Both variables increase or decrease together

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45
Q

Negative Correlation

A

One variable increases while one variable decreases.

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46
Q

Zero Correlation

A

Neither variable has anything to do with the other one.

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47
Q

Random Assignment

A

When all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.

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48
Q

Experimental Condition

A

Subjects that are exposed to treatment.

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49
Q

Control Condition

A

Subjects that are not exposed to treatment.

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50
Q

Independent Variable

A

Factor that is being manipulated

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51
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The behavior being observed.

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52
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated guess.

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53
Q

Case Study

A

n=1, can’t generalize to the public, but can gather a lot of in depth data.

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54
Q

Survey

A

Collect a lot of data for an inexpensive cost.

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55
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Studying a subject in their natural environment.

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56
Q

Social Desirability

A

Responding, even anonymously with the socially desirable answer.

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57
Q

Anchoring Bias

A

What options are given and in what order you give them.

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58
Q

Sampling Bias

A

Sampling that isn’t representative.

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59
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Change of behavior changes the dependent variable.

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60
Q

Rosenthal Effect

A

Experimenter unintentionally communicates the answer they’re looking for.

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61
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Impact on subjects just because they’re being studied.

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62
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

Evidence that comes from one singular, subjective point of view.

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63
Q

Schema

A

Concepts that are linked together.

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64
Q

Craik and Lockhart

A

Levels of Processing Theory

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65
Q

Structural Processing

A

Physical

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66
Q

Phonemic Processing

A

Sounds Like

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67
Q

Semantic Processing

A

Meaning of a word

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68
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Don’t have to focus

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69
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Takes concentration and focus

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70
Q

Paivio

A

Duel Coding Theory

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71
Q

Duel Coding Theory

A

Encode info in more than one way and you’re more likely to remember it.

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72
Q

Atkinson and Shiffring

A

2 Stages before something is encoded into long term memory.

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73
Q

Storage

A

Encoding something into either sense memory, short term, or long term memory.

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74
Q

Sense Memory

A

Information in it’s raw form.

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75
Q

Iconic

A

Visual Memory

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76
Q

Echoic

A

Auditory Memory

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77
Q

Eiditic

A

Photographic Memory

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78
Q

Hypermessaie

A

Autobiographical Memory

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79
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Called working memory. Can remember 7 things, plus or minus 2.

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80
Q

Baddeley’s Theory

A

Phonological Loop, Visual Spatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer, Central Executive System

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81
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Try to recite things to ourselves

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82
Q

Visualspatial Sketch Pad

A

Remembering the look of things

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83
Q

Central Executive System

A

Switch from one focus to another

84
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Connect new info to other things in memory

85
Q

Semantic Networks

A

Organization of info in our long term memory

86
Q

Encoding

A

Change info so we can transfer it into our memory

87
Q

Attention

A

First step to encoding something

88
Q

Multi-Tasking

A

Decreases efficiency and decreases creativity

89
Q

Visual Encoding

A

A powerful way to encode something. Visually encoding something.

90
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

Listening

91
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

Meaning of something

92
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A very detailed memory of a meaningful experience.

93
Q

Retrieval

A

Pulling out of long term memory

94
Q

Recall

A

Pull out of long term without any clues

95
Q

Recognition

A

Pulling out of a list of items

96
Q

Relearning

A

Learning something again

97
Q

Context effect

A

Remember something better where it was encoded.

98
Q

State dependent learning

A

Remembering information in the same emotional or physiological state.

99
Q

Mood

A

Colors what we remember and how we remember it

100
Q

Von Restorff Effect

A

Remember the unique item in a list of like items.

101
Q

Yerkes Dobson

A

Tend to remember more with a moderate amount of stress.

102
Q

Serial Distribution Effect

A

We remember things better at the beginning and the end.

103
Q

Primacy

A

Remember things at the beginning

104
Q

Recency

A

Remember things at the end

105
Q

Chunking

A

Breaking up into smaller groups

106
Q

Hierarchies

A

Broad concepts into smaller ones

107
Q

Acronym

A

First letters from things form a word

108
Q

Acrostics

A

First letters from things form a phrase

109
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Old memories interfere with processing new ones.

110
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New memories interfere with old memories

111
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

Cannot remember things from before 3 years old because of social, cognitive, and brain development.

112
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Failure to remember after a trauma

113
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Failure to remember before a trauma

114
Q

Repression

A

Unconsciously pushing away traumatic events. Freud’s theory supports this.

115
Q

Supression

A

Consciously pushing away things we don’t want to remember.

116
Q

Loftus Research

A

Biases and prejudice influence memory. People are less accurate when identifying people from a different race.

117
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

A

When there is trouble retrieving something, but you know you know it.

118
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating something

119
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Connecting new info with old info

120
Q

Tulving

A

If you’re having a retrieving problem, you may be able to retrieve it with clues.

121
Q

Hippocampus

A

Declarative Memory

122
Q

Anterior Communicating Artery

A

Can have problems with aneurysms and have memory problems.

123
Q

Enblock Blackout

A

Remember nothing

124
Q

Fragmentary Blackout

A

Remember some things, but not much.

125
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Decision making

126
Q

Serotonin

A

Influences level of happiness and depression.

127
Q

Acetycholine

A

1st neurotransmitter discovered. Low levels are usually found in Alzheimer’s patients.

128
Q

Glutamate

A

Amino acid. Learning.

129
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline. Secreted under stress.

130
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Secreted under stress and anxiousness.

131
Q

Vasopressine

A

Working Memory

132
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Automatic memory, unconscious

133
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Effortful and Conscious memory

134
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Factual Memory

135
Q

Procedural Memory

A

How to do something.

136
Q

De’Ja’Vou

A

The feeling like you’ve experienced something before

137
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The amount of variability

138
Q

Normal Curve

A

most subjects fall between 1 above and 1 below

139
Q

Central Limit Theorem

A

most random variables fall along the curve

140
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Interpreting the data, why something happens, meaning

141
Q

Significance Tests

A

Results not by random tests

142
Q

Debriefing

A

Afterwards an explanation to the subjects on the experiment

143
Q

Bringham and Richardson

A

How do you leave the subject feeling about themselves?

144
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla, cerebellum, pons

145
Q

Medulla

A

Brain stem

146
Q

Cerebellum

A

gives neurons info and makes movements smoother

147
Q

Ataxia

A

lack of coordination

148
Q

Pons

A

role in sleep and facial nerves

149
Q

Midbrain

A

Reticular activating system

150
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Sleep to high alert

151
Q

Forebrain

A

Thalamus, Limbic System

152
Q

Thalamus

A

Motor Control and consciousness

153
Q

Limbic System

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Septum, Hypothalamus

154
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear and Agression

155
Q

Septum

A

Calms aggression

156
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Fight, Flight, Feeding, Breeding

157
Q

Endocrine System

A

System of hormones and glands

158
Q

Thyroid

A

Regulates metabolism and can influence mood.

159
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Underactive thyroid, depression, weight gain

160
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overactive thyroid, weight loss, agitation, anxiety

161
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Control center of the endocrine system. Can have masses.

162
Q

Pancreas

A

Blood sugar regulation

163
Q

Diabetes

A

Malfunction of the pancreas and insulin production.

164
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Epinephrine and Adrenaline, regulates electrolytes

165
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Body attacks adrenal glands.

166
Q

Cushion’s Disease

A

Too much secretion from Adrenal Glands

167
Q

Ovaries and Testes

A

Secrete hormones, can have cancer.

168
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

1/8th of an inch thick covering of the brain

169
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Decision making and motor skills

170
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Top of the brain, sensory info and movement

171
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Back of the brain, vision

172
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Near the temples, Auditory

173
Q

Association Areas

A

We don’t know what these do.

174
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability to regain function after being injured

175
Q

T or F: Vision and Auditory go to the same side of the brain that they are entered on. The left hand is controlled by the left side.

A

False

176
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that varies according to function. Receives and integrates info.

177
Q

Glial Cells

A

Nourish and take away waste

178
Q

Soma

A

Neural cell body

179
Q

Dendrites

A

Like fingers, receive information

180
Q

Axon

A

Transmits information

181
Q

Mylen Sheath

A

Protective insulation of axon

182
Q

Synapse

A

Space between two neurons

183
Q

Neural Impulse

A

Firing of information and electrochemical discharge

184
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that go between neurons

185
Q

GABA

A

inhibits cell firing, more precise/smooth firing

186
Q

ACH

A

Voluntary muscle movement and function with memory

187
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure

188
Q

Endorphins

A

Happiness and calmness

189
Q

ADHD

A

Where dopamine and norepinephrine are out of balance.

190
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Destruction of the Mylen Sheath. Affects vision, weakness, motor skills, slurred speech. Can be helped by physical therapy and support groups.

191
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Split Brain Theorist

192
Q

Right Brain

A

Creative and spacial

193
Q

Left Brain

A

Logic and verbal skills

194
Q

Coren Study

A

Split brain study on what sport one would be good at.

195
Q

Split Brain Research

A

Done on patients that had their corpus colosum severed.

196
Q

Cell Communication

A

Either happens or it doesn’t

197
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Bring info from the body into the brain

198
Q

Inter-neuron

A

info processed into the brain

199
Q

motor neuron

A

from brain to body

200
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

201
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Anything but the brain and spinal cord

202
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary activities

203
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

Involuntary activities

204
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Perceived emergency readiness

205
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calmed back down

Psychology 105 (4 decks)

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