Exam 1 Flashcards
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is:
Functionalism
John B. Watson argued that psychology should only study observable behavior. Which of the text’s unifying themes reflects this idea?
Psychology is empirical
Social Research
How the group changes behavior.
Developmental Research
How issues change over life.
Experimental Research
Basic elements of consciousness
Physiological Research
Biological aspects
Psychometric Research
Psychological testing
Personality Research
What influences personality
Cognitive Research
Thoughts
Forensic Research
Dealing with justice and crime
Engineering Research
Humans and machines
Basic Research
Knowledge for its own sake
Applied Research
Functionalism, everyday lives.
Clinical Practice
In-patient practice, severe issues
Counseling Practice
Outpatient practice, every day life adjustment issues
School Psychologist
Deals with severe issues in an educational environment
Industrial and Organizational Practice
Practice with businesses.
Psychiatrist
M.D. write prescriptions and deal with medications.
Psychologist
PhD. Uses counseling techniques
Counselor
Master’s degree
Pastoral Counseling
Religious counseling
MSW
Social Work
Psychiatric Nursing
In-patient services
Structuralism
Breaking consciousness into elements.
Functionalism
How we do things.
Behaviorism
Watson and Skinner. Behavior is controlled by the environment and consequences and rewards.
Freudianism
Psychoanalysis, behavior driven by the unconscious Id.
Humanism
Rogers and Maslow. Positive view of humans. Humans are naturally good, however we get discouraged. Hierarchy of needs.
Socioculturalism
Society’s impact on individual psychological issues.
Cognitivism
Thinking impacts feelings. Self-talk, Beck and Ellis.
Biological Perspective
Emotions brought on by biological factors.
Critical Thinking steps (DEDAACTA)
Define terms, Examine the Evidence, Don’t Oversimplify, Ask Questions, Analyze Biases, Consider interpretations, Tolerate Uncertainty, Avoid Emotional Reasoning.
Wundt
Father of psychology, first journal, first lab, objective scientific study.
Skinner’s main thesis
Effects of punishment, repeated behaviors for rewards.
Freud’s main thesis
Behavior is driven by the unconscious Id, which is needy. There are no accidents.
Carl Rogers
Humanist. Humans are naturally good, they just get discouraged.
Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs. Basic needs at the bottom, self-actualization on the top.
Peak experiences
The experiences that rise you to self actualization.
Representative Sampling
A sample that is representative of the population being tested.
Evolutionary Psychology
Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.
David Buss
Leader in evolutionary psychology.
Psyche and Logos
Soul and Study
7 Key Themes (PPEBBHO)
Psychology is empirical, Psychology is theoretically diverse, Evolves in a socio-historic context, Behavior determined by multiple causes, Behavior shaped by cultural heritage, Heredity and Environment jointly influence behavior, Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
Positive Correlation
Both variables increase or decrease together
Negative Correlation
One variable increases while one variable decreases.
Zero Correlation
Neither variable has anything to do with the other one.
Random Assignment
When all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.
Experimental Condition
Subjects that are exposed to treatment.
Control Condition
Subjects that are not exposed to treatment.
Independent Variable
Factor that is being manipulated
Dependent Variable
The behavior being observed.
Hypothesis
Educated guess.
Case Study
n=1, can’t generalize to the public, but can gather a lot of in depth data.
Survey
Collect a lot of data for an inexpensive cost.
Naturalistic Observation
Studying a subject in their natural environment.
Social Desirability
Responding, even anonymously with the socially desirable answer.
Anchoring Bias
What options are given and in what order you give them.
Sampling Bias
Sampling that isn’t representative.
Placebo Effect
Change of behavior changes the dependent variable.
Rosenthal Effect
Experimenter unintentionally communicates the answer they’re looking for.
Hawthorne Effect
Impact on subjects just because they’re being studied.
Anecdotal Evidence
Evidence that comes from one singular, subjective point of view.
Schema
Concepts that are linked together.
Craik and Lockhart
Levels of Processing Theory
Structural Processing
Physical
Phonemic Processing
Sounds Like
Semantic Processing
Meaning of a word
Automatic Processing
Don’t have to focus
Effortful Processing
Takes concentration and focus
Paivio
Duel Coding Theory
Duel Coding Theory
Encode info in more than one way and you’re more likely to remember it.
Atkinson and Shiffring
2 Stages before something is encoded into long term memory.
Storage
Encoding something into either sense memory, short term, or long term memory.
Sense Memory
Information in it’s raw form.
Iconic
Visual Memory
Echoic
Auditory Memory
Eiditic
Photographic Memory
Hypermessaie
Autobiographical Memory
Short Term Memory
Called working memory. Can remember 7 things, plus or minus 2.
Baddeley’s Theory
Phonological Loop, Visual Spatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer, Central Executive System
Phonological Loop
Try to recite things to ourselves
Visualspatial Sketch Pad
Remembering the look of things
Central Executive System
Switch from one focus to another
Episodic Buffer
Connect new info to other things in memory
Semantic Networks
Organization of info in our long term memory
Encoding
Change info so we can transfer it into our memory
Attention
First step to encoding something
Multi-Tasking
Decreases efficiency and decreases creativity
Visual Encoding
A powerful way to encode something. Visually encoding something.
Acoustic Encoding
Listening
Semantic Encoding
Meaning of something
Flashbulb Memory
A very detailed memory of a meaningful experience.
Retrieval
Pulling out of long term memory
Recall
Pull out of long term without any clues
Recognition
Pulling out of a list of items
Relearning
Learning something again
Context effect
Remember something better where it was encoded.
State dependent learning
Remembering information in the same emotional or physiological state.
Mood
Colors what we remember and how we remember it
Von Restorff Effect
Remember the unique item in a list of like items.
Yerkes Dobson
Tend to remember more with a moderate amount of stress.
Serial Distribution Effect
We remember things better at the beginning and the end.
Primacy
Remember things at the beginning
Recency
Remember things at the end
Chunking
Breaking up into smaller groups
Hierarchies
Broad concepts into smaller ones
Acronym
First letters from things form a word
Acrostics
First letters from things form a phrase
Proactive Interference
Old memories interfere with processing new ones.
Retroactive Interference
New memories interfere with old memories
Infantile Amnesia
Cannot remember things from before 3 years old because of social, cognitive, and brain development.
Anterograde Amnesia
Failure to remember after a trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
Failure to remember before a trauma
Repression
Unconsciously pushing away traumatic events. Freud’s theory supports this.
Supression
Consciously pushing away things we don’t want to remember.
Loftus Research
Biases and prejudice influence memory. People are less accurate when identifying people from a different race.
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
When there is trouble retrieving something, but you know you know it.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating something
Elaborative Rehearsal
Connecting new info with old info
Tulving
If you’re having a retrieving problem, you may be able to retrieve it with clues.
Hippocampus
Declarative Memory
Anterior Communicating Artery
Can have problems with aneurysms and have memory problems.
Enblock Blackout
Remember nothing
Fragmentary Blackout
Remember some things, but not much.
Prefrontal Cortex
Decision making
Serotonin
Influences level of happiness and depression.
Acetycholine
1st neurotransmitter discovered. Low levels are usually found in Alzheimer’s patients.
Glutamate
Amino acid. Learning.
Epinephrine
Adrenaline. Secreted under stress.
Norepinephrine
Secreted under stress and anxiousness.
Vasopressine
Working Memory
Implicit Memory
Automatic memory, unconscious
Explicit Memory
Effortful and Conscious memory
Declarative Memory
Factual Memory
Procedural Memory
How to do something.
De’Ja’Vou
The feeling like you’ve experienced something before
Standard Deviation
The amount of variability
Normal Curve
most subjects fall between 1 above and 1 below
Central Limit Theorem
most random variables fall along the curve
Inferential Statistics
Interpreting the data, why something happens, meaning
Significance Tests
Results not by random tests
Debriefing
Afterwards an explanation to the subjects on the experiment
Bringham and Richardson
How do you leave the subject feeling about themselves?
Hindbrain
Medulla, cerebellum, pons
Medulla
Brain stem
Cerebellum
gives neurons info and makes movements smoother
Ataxia
lack of coordination
Pons
role in sleep and facial nerves
Midbrain
Reticular activating system
Reticular activating system
Sleep to high alert
Forebrain
Thalamus, Limbic System
Thalamus
Motor Control and consciousness
Limbic System
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Septum, Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Fear and Agression
Septum
Calms aggression
Hypothalamus
Fight, Flight, Feeding, Breeding
Endocrine System
System of hormones and glands
Thyroid
Regulates metabolism and can influence mood.
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid, depression, weight gain
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid, weight loss, agitation, anxiety
Pituitary Gland
Control center of the endocrine system. Can have masses.
Pancreas
Blood sugar regulation
Diabetes
Malfunction of the pancreas and insulin production.
Adrenal Glands
Epinephrine and Adrenaline, regulates electrolytes
Addison’s Disease
Body attacks adrenal glands.
Cushion’s Disease
Too much secretion from Adrenal Glands
Ovaries and Testes
Secrete hormones, can have cancer.
Cerebral Cortex
1/8th of an inch thick covering of the brain
Frontal Lobe
Decision making and motor skills
Parietal Lobe
Top of the brain, sensory info and movement
Occipital Lobe
Back of the brain, vision
Temporal Lobe
Near the temples, Auditory
Association Areas
We don’t know what these do.
Plasticity
Ability to regain function after being injured
T or F: Vision and Auditory go to the same side of the brain that they are entered on. The left hand is controlled by the left side.
False
Neuron
Nerve cell that varies according to function. Receives and integrates info.
Glial Cells
Nourish and take away waste
Soma
Neural cell body
Dendrites
Like fingers, receive information
Axon
Transmits information
Mylen Sheath
Protective insulation of axon
Synapse
Space between two neurons
Neural Impulse
Firing of information and electrochemical discharge
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that go between neurons
GABA
inhibits cell firing, more precise/smooth firing
ACH
Voluntary muscle movement and function with memory
Dopamine
Pleasure
Endorphins
Happiness and calmness
ADHD
Where dopamine and norepinephrine are out of balance.
Multiple Sclerosis
Destruction of the Mylen Sheath. Affects vision, weakness, motor skills, slurred speech. Can be helped by physical therapy and support groups.
Roger Sperry
Split Brain Theorist
Right Brain
Creative and spacial
Left Brain
Logic and verbal skills
Coren Study
Split brain study on what sport one would be good at.
Split Brain Research
Done on patients that had their corpus colosum severed.
Cell Communication
Either happens or it doesn’t
Sensory Neuron
Bring info from the body into the brain
Inter-neuron
info processed into the brain
motor neuron
from brain to body
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Anything but the brain and spinal cord
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary activities
Automatic Nervous System
Involuntary activities
Sympathetic Nervous System
Perceived emergency readiness
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calmed back down
