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Psychology 105 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Young-Helmholt Color Vision Theory

A

3 sets of colors make a combination: Red, Green, Blue

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2
Q

Opponent Process Color Vision Theory

A

Each category of cones helps us tell the difference: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, Black-White.

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3
Q

Lens

A

Transparent, behind the pupil, focuses light on the retina.

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4
Q

Cataract

A

Cloudiness of the lens

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5
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of the eye, changes pupil size because of light.

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6
Q

Pupil

A

Expands and contracts with light.

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7
Q

Sclera

A

The white of the eye

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8
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent part of the eye, protective

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9
Q

Retina

A

Most of the vision takes place here.

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10
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Center of the retina fails

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11
Q

Rods

A

Black, White, and Peripheral Vision

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12
Q

Cones

A

Color and Central vision

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13
Q

Gestalt Perception Categories

A

Figure-Ground, Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Contiguity

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14
Q

Figure-Ground Perception

A

There is a focus and a background.

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15
Q

Proximity Perception

A

Group things closer together.

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16
Q

Similarity Perception

A

Grouping like things together because of similarities.

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17
Q

Closure Perception

A

Completing things in our mind that are incomplete.

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18
Q

Contiguity Perception

A

Perceiving something continually going in the same direction.

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19
Q

Taste Buds go to which part of the brain?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

What are the 4 universally known taste buds?

A

Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet

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21
Q

Which taste buds are in the front of the tongue?

A

Sweet

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22
Q

Umami Taste buds are for what kind of tastes?

A

Savory

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23
Q

As we age, do we gain or lose taste buds?

A

Lose

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24
Q

People with 10,000 taste buds are called what?

A

Super Tasters

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25
Q

Range of taste buds on a person

A

500-10,000

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26
Q

Pinna

A

Outer ear that catches sound

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27
Q

Eardrum

A

Timpanic membrane that separates outer and inner ear.

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28
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

When sounds are poorly transferred from ear drum.

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29
Q

3 parts of the middle ear

A

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

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30
Q

Cochlea

A

Inner ear that helps send sound to the brain

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31
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Hairs protruding that sets sound in motion.

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32
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

Transfers sounds into the temporal lobe.

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33
Q

Place/Helmholtz Theory of Hearing

A

Where in the Basilar membrane the sound lands

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34
Q

Frequency Theory of Hearing

A

Rate the Basilar membrane vibrates

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35
Q

Interaction Theory of Hearing

A

Combines place and frequency theory.

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36
Q

Visual Capture

A

Where vision is the dominant sense

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37
Q

Depth Perception

A

A binocular cue, but can be trained to be a monocular cue.

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38
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect 50% of the time.

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39
Q

Preceptual Constancies

A

We understand things even though they look differently.

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40
Q

Types of Perceptual Constancies

A

Shape, Size, Brightness, Color

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41
Q

Sensation

A

Getting input from surroundings, raw data coming into brain.

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42
Q

Perception

A

How the brain makes sense out of sensation.

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43
Q

Subliminal Stimulation

A

So subtle that we notice it less than 50% of the time, still influences us.

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44
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

Smalles amount of change in something that you would notice 50% of the time.

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45
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Not the amount of change that we notice, it’s the percent of change from the original stimulus.

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46
Q

Sensory Perception

A

Tendency of sensory neurons to respond less and less to a continuous stimulus.

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47
Q

Touch goes to what part of the brain?

A

Parietal Lobe

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48
Q

Localization

A

How we perceive touch depends on strength of the neural pathways.

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49
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Passage way through our nervous system, trying to overload the system so there is less pain.

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50
Q

Olefactory Cillia

A

Hair like structures that help with smell.

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51
Q

Males or Females have a more accurate sense of smell?

A

Females

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52
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Percieving the whole

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53
Q

Sense of Balance

A

Receptors are in the middle ear.

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54
Q

Motion Sickness

A

When sensation doesn’t match what we’re seeing.

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55
Q

Visual Monocular Cues

A

Relative size, overlap, relative height, linear distance

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56
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Mental predisposition to interpret in a certain way

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57
Q

ESP

A

Extrasensory Perception

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58
Q

Telepathy

A

Mind-mind communication

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59
Q

Clairvoyance

A

Perceiving that something is happening presently far away.

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60
Q

Precognition

A

Predicting the future

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61
Q

Psychokenisis

A

Exerting force on an inanimate object.

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62
Q

Insomnia

A

The inability to sleep at night.

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63
Q

Drug dependent insomnia

A

Sometimes treatment of insomnia can hinder sleeping ability.

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64
Q

Idiopathic Insomnia

A

Something wakes you up.

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65
Q

Causes of insomnia

A

Stress, drugs, behavioral actions

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66
Q

The awake stage has what kind of brain waves?

A

Beta

67
Q

Drowsy stage has what kind of brain waves?

A

Alpha

68
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

Theta, Spindles, Transition, Delta, REM

69
Q

Theta Stage of Sleep

A

2-10 minutes, slow of breathing and heart rate.

70
Q

Hypnic Jerk

A

Reflex that wakes you up

71
Q

Spindles Stage of Sleep

A

20 minutes, can still be awakened, but harder to.

72
Q

Transition Stage of Sleep

A

Delta Waves

73
Q

Fourth Stage of Sleep

A

50% of Delta Waves

74
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement, Brain waves look awake, body paralyzed, Dreaming, 20-25% of sleep.

75
Q

Influences on sleep

A

Age, Culture, Co-sleeping

76
Q

Klein Levin Syndrome

A

People who can sleep for days

77
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden onset of heavy sleep

78
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

cessation of breathing during sleep

79
Q

What kind of infants are prone to sleep apnea?

A

Pre-mies

80
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

Brain doesn’t send a signal

81
Q

Upper Airway Sleep Apnea

A

Breathing is blocked

82
Q

Mixed Sleep Apnea

A

Central and Upper Airway combined

83
Q

Treatment for Sleep Apnea

A

Medication, Surgery, CPAP, Monitors

84
Q

Night Terrors

A

Wake up screaming and can’t remember why

85
Q

Sleep Walking

A

Kids are prone to this, usually grow out of it.

86
Q

Freud Dream Theory

A

Dreams are Unconscious wishes

87
Q

Gestalt Dream Theory

A

Things in dreams represent part of you

88
Q

Ecclectic Dream Theory

A

Biological and Emotional Factors

89
Q

Dekonick on Dreams

A

External Stimuli influences dreams

90
Q

Hall Dream Theory

A

Dreams are internal conflicts

91
Q

Cartwright Dream Theory

A

Our Semi-concious is working out problems

92
Q

Hobston and McCarley Dream Theory

A

Neurons are just randomly firing

93
Q

Narcotics/Opiates

A

Feelings of euphoria, prescription gives a false sense of security.

94
Q

Types of Narcotics

A

Heroin, Morphine, Oxycontin

95
Q

Sedatives

A

Addictive, used for anxiety, can include sleep inducing drugs.

96
Q

Types of Sedatives

A

Barbituates, Xanax, Valium, Sleeping Pills

97
Q

What happens with an overdose of Sedatives?

A

Depresses CNS activity

98
Q

Alcohol

A

Beverages that contain ethyl alcohol, euphoric feelings, inhibitions drop

99
Q

Binge drinking for males and females

A

Males- 5-7 drinks, Females 4-6 drinks

100
Q

Alcohol and Energy Drinks

A

12% alcohol, wakefulness, more likely to drink to excess

101
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase CNS activity, grandiose feelings

102
Q

Types of stimulants

A

Caffeine, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstacy, Nicotine, Bath Salts

103
Q

Hallucinagens

A

Percieving without sensation, mild relaxation and euphoria, dependence

104
Q

Types of Hallucinagens

A

LSD, Mescaline, Mushrooms, Cannabis

105
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A

Male Sex Hormones, Promotes muscle growth and body mass

106
Q

Tolerance

A

Need more and more to get desired effect

107
Q

Withdrawal

A

The dismissal of a drug, can cause physical issues and can be deadly.

108
Q

Risk Factors for drug use

A

Lower SES, Family conflicts, friends who use

109
Q

Relapse

A

Falling off the wagon of un-use of drugs

110
Q

Disease Model of Treatment

A

Addiction is biological, 12 step programs, run by peers, sponsorships

111
Q

Habitual Pattern

A

Our environment contributes to the addiction, can drink in moderation after treatment

112
Q

Interventions

A

Groups of people talking to person who is abusing.

113
Q

Enabling

A

Making it easier for someone to keep using

114
Q

Al-anon

A

Family members affected by substance abuse

115
Q

Al-ateen

A

Children with parents who abuse substances

116
Q

ACOA

A

Adult Children of Alcoholics

117
Q

Hypnosis

A

Hightened suggestibility, narrowed focus of attention, imaginary happenings

118
Q

Therapeutic uses for hypnosis

A

Age regression, pain control, habits, memory, entertainment.

119
Q

Disassociation

A

Separating of mind and body

120
Q

Does hypnosis work on everyone?

A

No. Hypnosis doesn’t work on everyone.

121
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Pattern of being awake and asleep

122
Q

What controls our circadian rhythm?

A

Endocrine System

123
Q

Preadaptation

A

Gradually changing sleep schedule until you fully change it.

124
Q

What do we use to reset the circadian rhythm?

A

Melatonin, Bright Lights, Rotate Work Shifts

125
Q

Repair Theory of Sleep

A

Restore levels of neurotransmitters and hormones.

126
Q

Ecological Theory of Sleep

A

Sleep during the night is a survival technique.

127
Q

Operant Learning

A

Where behavior becomes more or less prominent depending on the consequences.

128
Q

Reinforcement

A

Anything to increase the probability of a behavior

129
Q

Punishment

A

Anything to decrease a behavior

130
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Something gets applied to increase a behavior

131
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Something removed that is unpleasant to increase a behavior.

132
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Apply something to decrease a behavior

133
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Something removed that is unpleasant to increase a behavior.

134
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Apply something to decrease a behavior.

135
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Take something away to decrease a behavior.

136
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Something that isn’t learned

137
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Something that is learned.

138
Q

Issues with Punishment

A

Timely, consistent, Proportionate, less effective than reinforcement

139
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforce after a certain amount of time

140
Q

Variable Interval

A

Reinforcing over a differing amount of time.

141
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforcing after a certain number of correct responses

142
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcing after a differing number of correct responses

143
Q

A _______ schedule is most resistant to extinction.

A

Variable

144
Q

Continuous

A

Reinforce after every correct response

145
Q

A __________ schedule is the most susceptible to extinction.

A

Continuous

146
Q

Shaping

A

Positive reinforcement of successive approximations. Getting closer to desired outcome.

147
Q

Chaining

A

Reinforcement of each behavior in a series of behaviors to make a more complex behavior.

148
Q

Applications of Operant Learning

A

Classroom, Animal Training, workplace, parenting, society

149
Q

Association Principle

A

John Locke, we associate things that happen together in our minds.

150
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that causes a reaction without training, like food.

151
Q

Unconditioned response

A

An unlearned response to a particular unconditioned stimulus. (drooling)

152
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Start neutral and gets paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response (bell)

153
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Learned response given to the conditioned stimulus. (drool after the bell)

154
Q

Classical Conditioning Theorist

A

Pavlov

155
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial learning process

156
Q

Extinction

A

When the conditioned response fades away

157
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

After extinction, pairing the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus.

158
Q

Higher Order Conditioning

A

Having two conditioned stimuli

159
Q

Generalization

A

Conditioned response to something similar to the conditioned stimulus.

160
Q

Discrimination

A

Responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus.

161
Q

Modeling

A

Tend to do more behaviors from people we admire

162
Q

Bandura’s experiment

A

The Bobo Dolls, kids model what adults do, especially violent behaviors.

163
Q

Bystander Effect

A

More likely to help if someone else intervenes first.

Psychology 105 (4 decks)

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