Exam 2 Flashcards
Young-Helmholt Color Vision Theory
3 sets of colors make a combination: Red, Green, Blue
Opponent Process Color Vision Theory
Each category of cones helps us tell the difference: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, Black-White.
Lens
Transparent, behind the pupil, focuses light on the retina.
Cataract
Cloudiness of the lens
Iris
Colored part of the eye, changes pupil size because of light.
Pupil
Expands and contracts with light.
Sclera
The white of the eye
Cornea
Transparent part of the eye, protective
Retina
Most of the vision takes place here.
Macular Degeneration
Center of the retina fails
Rods
Black, White, and Peripheral Vision
Cones
Color and Central vision
Gestalt Perception Categories
Figure-Ground, Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Contiguity
Figure-Ground Perception
There is a focus and a background.
Proximity Perception
Group things closer together.
Similarity Perception
Grouping like things together because of similarities.
Closure Perception
Completing things in our mind that are incomplete.
Contiguity Perception
Perceiving something continually going in the same direction.
Taste Buds go to which part of the brain?
Thalamus
What are the 4 universally known taste buds?
Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet
Which taste buds are in the front of the tongue?
Sweet
Umami Taste buds are for what kind of tastes?
Savory
As we age, do we gain or lose taste buds?
Lose
People with 10,000 taste buds are called what?
Super Tasters
Range of taste buds on a person
500-10,000
Pinna
Outer ear that catches sound
Eardrum
Timpanic membrane that separates outer and inner ear.
Conduction Deafness
When sounds are poorly transferred from ear drum.
3 parts of the middle ear
Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
Cochlea
Inner ear that helps send sound to the brain
Basilar Membrane
Hairs protruding that sets sound in motion.
Auditory Nerve
Transfers sounds into the temporal lobe.
Place/Helmholtz Theory of Hearing
Where in the Basilar membrane the sound lands
Frequency Theory of Hearing
Rate the Basilar membrane vibrates
Interaction Theory of Hearing
Combines place and frequency theory.
Visual Capture
Where vision is the dominant sense
Depth Perception
A binocular cue, but can be trained to be a monocular cue.
Absolute Threshold
The lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect 50% of the time.
Preceptual Constancies
We understand things even though they look differently.
Types of Perceptual Constancies
Shape, Size, Brightness, Color
Sensation
Getting input from surroundings, raw data coming into brain.
Perception
How the brain makes sense out of sensation.
Subliminal Stimulation
So subtle that we notice it less than 50% of the time, still influences us.
Just Noticeable Difference
Smalles amount of change in something that you would notice 50% of the time.
Weber’s Law
Not the amount of change that we notice, it’s the percent of change from the original stimulus.
Sensory Perception
Tendency of sensory neurons to respond less and less to a continuous stimulus.
Touch goes to what part of the brain?
Parietal Lobe
Localization
How we perceive touch depends on strength of the neural pathways.
Gate Control Theory
Passage way through our nervous system, trying to overload the system so there is less pain.
Olefactory Cillia
Hair like structures that help with smell.
Males or Females have a more accurate sense of smell?
Females
Gestalt Psychology
Percieving the whole
Sense of Balance
Receptors are in the middle ear.
Motion Sickness
When sensation doesn’t match what we’re seeing.
Visual Monocular Cues
Relative size, overlap, relative height, linear distance
Perceptual Set
Mental predisposition to interpret in a certain way
ESP
Extrasensory Perception
Telepathy
Mind-mind communication
Clairvoyance
Perceiving that something is happening presently far away.
Precognition
Predicting the future
Psychokenisis
Exerting force on an inanimate object.
Insomnia
The inability to sleep at night.
Drug dependent insomnia
Sometimes treatment of insomnia can hinder sleeping ability.
Idiopathic Insomnia
Something wakes you up.
Causes of insomnia
Stress, drugs, behavioral actions
The awake stage has what kind of brain waves?
Beta
Drowsy stage has what kind of brain waves?
Alpha
Stages of Sleep
Theta, Spindles, Transition, Delta, REM
Theta Stage of Sleep
2-10 minutes, slow of breathing and heart rate.
Hypnic Jerk
Reflex that wakes you up
Spindles Stage of Sleep
20 minutes, can still be awakened, but harder to.
Transition Stage of Sleep
Delta Waves
Fourth Stage of Sleep
50% of Delta Waves
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement, Brain waves look awake, body paralyzed, Dreaming, 20-25% of sleep.
Influences on sleep
Age, Culture, Co-sleeping
Klein Levin Syndrome
People who can sleep for days
Narcolepsy
Sudden onset of heavy sleep
Sleep Apnea
cessation of breathing during sleep
What kind of infants are prone to sleep apnea?
Pre-mies
Central Sleep Apnea
Brain doesn’t send a signal
Upper Airway Sleep Apnea
Breathing is blocked
Mixed Sleep Apnea
Central and Upper Airway combined
Treatment for Sleep Apnea
Medication, Surgery, CPAP, Monitors
Night Terrors
Wake up screaming and can’t remember why
Sleep Walking
Kids are prone to this, usually grow out of it.
Freud Dream Theory
Dreams are Unconscious wishes
Gestalt Dream Theory
Things in dreams represent part of you
Ecclectic Dream Theory
Biological and Emotional Factors
Dekonick on Dreams
External Stimuli influences dreams
Hall Dream Theory
Dreams are internal conflicts
Cartwright Dream Theory
Our Semi-concious is working out problems
Hobston and McCarley Dream Theory
Neurons are just randomly firing
Narcotics/Opiates
Feelings of euphoria, prescription gives a false sense of security.
Types of Narcotics
Heroin, Morphine, Oxycontin
Sedatives
Addictive, used for anxiety, can include sleep inducing drugs.
Types of Sedatives
Barbituates, Xanax, Valium, Sleeping Pills
What happens with an overdose of Sedatives?
Depresses CNS activity
Alcohol
Beverages that contain ethyl alcohol, euphoric feelings, inhibitions drop
Binge drinking for males and females
Males- 5-7 drinks, Females 4-6 drinks
Alcohol and Energy Drinks
12% alcohol, wakefulness, more likely to drink to excess
Stimulants
Increase CNS activity, grandiose feelings
Types of stimulants
Caffeine, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstacy, Nicotine, Bath Salts
Hallucinagens
Percieving without sensation, mild relaxation and euphoria, dependence
Types of Hallucinagens
LSD, Mescaline, Mushrooms, Cannabis
Anabolic Steroids
Male Sex Hormones, Promotes muscle growth and body mass
Tolerance
Need more and more to get desired effect
Withdrawal
The dismissal of a drug, can cause physical issues and can be deadly.
Risk Factors for drug use
Lower SES, Family conflicts, friends who use
Relapse
Falling off the wagon of un-use of drugs
Disease Model of Treatment
Addiction is biological, 12 step programs, run by peers, sponsorships
Habitual Pattern
Our environment contributes to the addiction, can drink in moderation after treatment
Interventions
Groups of people talking to person who is abusing.
Enabling
Making it easier for someone to keep using
Al-anon
Family members affected by substance abuse
Al-ateen
Children with parents who abuse substances
ACOA
Adult Children of Alcoholics
Hypnosis
Hightened suggestibility, narrowed focus of attention, imaginary happenings
Therapeutic uses for hypnosis
Age regression, pain control, habits, memory, entertainment.
Disassociation
Separating of mind and body
Does hypnosis work on everyone?
No. Hypnosis doesn’t work on everyone.
Circadian Rhythm
Pattern of being awake and asleep
What controls our circadian rhythm?
Endocrine System
Preadaptation
Gradually changing sleep schedule until you fully change it.
What do we use to reset the circadian rhythm?
Melatonin, Bright Lights, Rotate Work Shifts
Repair Theory of Sleep
Restore levels of neurotransmitters and hormones.
Ecological Theory of Sleep
Sleep during the night is a survival technique.
Operant Learning
Where behavior becomes more or less prominent depending on the consequences.
Reinforcement
Anything to increase the probability of a behavior
Punishment
Anything to decrease a behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Something gets applied to increase a behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Something removed that is unpleasant to increase a behavior.
Positive Punishment
Apply something to decrease a behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Something removed that is unpleasant to increase a behavior.
Positive Punishment
Apply something to decrease a behavior.
Negative Punishment
Take something away to decrease a behavior.
Primary Reinforcers
Something that isn’t learned
Secondary Reinforcers
Something that is learned.
Issues with Punishment
Timely, consistent, Proportionate, less effective than reinforcement
Fixed Interval
Reinforce after a certain amount of time
Variable Interval
Reinforcing over a differing amount of time.
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcing after a certain number of correct responses
Variable Ratio
Reinforcing after a differing number of correct responses
A _______ schedule is most resistant to extinction.
Variable
Continuous
Reinforce after every correct response
A __________ schedule is the most susceptible to extinction.
Continuous
Shaping
Positive reinforcement of successive approximations. Getting closer to desired outcome.
Chaining
Reinforcement of each behavior in a series of behaviors to make a more complex behavior.
Applications of Operant Learning
Classroom, Animal Training, workplace, parenting, society
Association Principle
John Locke, we associate things that happen together in our minds.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that causes a reaction without training, like food.
Unconditioned response
An unlearned response to a particular unconditioned stimulus. (drooling)
Conditioned Stimulus
Start neutral and gets paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response (bell)
Conditioned Response
Learned response given to the conditioned stimulus. (drool after the bell)
Classical Conditioning Theorist
Pavlov
Acquisition
The initial learning process
Extinction
When the conditioned response fades away
Spontaneous Recovery
After extinction, pairing the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus.
Higher Order Conditioning
Having two conditioned stimuli
Generalization
Conditioned response to something similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Discrimination
Responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
Modeling
Tend to do more behaviors from people we admire
Bandura’s experiment
The Bobo Dolls, kids model what adults do, especially violent behaviors.
Bystander Effect
More likely to help if someone else intervenes first.
