Exam 3 Flashcards
Define Cladogran
a graphic representation of phylogeny
Egg producing structure in plants
Archegonium
The products of double fertilization
Zygote and primary endosperm
Portion of the pistil upon which pollen is deposited in the process of pollenation
Stigma
Another name for the megagametophyte in the gynmosperms and angiosperms
ovule
A heterosporous sporophyte produces what?
Two kinds of spores which develop into unisexual gametophytes
Modern prokaryotes with which plant chlorplasts share several similarities
Cyanobacteria
What is a natural group?
A group composed of all descendants of a given common ancestor
Companion cells are always found in the presence of what?
sieve tube elements
Which plant groups are composed of species that do not require free water for reproduction?
Angiosperms and gymnosperms
What plant group is composed of species with free living independent gametophytes?
seedless vascular plants
Wood is formed of what?
secondary xylem
Plant tissue that transports water and sugar from the leaves downward to the roots and all points in between
xylem
What are the four common characteristics of all modern life that have been retained from the original common ancestor?
DNA based storage of genetic info, universal genetic code, genetic info expressed as proteins, celuarity
Which plant phyla are composed of species possessing tracheids?
Lycophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta
Which cells are found in xylem?
Tracheids and vessels
What part of the plant develops from the pericarp?
fruit
Which of the following plant groups are natural?
Angiosperms, gymnosperms, nonvascular plants, seed plants
Specialized sporangia associated leaves in the angiosperms
carpels?
Define macroevolution
Change in form, function, frequencies that result in new speciation
Which of the following conditions are essential for macroevolution?
Reproductive isolation and mutation
Based on the condition of early earth environment, what traits did the first prokaryotic cells have?
capable of anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Who uncovered evidence of extensive horizontal gene transfer between bacterial cells?
Perna
The original common ancestor of all life on earth was most likely
A community of prokaryotic cells
Plant fluid conducting cells that appear very similar to those found in fossilized prototracheophytes
Leptoids and hydroids
Which trends are evident in the evolution of land plants?
Increased vascular complexity, reduction in gametophyte size
Source of nutrition for developing gymnosperm sporophyte embryo
nucellus
Source of nutrition for developing angiosperm megagametophyte
Endosperm tissue
Size of immature angiosperm microgametophyte
2 cells
Characteristics shared by species of acrhaebacteria and eukaryotes
Introns present, first ammino acid is methionine
What characteristics of the common ancestor in all modern land plants?
Cellulose cell walls, cell plate formation during cell division
Summarize the evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of the eukaryotic cell
double membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria, presence of circular DNA in mito and chloro, mito and chloro genes lack introns, first ammino acid in mito and chloro formylmethionine, genes present in organelle DNA more closely related to prok genes than euk, and organelles reproduce via binary fission like proks
What is an isolating barrier and give an example
Isolates populations that were once part of a common gene pool. Glaciation, changing sea levels, changing climates
Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cell origin?
Margulis
In plants, development begins at_____ and ends at _____?
Birth, death
Define evolution
Process of change
Define theory
coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena
Define Hypothesis
a testable and refutable explanation for a given event
Define species
individuals consistent in their physical and behavioral characteristics and physically and behaviorally distinct from individuals of other species
Define microevolution
overtime populations change genetically
Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?
Darwin and Alfred Wallace
Agents of organic evolution
mutation, gene flow, non random mating, random genetic drift, natural selection
Who proposed the genetic equilibrium theory?
Hardy and Weinberg
Define phylogeny
pattern of evolutionary relationships
Tracheid characteristics
elongated form, lignigied secondary cell walls, pitted cell wall, dead at maturity, lack protoplasm
Vessel element characteristics
elongated form, rigid secondary cell walls, pitted cell walls, dead at maturity, lack protoplasm, perforated cell plate at ends of cell
sieve elements
elongated form, alive at maturity, no secondary cell wall thickening, anucleate
