Exam 3

Question 1

cell functions

Answer 1

create fuel for the body

manufacture proteins

transport

disposal of waste

Question 2

benign vs malignant

Answer 2

abnormal growth
abnormal functions
metastasis

benign: BPH, fibroma, lipoma, Meningioma/Brain tumor, Nevi, gastric polyps

malignant: breast, prostate, colon, lung, brain, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma

Question 3

cell cancer mutation risk factors

Answer 3

certain populations (black/african american, latino/hisbpanic, alaska native, american indian, gay/lesbian, less educated/lower socioeconomic status)
age
gender
tobacco use
infections
genetics
radiation
carcinogens
nutrition
physical activity

Question 4

Cancer Assessment Diagnosis

Answer 4

Visualization (lumps, bumps, bruising, malnourished)

Imaging (xrays, ultrasounds, cat scan, PET scan)

Lab tests (electrolytes, hemogloblin, hematocrit, platelet)

Biopsy (aspirate cells and put under microscope)

Pathology (what kind of cancer cells, start grading and staging)

Question 5

Cancer Assessment Grading/Staging

Answer 5

size, location, metastasis
TNM method - solid tumors (size, nodes, metastasis)
1 early
2 nearby tissues
3 spread to lymph nodes
4 advanced, distant tissue

Grading:
Gx - can not be assessed
G1 - well differentiated (low grade)
G2 moderate
G3 poor differentiated
G4 undifferentiated (high grade)

Question 6

Clinical management (treatment) for cancers

Answer 6

surgery
radiation
chemotherapy
hormonal therapy
targeted therapy
biologics
bone marrow/stem cell transplants

Question 7

cancer treatment side effects

Answer 7

bone marrow suppression (neutropenia, anemia, throbocytopenia)

organ disfunction

fatigue

GI

Mucositis/stomatitis

anorexia

skin reactions

alopecia

mental health changes

Question 8

neutropenic precautions

Answer 8

strict handwashing
private room
no sick visitors/staff
no live vaccines
avoid procedures
no fresh fruits / vegetables or flowers

Question 9

leukemia

Answer 9

cancer of blood-forming tissues (bone marrow and lymphatic system) hindering normal function

acute (the worst form, takes over in weeks) vs chronic (years, multiply slowly)
myelogenous vs lymphocytic

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - children/teens
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) - adults
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - adults
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) - older adults

symptoms: fatigue, fever, infections, SOB, weight loss, bone/joint paint, swollen lymph nodes, bruising/bleeding

diagnosis: bone marrow biopsy/cell examination

nursing and interprofessional management: chemo, biologics, targeted therapy, radiation, transplant, CAR T-Cell Therapy