Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
3 basic components of circulatory system
A
circulatory fluid, interconnecting vessels, muscular pump
2
Q
3 layers of arteries and veins
A
endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue,
3
Q
4 steps in kidney
A
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
4
Q
ADH
A
water retention, makes epithelium more permeable to water
5
Q
ADH comes from…
A
posterior pituitary gland
6
Q
afferent arteriole
A
thicker diameter, blood enters nephron
7
Q
Aldosterone
A
salt retention, water reabsorption, regulates Na and K
8
Q
aldosterone comes from…
A
adrenal cortex
9
Q
Alveoli
A
allow for gas exchange in lungs, air sacks at the tips of bronchioles, O2 out CO2 in
10
Q
Amines hormones
A
derived from tyrosine or tryptophan, amino acids, hydrophilic
11
Q
anterior pituitary gland
A
synthesizes and secretes 6 hormones, hormone cascade
12
Q
aortic semilunar valve
A
semilunar valve on left side
13
Q
aquaporin
A
water channels
14
Q
Arteries
A
carry blood away from heart, thick smooth muscle, high pressure
15
Q
artium
A
area of heart that receives returning blood, small
16
Q
ascending region
A
no aquaporin, passive transport of ions to outside, filtrate becomes dilute
17
Q
atrioventricular valves
A
separate atrium and ventricle
18
Q
bicuspid valve
A
atrioventricular valve on left side of heart
19
Q
Blood
A
connective tissue with plasma
20
Q
blood is in a …
A
closed circulatory system
21
Q
blood pressure
A
systolic / diastolic
22
Q
Blood pressure is highest in__ and lowest in__
A
artery, vein
23
Q
blood pressure maintained…
A
by the diameter of blood vessels
24
Q
bottom half of heart
A
ventricle
25
bowman's capsule
afferent and efferent connect here, filters blood, high pressure
26
capillaries
single cell wall, very thin, where gas exchange occurs
27
Central lumen
the "hole" in vessels
28
Ciliary epithelium
mucus/cilia filter dust particles from the air, Alveoli lack cilia
29
circulatory fluid
blood, hemolymph
30
closed circulatory system
blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
31
collecting ducts
responsible for amount of water in urine
32
cortex
outer part of kidney
33
cortical nephron
present in cortex
34
Countercurrent exchange system
blood flows in opposite direction of water, very efficient
35
descending region
water moves out, rich in aquaporin, filtrate becomes concentrated
36
diaphragm
main muscle of respiration, contraction=larger lung(air in), relaxation=smaller lung(air out)
37
diastole
relaxation of heart
38
diastolic pressure
during ventricular relaxation,
39
Distal tuble
selectively absorbs Na, and Cl and secretes K ions, under hormonal control
40
efferent arteriole
thinner diameter, filtered blood leaves nephron
41
Endothelium
epithelial layer that lines blood vessels, smooth (minimizes resistance)
42
Epinephrine
raises glucose level, increased blood flow, decreased blood flow to stomach
43
excretion
releasing processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes from the body
44
filtration
filtering body fluids, nonspecific, anything in the blood
45
Gas exchange
take in O2 expel CO2
46
Gills
outfolding of the body, create large surface area
47
Hemoglobin
protein that binds to oxygen
48
Hemolymph is in a ...
open circulatory system
49
Henle's loop
descending and ascending regions, desert animal have longer loops, freshwater fish have short loops
50
Hormones
chemical signals that travel through blood stream, limited to cells with receptors
51
hormones stored in posterior pituitary,
ADH Oxytocin
52
How many oxygens can Hemoglobin carry
4 O2, shape changes as oxygen loads and unloads
53
How much blood enters kidney/min
1 L/min
54
hydrophilic hormones
cannot pass through the plasma membrane, bind to cell surface receptors, fast response
55
hydrophobic hormones
bind to receptors inside the cell, can diffuse through membrane, slow response
56
Hypothalamus
region of brain that controls most of the neuroendocrine signaling, base of the brain
57
Important hormes
ADH, Aldosterone
58
Infercablulary stalk/portal vein
connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland
59
inferior vena cava
brings blood to right atrium from bottom half of body
60
inorganic salts in plasma
maintain osmotic balance
61
juxtamedullary
present in medulla
62
left side of heart
receives oxygenated blood
63
left ventricle pumps blood...
to the body
64
left ventricular pumps blood to what artery...
aorta
65
Mammalian respiratory system
Trachea(1) - Bronchi(2) - Bronchiole(many) - alveoli(surrounded by capillaries)
66
medulla
inner part of kidney
67
myogenic
not under control of the brain
68
nephrons
functional unit of kidney, cortical or juxtamedullary
69
Neurohormone
hormone secreted by neurons and secreted into the blood
70
open circulatory system
insects, bathes organs directly in fluid
71
Partial pressure
pressure exerted by a particular gas, O2 diffuses from the region of high partial pressure to the area of low partial pressure
72
Parts of Nephron
bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, Henle's loop, distal tubule, collecting duct
73
pituitary gland
secrets hormones
74
plasma
water, inorganic salts, plasma proteins,
75
plasma proteins in plasma
influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, and viscosity
76
Platelets
fragments of cells, involved in clotting
77
Polypeptide hormones
most hormones, hydrophilic
78
posterior pituitary
part of hypothalamus, 2 hormones, not a gland just a storage place
79
proximal tubule
reabsorption, glucose transporters in this region
80
pulmonary semilunar valve
semilunar valve on right side
81
pulse
bulging of artery wall each heartbeat
82
reabsorption
reclaiming valuable solutes (water, vitamins, amino acids)
83
Red blood cells
contain hemoglobin, transport O2
84
residual volume
air left after each exhalation
85
respiratory surfaces
large surface area, thin walls, moist, rich blood supply, take place by diffusion (no ATP)
86
respiratory surfaces examples
skin, gills, tracheae, lungs
87
right side of heart
receives deoxygenated blood
88
right ventricle pumps blood...
to the lungs
89
secretion
adding essential solute and wastes from the body fluids to the filtrate
90
semilunar valves
control blood flow between aorta and pulmonary artery
91
septum
divides two sides of heart
92
Smaller vessel diameter means
flow will decrease
93
smooth muscle controls
diameter of vein and arteries
94
Stem cells
produce blood cells and platelets
95
steps of blood clotting
damage to endothelium vessel, connective tissue exposed to blood, platelets adhere to collagen fiber and release substance that makes them sticky
96
steroid hormones
derived from cholesterol, less soluble in water
97
Superior vena cava vein
brings blood to right atrium from top half of body
98
Surfactant
mixture of phospholipids and protein that coats alveoli, decreases surface tension and helps alveoli stay inflated (water balloon example)
99
Systole
contraction of the heart, atrium contracts before ventricle
100
Systolic blood pressure
highest pressure, during ventricular systole
101
tidal volume
vol. of air inhaled with each breath, can vary
102
Top half of heart
Atrium
103
tricuspid valve
atrioventricular valve on right side of heart
104
vasoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscles, less blood flow=increased pressure
105
vasodilaton
relaxation of smooth muscle, more blood flow=decreased pressure
106
veins
carry blood back to heart, thinner smooth muscle, contain valves for unidirectional flow
107
Velocity of blood from high to low
artery, vein, capilary
108
ventilation
movement of respiratory medium over the respiratory surface, maintains necessary partial pressure
109
ventricle
chamber of heart for pumping blood out of heart, large
110
vital capacity
maximum tidal vol.
111
what side of the heart is thicker
left side, pumps blood farther
112
where are stem cells located
red marrow of bones (ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis)
113
white blood cells
immune defense, increase concentration during infection
