Exam 2 Flashcards
Bio 1002
1
Q
4 types of tissue
A
Epithelial, Muscular, nervous, connective tissue,
2
Q
Action Potential
A
change in voltage across cell membrane, carries information from neuron to neuron
3
Q
active transport
A
requires energy
4
Q
alimentary canal
A
digestive tube with 2 openings
5
Q
Anatomy
A
study of biological form
6
Q
antiporter
A
ions move in opposite directions
7
Q
Astrocytes (glial)
A
metabolic support, blood brain barrier, maintain stable concentration of ions in extracellular fluid
8
Q
axon
A
transmits signals to other neurons
9
Q
axon hillock
A
axon connects to cell body
10
Q
Cardiac/smooth
A
involuntary, organs
11
Q
cell body
A
houses nucleus, cell organelles, proccessing center
12
Q
Central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
13
Q
Channels
A
any molecule small enough with the correct charge can pass through
14
Q
chief cells
A
secrete pepsinogen
15
Q
conformer
A
internal condition to change according to external change (cold blooded)
16
Q
Connective tissue
A
few cells, connect other tissues together, includes bone/blood, stores fat and provide flexibility
17
Q
Contraction
A
movement
18
Q
crenation
A
shrinkage of cells in hypertonic solution
19
Q
Dendrites
A
recieves signals from other neurons
20
Q
Depolarization
A
Makes inside of cell less negative, when Na enters
21
Q
Duodenum
A
beginning of small intestine, most digestion takes place here
22
Q
effector
A
compensates for deviations between actual and set point
23
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Walls, outside of body, lines organs and cavities, provides barrier
24
Q
Essential nutrients
A
amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals
25
Excitation
generating action potential in muscle cell
26
Excitation contraction coupling
Action potential from nerve triggers the release of chemicals, causing muscle fiber to contract
27
Facilitated diffusion
pores for larger molecules, channel proteins or transmembrane transporters
28
fast glycolytic fibers
high ATPase but low ATP, rapids/intense action
29
fast oxidative fibers
high ATPase and large amount of ATP, rapid action
30
Gastrovascular cavity
digestive compartment with one opening
31
Glial Cells
perform numerous functions
32
graded potential
befor action potential, mediated thru ligand gated channels, dependent on stimulus strength
33
Homeostatic control systems
set point, sensor, integrator, effector
34
hormones
chemical messengers produced by endocrine system and secreted into the blood, act on distant cells
35
hyperpolarization
makes inside of cell more negative, when K leaves
36
integrator
compares signals from the sensor to set point
37
Internerurons
form connections between other neurons (sensory to motor)
38
Jejunum and ileum
rest of small intestine, most absorption happens here
39
K voltage gated
open around -10mV
40
Membrane Potential
charge difference across plasma membrane
41
Microglia (glial)
immune function, remove cellular debris
42
motor neurons
send signals away from CNS, movement
43
motor unit
single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it controls
44
mucus cells
secrete mucus that protects stomach lining
45
Muscular tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
46
Myelin sheath
coating around axons
47
myosin cross bridge
connection between mysosin filament and actin filament
48
Na Voltage gated
open around -50mV
49
Na/K ATPase
active transport Na and K against their gradients (Na/K pump)
50
narrowing H zone
shortening the sarcomere
51
Negative feedback
responses that move the variable in the opposite direction (reduces change)
52
nerves
multiple axons bundled together
53
Nervous tissue
receiving, processing, transmitting information
54
Neuromuscular junction
motor neuron connects with muscle fiber
55
neurotransmitters
release from one nerve cell, travel to adjacent nerve cell,
56
nodes of Ranvier
interrupt myelin sheath
57
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells (glial)
form myelin sheath
58
Organ system
organs working together
59
organs
different types of tissues organized into functional unit
60
osmoconformers
animals that do not regulate their osmolarity (ocean fish)
61
osmoregulators
animals that regulate their osmolarity (animals)
62
Osmosis
movement of molecules from high to low concentration
63
osmotic lysis
swelling and bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution
64
Paracrine signaling
molecules release fluid to act on nearby cells
65
Parietal cells
secrete HCl
66
passive transport
doesn't require energy
67
pepsin
enzyme that breaks down proteins
68
pepsinogen vs pepsin
pepsinogen = inactive enzyme
pepsin = active enzyme
69
peripheral nervous system
all neurons outside CNS
70
Physiology
study of biological function
71
Plasmolysis (plants)
plants wilting because water leaves plant cells
72
Positive feedback
amplifies feedback
73
recruitment
activation of more and more motor neurons
74
reflexes
spinal cord can act independently due to simple nerve circuits, quick reactions
75
refractory period
time when you cannot trigger another action potential
76
regulator
internal mechanism to control internal changes despite external fluctuation (warm blood)
77
Regulatory proteins
Troponin, tropomyosin
78
Relaxation
acetylcholine breaks down extra ACh
79
Resting membrane potential
-70mV (intracellular is 70 less than extracellular)
80
salivary amylase
enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates
81
sarcomere
basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle
82
Sarcomere shortens
thin filaments slide past stationary thick filaments
83
Secondary active transport
molecule moved against the concentration gradient without using ATP
84
sensor
monitors particular variables
85
sensory neurons
detect information from outside world
86
set point
normal value
87
Simple diffusion
can pass through freely
88
skeletal muscle
movement, linked to bone by collagen, voluntary control
89
slow oxidative fibers
low rates of ATPsae but can make large amounts of ATP, prolonged/regular activity
90
Sodium Potassium Pump
always at work, 3 Na out 2 K in, leak channels, restores original gradient across membrane (Na/K ATPase)
91
symport
ions move in the same direction
92
synaptic terminal
neurotransmitters released here; synapse is the cell-to-cell junction
93
tetanus
summation of muscle twitches in smooth sustained contraction (hold a water bottle)
94
thick filaments
myosin protein
95
thin filaments
actin protein
96
Tissues
similar cells that form common function
97
transporters
binds with solutes with great specificity (conformational change)
98
Tropomyosin
when at rest, covers the myosin binding sites on actin.
99
Troponin
Ca binding protein
100
turgor pressure (plants)
pushes plasma membrane against cell wall
101
4 features of Chordata
Postanal tail, notochord, pharyngeal pouches (gills), hollow dorsal nerve cord
102
Amniotic eggs
retain water, prevent dehydration, protection from outside world
103
Afferent
nerves that carry information to the CNS
104
Efferent
nerves that carry information away from the CNS
105
EPSPs
stimulus that increases likelihood of action potential
106
IPSPs
stimulus that decreases likelihood of action potential
107
Spatial summation
multiple stimuli are applied simultaneously
108
sliding filament mechanism
the concept of thin filament sliding past thick filaments
