Exam 3 Flashcards
Group
collection of people who share attributes and identify with one another
Primary Group
most face-to-face interaction and deepest feelings
Secondary Group
Larger and less personal, often organized around a task like work or school
Group Dynamics
patterns of interactions between groups including how they form and fall apart, influence members
In-group
A group a person identifies with
Out-group
A group a person feels opposition towards
Reference group
provides a standard of comparison where people evaluate themselves
Group Think
cohesive groups enforce a degree of conformity and demands for unanimous agreement
Social loafing
Individuals work less hard due to a larger group
Social identity
Degree to which an individual identifies with a group
In most situations where people have power, we ____________
give them that power
Max Weber reasons for giving power
Tradition (birthright), Charisma, or Rational Legal (laws or procedures)
Bureaucracies
one of the most common organizational forms, ideally suited to accomplish tasks of all sorts on large scales
Max Weber, 6 bureaucratic quality
- Governed by universal rules
- Written documents and file-keeping
- Employment of qualities or expert
- Hierarchy of superiors and subordinates
- Merit-based promotion
- Personal property separate from organizational property
Anomie
lack of moral regulation
Social Networks
webs of direct and indirect ties that vary in strength and duration
Strength of ties depend on
Time, emotional intensity, mutual confiding, and rhetorical services
Bridges, who?
A line in a network that provides the only path between two points, how info is diffused
Granvoetter
No ______ is a bridge
strong tie
Granovetter findings from The Labor Market
People are more likely to find out about jobs through weak ties
Important of community
for both individuals and communities, formal organizations can provide a space for the development of weak ties and possible local bridges
Deviance
any behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generate a negative sanction in a specific group
How do sociologists view deviance?
neither good nor bad, just different from the cultural norm
Durkheim Deviance
Deviance serves a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion
Durkheim
Mechanical Solidarity = _____ law
Repressive Law
offenders must be punished
Durkheim
Organic Solidarity = _____ law
Restitutive Law
offenders must compensate victims and return things to how they were
Talcott Parsons
Sociological concept?
Society is composed of 4 systems:
Structural Functionalism
Cultural system → meanings
Social System → statuses and roles
Personality System → individual drives and aspirations
Behavioral system → physical input
Robert Merton
Sociological concept?
What theory?
Strain Theory
there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always do so which creates stress (strain) because people are aware of the goals but do not have the means to achieve them.
Merms
testes and some female genitalia but no ovaries
Ferms
ovaries and some male genitalia but no testes
Klinefelter syndrome
XXY
Superman Syndrome
XYY
Turners Syndrome
X
Sexual dimorphism
distinction of two discrete variants of sex
Nuture v Nature debate
goal is to access the degree to which differences between humans reflect biological forces or social influences
The Essentialist Perspective
Nature side of the debate
Argues human differences are rooted in biology (determinism)
Often leads to men’s inappropriate behavior towards women as “natural”
Sexual harassment was not defined as a social problem till the ____
1980s
Structural functionalists believe what about gender
Talcott Parsons belief?
Believe certain social roles are better suited to one gender than the other
Men → instrumental role (family material support and authority figure)
Women → expressive role (family emotional support and nurturing)
Symbolic Interaction (gender)
The concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduce in our everyday lives
We all “do” gender
Conflict (gender)
Men have historically had access to most of society’s material resources and privilege
We live in a global patriarchy
The Glass Ceiling
subtle discrimination that effectively blocks the movement of women into higher positions in organisations
6 points of feminism
Important of gender
Important of equality
Importance of choice
Importance of sexual freedom
Activism against the patriarchy
Activism against gender violence
3 waves of feminism
Wave 1: 1830s-1900s, focused on the right to vote
Wave 2: post WWII focused on workplace equality and reproductive rights
Wave 3: 1990’s to present, micro-politics of gender equality, intersectionality, reproductive rights
